Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Bioleaching,
Microorganinsms used in bioleaching,
Direct bioleaching, indirect bioleaching , bioleaching of gold, bioleaching of copper, bioleaching of uranium, factor affecting bioleaching, advantage of bioleaching, disadvantages of bioleaching, bioleaching summary
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
Bioleaching or Metal Bioleaching or Biomining is a process in Mining and
Biohydrometallurgy (natural processes of interactions between microbes and minerals)
that extracts valuable metals from a low-grade ore with the help of microorganisms such as
Bacteria or Archaea.
• Bioleaching is an alternative to more traditional physical and chemical methods of mineral
processing.
• The application of Biomining processes predates by centuries the understanding of the role
of microorganisms in Metal extraction. However, the modern era of biomining began with
the discovery of the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
• Bioleaching techniques are often more effective than traditional mining applications
mechanism of bioleaching
types of bioleaching
advantages and disadvantages
Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
Microbial Approaches In Remediation Of Metal Contaminated Soils & Aquatic sys...SDSyed
1.Microbial Approaches In Remediation Of Metal Contaminated Soils & Sediments
2.Microbial Approaches In Remediation Of Metal Contaminated Aquatic systems
Similar to ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralization (20)
Microbial biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale.
Like any other man-made technology, microbial biotechnology has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast.
The use of biotechnical methods—including genetically-engineered microorganisms—is indispensable for the manufacture of many products essential to mankind.
For better or for worse, it is the mankind's task to tackle the problems that are associated with the use of this technology, and which to a high degree are located in the field of unwanted environmental impacts.
The use of biotechnology should be restricted to enhancing the quality of life for plants, animals and human beings only. Anything beyond that is unnatural and highly disastrous to us.
AMR & Alternative Stratergies - MicrobiologySijo A
Antibiotic resistance poses one of the most important health challenges of the 21st century.
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has already led to a significant increase in human disease and death.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, accounting for 35,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and 700,000 deaths around the globe.
When a pathogen enters the body, it’s confronted by elements of the innate immune system, which constitute the first line of defense.
Once breached, the adaptive response takes over, but it typically takes few days to be effective.
Immunity is the processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
Immunity includes:
Inflammation.
Complement activation.
Phagocytosis.
Antibody synthesis.
Effector T lymphocytes.
Obligate intracellular, unable to self-replicate.
Once inside living cells, viruses induce the host cell to synthesize virus particles.
The genome is either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded).
Viruses do not have a system to produce ATP.
Viruses range in size from 25 to 270 nm.
Viral tropism!!
The classification of viruses is based on nucleic acid type, size and shape of virion, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Viral Structure
I . Virion is the entire viral particle.
2. Capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material.
3. Capsomer is the protein subunit that makes up the capsid.
4. Nucleocapsid is composed of the capsid and genetic material.
5. The envelope is the outer coating composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of viral-encoded glycoproteins and sometimes viral encoded matrix proteins. The envelope is derived from a host cell's membrane.
Some viruses use the plasma membrane, whereas others use endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or nuclear membranes. Naked nucleocapsids are viruses with no envelopes.
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram +ve cocci arrange in clusters (grape-like), non-motile.
Habitat:
Flora in the anterior nares (10-60% of population), nasopharynx, perineal area, skin & mucosa.
Virulence factor:
Protein A (binds Fc portion of IgG), coagulase (forms fibrin coat around organism) hemolysins, leukocidins (destroy RBCs and WBCs), hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue), staphylokinase (lyses formed clots), lipase (breaks down fat), Toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Disease:
Causes food poisoning (via enterotoxin), pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis bacteremia, endocarditis, wounds, abscesses, suppurative cutaneous infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, boils (carbuncles), furuncles, sinusitis, otitis media, folliculitis, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome (SSS), Tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVIE)> affects IV drug users.
Produces six types of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)> TSS (fever, diarrhea, kidney failure, fever, headache). Ritter’s disease in newborn (severe form of scalded skin syndrome in neonates).
S. aureus is a leading cause of osteomyelitis in children and adults.
Habitat:
large intestine.
Disease:
Amoebic dysentery, Amebic colitis, ulcers (flask shape), amoebic liver abscess (ALA)> Extraintestinal amebiasis. Abdominal cramping, anorexia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Additional conditions include infections of the spleen, brain, and lungs.
