Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
This document discusses various aspects of drying, including definitions, principles, measurement techniques, and classifications. Drying involves the removal of water or liquid from a solid-liquid mixture to form a dry solid, and differs from evaporation which concentrates solutions. Drying is important for preservation, size reduction, improving product properties, and reducing costs. Drying rates can be constant, falling, or in multiple falling periods. Moisture distributes unevenly in materials in different states. Dryers are classified based on solid handling methods (static, moving, fluidized), heat transfer methods (convection, conduction, etc.), and operating principles. Common dryer types include shelf, tunnel, rotary, fluidized bed, vacuum
Dense Phase Carbon Di Oxide processing for preservation of liquid food by May...Maya Sharma
Dense phase carbon dioxide method is one of the non-thermal processes for preservation of food. In this process food is contacted with pressurized sub or supercritical carbon dioxide for a period of time in batch, semi-continues or continuous system which leads inactivation of microbial count.
This document discusses methods for determining the moisture content of grains. It defines moisture content as the amount of water present in a grain sample relative to its total mass. Common methods described include oven drying methods, which measure the weight lost after drying samples in an air, vacuum or water oven. Other indirect methods mentioned are electrical resistance, dielectric and chemical approaches. The air oven method is explained in detail, involving weighing samples before and after drying in a hot air oven to calculate moisture content based on weight differences.
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all forms of life through physical or chemical means. Media sterilization can be done through boiling, steam exposure, or autoclaving. Air sterilization is commonly done through filtration to provide a continuous supply of sterile air for aerobic fermentation.
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
This document discusses various aspects of drying, including definitions, principles, measurement techniques, and classifications. Drying involves the removal of water or liquid from a solid-liquid mixture to form a dry solid, and differs from evaporation which concentrates solutions. Drying is important for preservation, size reduction, improving product properties, and reducing costs. Drying rates can be constant, falling, or in multiple falling periods. Moisture distributes unevenly in materials in different states. Dryers are classified based on solid handling methods (static, moving, fluidized), heat transfer methods (convection, conduction, etc.), and operating principles. Common dryer types include shelf, tunnel, rotary, fluidized bed, vacuum
Dense Phase Carbon Di Oxide processing for preservation of liquid food by May...Maya Sharma
Dense phase carbon dioxide method is one of the non-thermal processes for preservation of food. In this process food is contacted with pressurized sub or supercritical carbon dioxide for a period of time in batch, semi-continues or continuous system which leads inactivation of microbial count.
This document discusses methods for determining the moisture content of grains. It defines moisture content as the amount of water present in a grain sample relative to its total mass. Common methods described include oven drying methods, which measure the weight lost after drying samples in an air, vacuum or water oven. Other indirect methods mentioned are electrical resistance, dielectric and chemical approaches. The air oven method is explained in detail, involving weighing samples before and after drying in a hot air oven to calculate moisture content based on weight differences.
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all forms of life through physical or chemical means. Media sterilization can be done through boiling, steam exposure, or autoclaving. Air sterilization is commonly done through filtration to provide a continuous supply of sterile air for aerobic fermentation.
The document summarizes sterilization using an autoclave. It explains that an autoclave uses high pressure and high temperature steam to kill microorganisms. It works by raising the boiling point of water when under pressure, allowing it to reach temperatures high enough to kill bacteria, viruses and fungal spores. The document outlines the main components of an autoclave, including the heating element, temperature controller and pressure sensor. It describes the working process where steam is generated and raises the temperature and pressure to 121.5°C for 15-30 minutes to effectively sterilize materials. Different types of autoclaves and sterilization methods, both dry and wet, are also summarized.
This document summarizes an experimental evaluation of a batch hot air fluidized bed dryer for drying cassava particles. Key findings include:
1) Cassava particles were dried at three air flow rates (0.43 kg/s, 0.05 kg/s, and 0.056 kg/s) and temperatures ranging from 60°C to 160°C.
2) Drying time decreased with increased temperature but increased with higher air flow rates.
3) Drying rate increased with temperature but decreased with higher air flow rates.
4) Particle temperature rose more quickly at lower air flow rates when drying at 120°C.
Industrial sterilization will help you to get more information about sterilization in pharmaceutical industries. how the process of sterilization are selected for different product.
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (in particular referring to microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.
The document discusses methods for measuring moisture content, temperature, and relative humidity and their effects on food storage. It describes laboratory and field methods for measuring moisture content including oven drying and resistance/capacitance meters. Temperature measurement methods discussed include liquid expansion thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, and electronic devices. Relative humidity is measured using wet/dry bulb thermometers or whirling hygrometers. High or low temperatures and moisture levels can cause physical or chemical changes in stored foods affecting texture, flavor, and nutrition.
A hot air oven uses dry heat between 150-250°C to sterilize items through conduction. Common sterilization times are 170°C for 30 minutes, 160°C for 60 minutes, or 150°C for 150 minutes. Items are sterilized as heat penetrates from the outside in, destroying cell constituents. Quality controls like Browne's tubes and spore strips ensure proper sterilization. While easy to use and non-toxic, dry heat takes longer than moist heat and may damage some materials.
The principle used in a water bath is indirect heating. A water bath works by maintaining water at a constant temperature, which then heats other fluids placed within it through indirect contact.
The procedure for using a water bath is:
1. Fill the water bath container with clean water up to the desired level.
2. Turn the water bath on and set the thermostat to the desired temperature.
3. Allow the water to warm up until it reaches the set temperature.
4. Place the container holding the fluid you want to heat inside the water bath. The fluid will then be heated indirectly through contact with the heated water surrounding it, maintaining a constant temperature.
5. The thermostat works to
The document discusses autoclaves and sterilization processes at Julphar pharmaceutical industries. It provides background on the history and development of autoclaves. It describes the basic components and operation of autoclaves. There are different types of sterilizers and sterilization approaches used depending on the load. The document outlines sterilization validation tests performed at Julphar like chamber leak tests, Bowie-Dick tests, and heat distribution/penetration studies to ensure proper sterilization.
An Innovative Approach for Humidity Control by Using Deliquescent Materials i...IJMER
This document summarizes a paper that proposes using deliquescent materials to control humidity in test chambers. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for humidity control in various industries. It then reviews literature on traditional humidity control methods and their limitations. The proposed method uses deliquescent materials like zinc chloride, which absorb and release moisture based on temperature to maintain a constant relative humidity. The document outlines objectives to design and test a chamber using this approach. It concludes that deliquescent materials can effectively control humidity by utilizing their moisture absorption properties.
This document discusses microbiological air sampling methods used in quality control laboratories. It describes two primary sampling methods: active monitoring which uses air samplers to force air into collection plates, and passive monitoring which uses open collection plates exposed to ambient air. Specific active monitoring methods discussed include impactors which accelerate air onto plates, sieve samplers with stacked perforated plates, and centrifugal samplers. Gelatin membrane filtration is also covered as it can reliably capture viruses. Maintaining sample integrity and accurately measuring air volumes are challenges addressed.
This document discusses various types of drying equipment and processes used to remove moisture from foods and other materials. It describes batch and continuous dryers and provides details on rotary drum, rotary louver, fluidized bed, cabinet tray, tunnel, screw conveyor, spray, and pneumatic dryers. Characteristics such as operating temperatures and air velocities are outlined. Diagrams illustrate the set ups and working of different dryer types.
This document provides information about a hot air oven and its uses. It discusses how hot air ovens work by providing temperatures higher than the atmosphere, typically between 50-250°C, and are used for rapid drying and sterilization. It also details how a hot air oven is used for the standard method of determining seed moisture content by precisely heating samples to eliminate water. Specifications are given for common crops dried in hot air ovens, including temperatures and drying times.
This document discusses ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization, which is a common method used to sterilize disposable healthcare products. It describes the EO sterilization process, which involves exposing products to EO gas at specific concentrations, temperatures, and durations. EO is effective because it is an alkylating agent that disrupts DNA and prevents microorganism reproduction. The document lists several Pakistani pharmaceutical companies that use EO sterilization and provides details on the three phases of the EO sterilization cycle - pre-conditioning, sterilization, and aeration.