Host:
Human is the definitive host.
Infective stage:
Mature cyst: 8 to 22 μm, spherical, One to four nuclei. Chromatoid body.
Diagnostic stage:
1. Cyst.
2. Trophozoite: 5 to 70 μm, Pseudopods, directional motility, One nucleus. Cytoplasm may contain red blood cell (diagnostic).
Mode of transmission:
Cysts are ingested via contaminated food or water.
“mykos” meaning mushroom.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
The fungi possess rigid cell walls:
Chitin and ergosterol, mannan and other polysaccharides.
Beta-glucan is most important, because it is the target of antifungal drug caspofungin.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms VS bacteria (prokaryotic).
The cell membrane of fungus contains ergosterol, unlike human cell membrane which contains cholesterol.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but none are obligate anaerobes.
The natural habitat of most fungi is environment, require a preformed organic source of carbon, association with decaying matter.
C. albicans is an exception!!!
Since antigen and antibody reactions are specific, they can be used to identify each other.
These diagnostic tests are particularly useful in diagnosing for examples: infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and in typing of blood and tissues prior to transplantation.
Specimens for bacteriology investigation should be forwarded as soon as possible to the laboratory in leak-proof, sterile containers.
Neutral glycerol saline should be added to stool sample if there is any delay before laboratory examination.
Complete early morning urine specimen (250 ml), for diagnosis of renal tuberculosis.
Plain tube (blood) for serology.
Blood clot may be cultured by adding a selective culture medium, e.g., for enteric organisms.
Blood for blood culture (blood culture bottle, liquid, 5 to 19ml, 50 ml). The blood is injected by insertion of syringe needle through a hole in the cap and through the central rubber or plastic liner. Don’t remove the cap. Blood culture at RT, not more than 12 hrs.
For serous fluids collection (pleural fluid), universal container is used.
Sputum collected in wide-mouthed disposable container.
Anaerobic Gram-Positive Spore-Forming BacilliSijo A
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram positive or gram variable bacilli, sore forming, obligate anaerobe, non-motile. brick-shaped rods/box car. Spores rarely seen. Spores are subterminal but difficult to induce.
Habitat:
Common inhabitant of the colon.
Virulence factor:
Produces several exotoxins; alphatoxin, the most important, mediates destruction of host cell membranes; enterotoxin inserts and disrupts membranes of mucosal cells; beta-toxin is a cytotoxin. Hemolysin, necrotizing toxin.
Disease:
Cellulitis, gas gangrene.
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) → muscle cell necrosis, degradative enzymes → subcutaneous gas bubbles → crepitus myonecrosis with crepitus (crackles), gangrenous muscles → black fluid exudate leaking from skin.
Post-abortion sepsis, abdominal infections, and enterocolitis, septicemia.
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
Adenoviruses:
Transmission:
Respiratory, fecal-oral, and direct contact (eye).
Site of latency:
Replication in oropharynx.
Disease:
Acute respiratory disease, Pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, hemorrhagic cystitis, disseminated disease, and gastroenteritis in children.
Diagnosis:
Cell culture (HEp-2 and other continuous human epithelial lines), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for gastroenteritis serotypes 40-41.
Prevention:
Vaccine (adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7) for military recruits.
Note:
Adenoviruses has a role as vectors in gene therapy, deliver DNA for gene replacement therapy in few genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis.
Non-enveloped. All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, except Poxvirus which replicate in the cytoplasm.
The only viruses having a fiber protruding from each of the 12 vertices of the capsid.
Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive BacilliSijo A
Disease: listeriosis.
L. monocytogenes causes a variety of infections in neonates, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed patients.
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, spinal cord infections.
Neonatal:
Early onset: Granulomatosis infantisepticum—in utero infection disseminated systemically that causes stillbirth.
Late onset: Bacterial meningitis.
Food poisoning, bacteremia.
Mode of transmission:
Direct contact: Human gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of contaminated food, such as meat and dairy products.
Endogenous strain: Colonized mothers may pass organism to fetus. Portal of entry is probably from gastrointestinal tract to blood and in some instances from blood to meninges.