Batch sterilization involves injecting steam directly or indirectly into culture media inside a bioreactor to sterilize it at 121°C. It is the most widely used sterilization technique due to its simplicity but requires hours to heat, sterilize, and cool the entire bioreactor contents, consuming significant energy. Damage to nutrients and changes in pH of the culture media are also common disadvantages of batch sterilization.
Dry heat sterilization works by damaging and destroying microbial proteins and cells through oxidation. There are three main dry heat sterilization methods: flaming, incineration, and hot air ovens. Hot air ovens are commonly used to sterilize heat-resistant materials like glassware. They work through conduction, maintaining temperatures of 150-170°C for 30-150 minutes depending on the volume. Biological spore tests and physical controls like temperature displays ensure proper sterilization. While effective, dry heat takes more time than other methods due to slow heat penetration.
This document discusses various sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and filtration techniques. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, sunlight, and drying. Common heat sterilization techniques are autoclaving, hot air ovens, flaming, and boiling. Chemical methods involve the use of gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde or liquids such as alcohol and phenol. Filtration is also used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms through membrane, sintered glass, or ceramic filters. The goal of all sterilization methods is to eliminate microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses from materials and surfaces.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It describes various heat-based sterilization techniques including dry heat, moist heat using autoclaves, and irradiation. It also covers filtration, gases, and liquid chemical methods. Autoclaving is the preferred method for sterilizing most medical instruments due to its effectiveness and ability to penetrate fabrics. The document also discusses factors influencing sterilization time and tests to ensure autoclave function. Disinfection methods and commonly used disinfecting agents are also outlined.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
The document summarizes sterilization using an autoclave. It explains that an autoclave uses high pressure and high temperature steam to kill microorganisms. It works by raising the boiling point of water when under pressure, allowing it to reach temperatures high enough to kill bacteria, viruses and fungal spores. The document outlines the main components of an autoclave, including the heating element, temperature controller and pressure sensor. It describes the working process where steam is generated and raises the temperature and pressure to 121.5°C for 15-30 minutes to effectively sterilize materials. Different types of autoclaves and sterilization methods, both dry and wet, are also summarized.
This document summarizes an experimental evaluation of a batch hot air fluidized bed dryer for drying cassava particles. Key findings include:
1) Cassava particles were dried at three air flow rates (0.43 kg/s, 0.05 kg/s, and 0.056 kg/s) and temperatures ranging from 60°C to 160°C.
2) Drying time decreased with increased temperature but increased with higher air flow rates.
3) Drying rate increased with temperature but decreased with higher air flow rates.
4) Particle temperature rose more quickly at lower air flow rates when drying at 120°C.
Industrial sterilization will help you to get more information about sterilization in pharmaceutical industries. how the process of sterilization are selected for different product.
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (in particular referring to microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.
The document discusses methods for measuring moisture content, temperature, and relative humidity and their effects on food storage. It describes laboratory and field methods for measuring moisture content including oven drying and resistance/capacitance meters. Temperature measurement methods discussed include liquid expansion thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, and electronic devices. Relative humidity is measured using wet/dry bulb thermometers or whirling hygrometers. High or low temperatures and moisture levels can cause physical or chemical changes in stored foods affecting texture, flavor, and nutrition.
A hot air oven uses dry heat between 150-250°C to sterilize items through conduction. Common sterilization times are 170°C for 30 minutes, 160°C for 60 minutes, or 150°C for 150 minutes. Items are sterilized as heat penetrates from the outside in, destroying cell constituents. Quality controls like Browne's tubes and spore strips ensure proper sterilization. While easy to use and non-toxic, dry heat takes longer than moist heat and may damage some materials.
The principle used in a water bath is indirect heating. A water bath works by maintaining water at a constant temperature, which then heats other fluids placed within it through indirect contact.
The procedure for using a water bath is:
1. Fill the water bath container with clean water up to the desired level.
2. Turn the water bath on and set the thermostat to the desired temperature.
3. Allow the water to warm up until it reaches the set temperature.
4. Place the container holding the fluid you want to heat inside the water bath. The fluid will then be heated indirectly through contact with the heated water surrounding it, maintaining a constant temperature.