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Pathogen related proteins of inequality are proteins are structurally diverse group of plant proteins that are toxic to invading fungal pathogen
They are widely distributed in plants in trace amounts, but are produced in much greater concentration in pathogen attack on stress full.
PR proteins are either extremely acidic or extremely basic and therefore a highly soluble and reactive.
these are low molecular weight proteins which accumulate 2 significant level in infected plant tissues.
Fungi (singular: fungus) are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Botany is the science and art of studying plants, that carry
out photosynthesis. Botany includes a wide range of scientific sub disciplines
t h a t s t u d y t h e s t r u c t u r e , g r o w t h , r e p r o d u c t i o n ,
metabolism, development, diseases, ecology and
evolution of plants. The study of plants is important because they are a
fundamental part of life on Earth, generating food, oxygen, fuel,
medicine and fibers that allow other life forms to exist. Through
photosynthesis they absorb carbon dioxide, a waste
product generated by most animals and a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Infectious diseases are mainly caused by
microbes.
These are small microorganisms which are
invisible with the naked eye.
They mainly include bacteria, virus, fungi
and parasites.
The symptoms caused by infection depends
on
the location.
Nature of the infection
Type of the microbe
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralization
1. ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY
MICROORGANISMS
Bioaccumulation and
biomineralization
2. Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the
process of extracting metals from ores with the
use of microorganisms. This method is used to
recover many different precious metals like
copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel.
Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison
to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their
concentration in the ore is low.
3. THE LEACHING PROCESS
Bacteria perform the key reaction of regenerating the
major ore oxidizer which in most cases is ferric iron as
well as further ore oxidation. The reaction is
performed at the bacterial cell membrane. In the
process, free electrons are generated and used for
the reduction of oxygen to water which produces
energy in the bacterial cell.
Ores, like pyrite (FeS2), are first oxidized by ferric iron
(Fe3+) to thiosulfate (S2O3
2-) in the absence of
bacteria.
In the first step, disulfide is spontaneously oxidized to
thiosulfate by ferric iron (Fe3+), which in turn is
reduced to give ferrous iron (Fe2+):
(1) FeS2+6Fe3++3H2O⟶7Fe2++S2O2−3+6H+spont
aneous
4. Bacteria are added in the second step and recover
Fe3+ from ferrous iron (Fe2+) which is then reused in the
first step of leaching:
(2) 4Fe2++O2+4H+⟶4Fe3++2H2O(iron
oxidizers)4Fe2++O2+4H+⟶4Fe3++2H2O(iron oxidizers)
Thiosulfate is also oxidized by bacteria to give sulfate:
(3) S2O2−3+2O2+H2O⟶2SO2−4+2H+(sulfur
oxidizers)S2O32−+2O2+H2O⟶2SO42−+2H+(sulfur
oxidizers)
The ferric iron produced in reaction (2) oxidized more
sulfide as in reaction (1), closing the cycle and given the
net reaction:
(4) 2FeS2+7O2+2H2O⟶2Fe2++4SO2−4+4H+2FeS2+7O
2+2H2O⟶2Fe2++4SO42−+4H+
The net products of the reaction are soluble ferrous sulfate
and sulfuric acid.
5. The microbial oxidation process occurs at the cell
membrane of the bacteria. The electrons pass
into the cells and are used in biochemical
processes to produce energy for the bacteria
while reducing oxygen to water. The critical
reaction is the oxidation of sulfide by ferric iron.
The main role of the bacterial step is the
regeneration of this reactant.
Copper leaching has a very similar mechanism.
6. Sulfide mineral bacterial leaching: Bacterial cells
oxidizing the ferrous iron back to ferric iron while using
slightly different contact mechanisms with the metal.
7. Microorganisms Capable of Ore
Leaching
Bioleaching reactions industrially are performed
by many bacterial species that can oxidize
ferrous iron and sulfur. An example of such
species is Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans. Some
fungi species (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium
simplicissimum) have also been shown to have
the ability to dissolute heavy metals. When fungi
are used, the leaching mechanism is different.
The fungi use the acids that they produce in their
metabolic reactions to dissolve the metal.
8. In general, bioleaching is cleaner and safer for
the environment than chemical processing.
However environmental pollution with toxic
products, like sulfuric acid from the pyrite
leaching, and heavy metals is still possible.
Another drawback of microbial leaching is the
slow rate at which microbes work.
9. MOST COMMONLY USED
MICROBES
The most commonly used microorganisms in
bioleaching are; o Thiobacillus thiooxidants
o Thiobacillus ferrooxidants
other microorganisms which may also be used
are;
Bacillus Licheniformis,
B. luteus, B megaterium,
B polymyxa,
B leptospirillum ferrooxidants,
Pseudomonas flurescens,
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, etc;
10. Thiobacillus thiooxidant and T. ferrooxidants
have always been found to be present on the
leaching dump
The specie of thiobacillus is most extensively
studied gram –ve bacteria which derives energy
from oxidation of fe2
11. The reactions mechanisms are two types, i.e.,
• Direct bacterial leaching
• Indirect bacterial leaching
12. DIRECT
Direct bacterial leaching in this process, a
physical contact exist between bacteria and ores
and oxidation of minerals takes place though
enzymatically catalysed steps ex; pyrite is
oxidised to ferric sulphate 2FeS2+7O2+2H2O
2FeSo4+2H2So4
13. INDIRECT
Indirect bacterial leaching in this process the
microbes are not in direct contact with minerals,
but leaching agents are produced by these
microbes which oxidize the ores.
14. COMERCIAL BIOLEACHING
There are three commercial process used in
bioleaching;
a. Slope leaching
b. Heap leaching
c. In situ leaching
15. SLOPE LEACHING
Here the ores are first ground to get fine pieces
and then dumped into large leaching dump
Water containing inoculum of thiobacillus is
continuously sprinkled over the ore
Water is collected from the bottom and used to
extract metals and generate bacteria in an
oxidation pond
16. HEAP LEACHING
In this process the ore remains in its original
position in earth. Surface blasting of earth is
done to increase the permeability of water.
Water containing thiobacillus is pumped through
drilled passages to the ores .
Acidic water seeps through the rock and collects
at bottom
Again, water is pumped from bottom .
Mineral is extracted and water is reused after
generation of bacteria
17. IN SITU LEACHING
Ores of copper from which copper is recovered
are,
Chalcocite(Cu2S)
Chalcopyrite(CuFeS2)
Covellite(CuS)
Copper leaching is operated as simple heap
leaching and in situ leaching process
Dilute sulphuric acid is percolated down through
the pile
Liquid coming out of bottom of pile reach in
mineral
Liquid is collected and transported to
precipitation plant
18. Chalcocite is oxidized to soluble form of copper
Cu2S+O2+ CuS+Cu2+ +H2O .Thereafter
chemical reactions occur, i.e. CuS+8Fe +4H2O -
Cu+8Fe+SO4+8H Copper is removed,
Fe0+Cu Cu+Fe2+ Fe2+ is transferred to
oxidation pond Fe+1/4(O2)+H+ Fe3+ +1/2(H2O)
Fe3+ ions produced is an oxidation of ore
It is pumped back to pile
Sulphuric acid is added to maintain pH
19. Uranium is extracted when insoluble tetravalent
uranium is oxidized with a hot H2So4/FeSo4
solution to make hexavalent uranium sulphate
pH required for the reaction is 1.5-3.5
Temperature: around 35 degree C following
reaction takes place, U2O+Fe2(SO4)3
UO2SO4+2FeSO4
Uranium leaching is an indirect process
When T.ferrooxidants are involved in uranium
extraction, they do not directly attack on ore but
on the iron oxidants.
The pyrite reaction is used for the initial
production of Fe Reaction; 2FeS+H2O+7 ½[O2]
Fe2[SO4]3+ H2SO4
20. Microbial leaching of refractory process metal
ores to enhance gold and silver recovery is one of
the promising applications
Gold is obtained through bioleaching of
arsenopyrite/pyrite
Silver is also obtained by bioleaching of
arsenopyrite but it is more readily solubilized than
gold during microbial leaching of iron sulphide.
21. Ores of silica
Magnesite
Bauxite
Dolomite
Basalt
Mohanty et al.,(1990) isolated Bacillus
licheniformis from magnesite ore deposits . Later,
it was shown to be associated with bioleaching,
concomitant mineralysis and silican uptake by the
bacterium
22. BIOMINERALIZATION
Microbes play geo active role in biosphere .
All kind of microbes include prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes , their symbiotic association etc.
contribute geological phenomena and many
geological processes like metal and mineral
transformation.