5. The thermostat works to
The document discusses autoclaves and sterilization processes at Julphar pharmaceutical industries. It provides background on the history and development of autoclaves. It describes the basic components and operation of autoclaves. There are different types of sterilizers and sterilization approaches used depending on the load. The document outlines sterilization validation tests performed at Julphar like chamber leak tests, Bowie-Dick tests, and heat distribution/penetration studies to ensure proper sterilization.
An Innovative Approach for Humidity Control by Using Deliquescent Materials i...IJMER
This document summarizes a paper that proposes using deliquescent materials to control humidity in test chambers. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for humidity control in various industries. It then reviews literature on traditional humidity control methods and their limitations. The proposed method uses deliquescent materials like zinc chloride, which absorb and release moisture based on temperature to maintain a constant relative humidity. The document outlines objectives to design and test a chamber using this approach. It concludes that deliquescent materials can effectively control humidity by utilizing their moisture absorption properties.
This document discusses microbiological air sampling methods used in quality control laboratories. It describes two primary sampling methods: active monitoring which uses air samplers to force air into collection plates, and passive monitoring which uses open collection plates exposed to ambient air. Specific active monitoring methods discussed include impactors which accelerate air onto plates, sieve samplers with stacked perforated plates, and centrifugal samplers. Gelatin membrane filtration is also covered as it can reliably capture viruses. Maintaining sample integrity and accurately measuring air volumes are challenges addressed.
This document discusses various types of drying equipment and processes used to remove moisture from foods and other materials. It describes batch and continuous dryers and provides details on rotary drum, rotary louver, fluidized bed, cabinet tray, tunnel, screw conveyor, spray, and pneumatic dryers. Characteristics such as operating temperatures and air velocities are outlined. Diagrams illustrate the set ups and working of different dryer types.
This document provides information about a hot air oven and its uses. It discusses how hot air ovens work by providing temperatures higher than the atmosphere, typically between 50-250°C, and are used for rapid drying and sterilization. It also details how a hot air oven is used for the standard method of determining seed moisture content by precisely heating samples to eliminate water. Specifications are given for common crops dried in hot air ovens, including temperatures and drying times.
This document discusses ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization, which is a common method used to sterilize disposable healthcare products. It describes the EO sterilization process, which involves exposing products to EO gas at specific concentrations, temperatures, and durations. EO is effective because it is an alkylating agent that disrupts DNA and prevents microorganism reproduction. The document lists several Pakistani pharmaceutical companies that use EO sterilization and provides details on the three phases of the EO sterilization cycle - pre-conditioning, sterilization, and aeration.
Batch sterilization involves injecting steam directly or indirectly into culture media inside a bioreactor to sterilize it at 121°C. It is the most widely used sterilization technique due to its simplicity but requires hours to heat, sterilize, and cool the entire bioreactor contents, consuming significant energy. Damage to nutrients and changes in pH of the culture media are also common disadvantages of batch sterilization.
Dry heat sterilization works by damaging and destroying microbial proteins and cells through oxidation. There are three main dry heat sterilization methods: flaming, incineration, and hot air ovens. Hot air ovens are commonly used to sterilize heat-resistant materials like glassware. They work through conduction, maintaining temperatures of 150-170°C for 30-150 minutes depending on the volume. Biological spore tests and physical controls like temperature displays ensure proper sterilization. While effective, dry heat takes more time than other methods due to slow heat penetration.
This document discusses various sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and filtration techniques. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, sunlight, and drying. Common heat sterilization techniques are autoclaving, hot air ovens, flaming, and boiling. Chemical methods involve the use of gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde or liquids such as alcohol and phenol. Filtration is also used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms through membrane, sintered glass, or ceramic filters. The goal of all sterilization methods is to eliminate microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses from materials and surfaces.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It describes various heat-based sterilization techniques including dry heat, moist heat using autoclaves, and irradiation. It also covers filtration, gases, and liquid chemical methods. Autoclaving is the preferred method for sterilizing most medical instruments due to its effectiveness and ability to penetrate fabrics. The document also discusses factors influencing sterilization time and tests to ensure autoclave function. Disinfection methods and commonly used disinfecting agents are also outlined.