The ubiquity and importance of microbes in
biosphere processes.
23. A process by which living forms influences the
precipitation of mineral materials.
The process creates heterogeneous
accumulation composites composed of biogenic
and inorganic compounds.
Living forms produces carbonates phosphate
oxalates silica iron or sulfur containing minerals.
Biomineralization occurs extracellular involves
often crystalline, materials forming on the outer
wall of the cell.
Intracellular biomineralization is mineral
formation within the cell such as calcite formation
for the group of the algae the Coccolithophorides.
24. TYPES OF MINERALIZATION
Mineral synthesis can be categorized into two
categories: Biologically Induced Mineralization
Biologically Controlled Mineralization
25. BIOLOGICALLY INDUCED
MINERALIZATION
Mineral forms by this process, generally nucleate
& grow extracellulary as a result of metabolic
activity.
Subsequent chemical reaction involving
metabolic by products such as O2, HCO-3, etc.
In some the organisms secrete one or more
metabolic products that react with ions or
compounds in the environment resulting on the
subsequent deposition of mineral particles.
26. MICROBES INVOLVES IN BIM
No of microbes involves in biologically Induced
mineralization process .
Some of microbes are: Mycorrhiza, Lichen,
Cynobacteria like Synechococcus spp.,
Bacteria like Leptospirillum spp. , Thiobacillus
ferroxidans, sulfur reducing bacteria etc.
Archea like sulfolobus spp., Acidimicrobium
ferroxidans spp., acidianus spp., Metallosphaera
spp., sulfurococcus yellowstonesis. etc.
27. EXAMPLES OF MINERAL BY
BIM
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonate are long lived
locally abundant sediments, promotes calcite/
Aragonite and Dolomite precipitates. o These
precipitates occurs in, on or around the organic
matter of the cells that they produce. o These
carbonate minerals presents on lake, sea floors
etc. Chemical Reaction: Ca2+ + 2HCO3- ↔
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Microbial populations
involved in this mineral formation are :
Cynobacteria, Algae such as green, brown, red
algae and Chrysophytes such as
Coccolithophores & few protozoa like Forminifera.
28. BIOLOGICALLY CONTROLLED
MINERALIZATION
Microbes exerts considerable active control over
all aspects of the nucleation and mineral growth
stages.
A specific site within the cytoplasm or the cell wall
is sealed off from the external environment
creating geochemical condition independently.
2 common methods of space delineation can
occur. 1. Involve the development of intercellular
space between cells. 2. Formation of intracellular
deposition vesicles.
29. Once the cellular compartment is formed the cells
sequestering specific ions of choice transferring
them to mineralization site , where conc.
Increased until saturation achieved Super
saturation are then regulated by managing the
rate at which mineral constituents are brought
into the cell via specific transport enzymes.
nucleation controlled by exposing organic ligands
with distinct sterochemical and electrochemical
properties tailored to interact with the mineralizing
ions.
30. MICROBES INVOLVE IN BCM
Many microbes involves in biologically controlled
mineralization process These are: Magnetotactic
bacteria Diatoms Emiliania huxleyi etc
31. EXAMPLE OF MINERAL BY
BCM
Magnetite: Magnetite formation done by
Magnetotactic Bacteria, which is microaerophilic,
posses bidirectional motility and contain
membrane bounded a no of intracellular, linear
arranged magnetosomes , house mineral grains.
The actual crystallization of magnetite then
involves the reaction of the ferric hydroxide with
more Fe2+: Fe2+ + 2OH− + 2Fe(OH)3→Fe3O4 +
4H2O
32. SIGNIFICANCES OF
BIOMINERALIZATION
Great significance in scientific and commercial
application
Metal sorption, precipitate can be important and
useful in metal and radionuclide removal during
bioremediation metal radionuclide contaminate
water .
Efficiently removal of Fe and Mn ions from water
in waste water treatment plants.
33.
34. BIOMAGNIFICATION AND
BIOACCUMULATION
Biomagnification It is also known as
bioamplification or biological magnification It is
the increase in concentration of a pollutant that
occurs in a food chain as a consequence of: 1.
Persistence (can't be broken down by
environmental processes) 2. Bioenergetics in the
food chain 3. Low rate of internal
degradation/excretion of the substance often due
to water-insolubility
35. Biomagnification occurs when substances such
as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food
chain by working their way into the environment. •
e.g. Pollutants in rivers or lakes are taken up by
microorganisms like plankton and are eaten by
aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are
eaten by large birds, animals and humans. The
substances become concentrated in tissues or
internal organs as they move up the chain.
36. As a result,organisms at the top of the food chain
generally suffer greater harm from a persistent
toxin or pollutant than those at lower levels
Because •At each level of the food chain there is
a lot of energy loss, a predator must consume
many prey, including all of their lipophilic
substances and fats which carries the pollutant,
which then accumulates in the fats of the
predator.
37. Biomagnification can occur in almost all types of
ecosystems.e.g terrestrial,aquatic
•Bioaccumulants are toxic substances that increase in
concentration in tissues of living organisms. They
enter the organism through contaminated air, water,
or food and are very slowly metabolized or excreted.
•Bioaccumulation is the concentration of pollutant
from the environment which occurs within a trophic
level, i.e. one level of a food chain, usually the first
organism in the food chain
•Where as biomagnification is the concentration of
pollutant across the food chain
38. In order for biomagnification to occur, the pollutant must
be: 1.long-lived 2.mobile 3.soluble in fats 4.biologically
active Persistent
Persistent pollutant vs. short lived pollutant
• If a pollutant is short-lived, it will be broken down before
it can become dangerous.
• If it is not mobile, it will stay in one place and is unlikely to
be taken up by organisms.
• If the pollutant is soluble in water it will be excreted by the
organism.
• Pollutants that dissolve in fats(Persistent pollutants) are
retained for a long time.
• Lipid or fat soluble substances cannot be diluted, broken
down, or excreted in urine.
• They accumulate in fatty tissues of an organism if the
organism lacks enzymes to degrade them.
39. DDT :dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane.
•chlorinated hydrocarbon,used as pesticide
•DDT has a half-life: 15 years, which means if you
use 100 kg of DDT, it will break down as follows:
Year Amount Remaining 0 100 kg 15 50 kg 30 25
kg 45 12.5 kg 60 6.25 kg 75 3.13 kg 90 1.56 kg
105 0.78 kg 120 0.39 kg
40. BIOCONCENTRATION
Bioconcentration is a term used specifically in
reference to aquatic environments and aquatic
organisms, in contrast with the related
“bioaccumulation,” which can refer to toxins and
organisms found in a variety of environments.
•The substance(pollutant) can also be taken up
by organism from surrounding water by non
dietary routes. e.g. through the gills of a
fish,which travels through blood to the lipid tissue.
Bioconcentration factor can be expressed as: The
ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an
organism to the concentration of the chemical in
the surrounding environment.
41. It can also be defined as the rate of substance
uptake/rate of substance elimination
The higher the ratio, the more severe the
bioconcentration.
A high BCF can lead to health problems such as
genetic mutations passed on to offsprings In fish
populations increasing numbers of fish born with
ambiguous genitalia have been identified in
waterways contaminated with pharmaceuticals.
42. MERCURY POISONING
Alarming levels of toxic mercury were found in 264
samples of popular fish (like Rohu, Bhola, Tangra,
Aar, Bhetki and other fish varieties )collected across
West Bengal .[organisations :Toxics Link and DISHA
on 2012]
•The trend is applicable across the country
•While 52 cases had mercury concentrates in excess
of the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act
standards of 0.5 ppm
• 129 of the fish showed methyl mercury levels (a
metabolized and more poisonous form of mercury)
exceeding the 0.25 ppm PFA stipulations. Mercury
levels in fish across West Bengal
Causes •coal firing •mining •thermal plants •industrial
effluents directly discharged into water bodies
•municipal waste water streams.
43. High level of mercury causes: neurotoxicity and
impairs motor skills ,stunts psychological
development and growth can cause serious
mental disorders over a gradual period of time
Biodiversity Research Institute in Maine ,August
2013 estimated that 83% of fish worldwide have
unsafe mercury levels Over 50% of Asian
population have more than the 5ug/ml mercury
level in blood Cause for global concern because:
•Most Seafood is imported and exported
•Pollution is World-wide problem, requires
cooperation of various nations. E.g. pollution of
the ocean and seas