This document discusses drying in pharmaceutical technology. It defines drying as the final removal of water from materials, usually by heat. Drying is important for stability, properties, cost, and handling of materials. The main difference between drying and evaporation is that drying involves removing small amounts of water from solids while evaporation removes larger amounts from liquids. Common drying equipment includes drum dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and vacuum dryers. Each type of equipment is then briefly described.
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
This document discusses various aspects of drying grains, including:
- Drying removes moisture from grains to allow for safe long-term storage and preservation. It is one of the oldest food preservation methods.
- Different drying methods include tray drying, solar drying, and other methods that use conduction, convection, or radiation to transfer heat and evaporate moisture from grains.
- The moisture content, equilibrium moisture content, and heat transfer during drying are also examined.
Refrigeration is a technique used for preserving food in low temperatures. This procedure slow down or stop most bacteria from dividing and thereby multiplying, but do not kill them.
Drying of agriculture product (Cereals, Pulses and Oilseed ) and Different Dr...Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan
This document provides information about drying methods and moisture content determination in agriculture. It discusses:
1) Drying is the oldest method of food preservation and involves removing water from products to extend shelf life. Various drying techniques are described.
2) Moisture content is important for food quality and is typically measured on a wet or dry basis. Direct methods like oven drying and fractional distillation are most accurate but indirect electrical and chemical methods are faster.
3) Different mechanical dryers are outlined including continuous flow, deep bed, flat bed, fluidized bed, and roller dryers. Parameters for selecting an appropriate dryer are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It discusses the definition and necessity of refrigeration, as well as its major applications in food processing, chemical industries, and other special uses. It then describes the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and its components in detail. Other refrigeration cycles discussed include vapor absorption, air refrigeration (Bell Coleman cycle), and refrigeration systems used in aircrafts such as the bootstrap air cooling system. Key concepts like the unit of refrigeration, coefficient of performance, and the working of open and closed air systems are also summarized.
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and their importance in manufacturing quality pharmaceutical products. It addresses how HVAC systems control factors like temperature, humidity, air particles, and microbes. Contamination can originate from the environment, operators, or equipment and cross-contamination needs to be minimized. Proper HVAC design, maintenance, and procedures are critical to maintaining clean manufacturing conditions. The document also defines humidity measurement and different HVAC system types like central air conditioning. Dehumidification is important for operations in humid climates. In conclusion, air handling systems are critical systems that must be properly designed and treated as such.
This document discusses aerosols, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, classification, formulation, containers, packaging, and applications. It notes that aerosols are dispersions of fine particles or liquid droplets in a gas, and are also called pressurized dosage forms. Common propellants are mentioned, and it is explained that aerosol formulations can be two-phase or three-phase systems. Important uses of aerosols include topical and respiratory drug delivery.
This document provides information about different methods of drying grains and agricultural products. It discusses natural drying methods like solar or sun drying, as well as mechanical drying methods like heated air convective drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, fluidized bed drying, and spray drying. For each method, it outlines the basic process, advantages, and disadvantages. The key methods covered are natural sun drying, mechanical heated air drying, contact plate drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, and fluidized bed drying. The document aims to strengthen understanding of drying basics and acquaint students with various drying principles and technologies.
This document discusses environmental control and air handling systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It covers factors like temperature, humidity, air movement and contamination that can impact product quality. Uncontrolled environments can lead to product degradation or contamination. Cross-contamination can be minimized through personnel procedures, adequate facilities, cleaning and protection of products. Proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are important to control airborne particles and microbes and maintain room conditions. Monitoring of HVAC systems includes testing for particulates, filter integrity, air changes and microbiological levels.
Its all about HVAC.
Just for knowledge purpose.
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I. Dehydration involves simultaneously applying heat and removing moisture from foods. Factors controlling the food processing vary depending on the thermal drying method and characteristics of the food.
II. There are multiple drying mechanisms that depend on the food structure and drying parameters, such as temperature, moisture content, and equipment conditions.
III. The goals of drying include minimizing degradation, selectively removing water over other components, and achieving desired properties for storage and use.
Drying of fruit & vegetables- An approach for entrepreneurship DevelopmentTh Bidyalakshmi Devi
Drying is one of the easiest and commonly used food processing unit operations that can provide entrepreneurship development to a large extent. Drying of agricultural produce and selling of dried products can generate a huge amount of income.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
The document provides guidance on periodic qualification of steam sterilizers used in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses that steam sterilizer validation and periodic qualification is mandatory to verify the performance of the equipment over time. The periodic qualification involves two parts - physical verification checks and performance evaluation studies. As part of performance evaluation, tests like vacuum leak test, air removal test using Bowie Dick packs, and heat penetration studies using biological indicators are conducted to challenge the time and temperature parameters of the sterilization cycle. The document also identifies criteria for selecting worst case loads for the heat penetration studies during periodic qualification.
This document discusses equipment for autoclaving, including the types, operation, and validation process. Autoclaving uses extreme heat, steam and pressure to sterilize or render items free from living organisms. Key equipment is the autoclave chamber, which reaches temperatures of 121°C to kill microorganisms. Validation involves installation, operational and performance qualification to demonstrate the autoclave functions properly. Autoclaving is useful for sterilizing surgical instruments, glassware and other materials, allowing waste to be disposed of safely.
Food Preservation by Drying - Premraja N.pptxPremraja N
This Presentation contains Information and knowledge about various drying methods for Food preservation for enhancing the shelf life of food by lowering the water activity.
various drying methods including, CONVECTIVE DRYING,AIR DRYING,FLUIDIZED BED DRYER,SPRAY DRYERS,
DIELECTRIC DRYING,
Ohmic heating, CABINET DRYER etc.
PSYCHROMETRY AND DRYING POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2.pptxARUL S
PSYCHROMETRY AND DRYING 9
Psychrometry – importance – Psychrometric charts and its uses – Drying – principles and theory
of drying – thin layer and deep bed drying – Hot air drying – methods of producing hot air – Types
of grain dryers – selection – construction, operation and maintenance of dryers – Design of dryers
Humidifiers for Ventilators- Uses and Maintenanceshashi sinha
Health technology includes devices, medicines, vaccines and procedures that solve health problems and improve quality of life. Humidifiers add moisture to air and are important for mechanical ventilation patients. There are two main types - active humidifiers which allow air to pass through a heated water reservoir, and passive humidifiers which rely on patient breathing to humidify air. Proper humidifier function and maintenance is important to prevent issues like condensation and cross-contamination in ventilator circuits.
The document discusses the history and evolution of chocolate production. It details how cocoa beans are harvested and fermented before being dried, roasted, and ground into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then further processed through conching and tempering to produce smooth chocolate for consumption.
Hii this is question bank of strenght of material from pollyechnic college seoni , this is the very useful question bank in technical intrens exam. I hope you enjoyed
This document provides an overview of different types of operators in the C programming language. It discusses arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, conditional, and increment/decrement operators. For each type of operator, it provides examples of common operators of that type, along with brief descriptions of what they do. The document also includes truth tables for bitwise operators and discusses the syntax and usage of conditional and increment/decrement operators.
The document summarizes the servicing of vehicles like scooters and cars. It discusses the objectives of studying vehicle alignment and servicing. It then describes the different types of services performed on vehicles like engine oil changes, checks of lights, tires, brakes, steering, fluid levels, and suspension. Specific tips are provided for scooter maintenance like checking tire pressure, replacing brake pads, and cleaning the carburetor. Steps for car services like oil and oil filter changes are outlined. Body repair techniques like cutting, fitting replacement pieces, welding, riveting, using body filler, and sanding are also summarized.
Handling and use of toll such as tube cutter ,tube bender ,flaring tool pliers , service gauge ,soldering and brazing joint etc
I hope it will be most helpful for you. Thank you
Asheesh kushwaha
The document describes the components and layout of an automobile chassis. The key components of a chassis include the engine, fuel tank, gear box, propeller shaft, differential, axles, flywheel, and clutch. There are three basic types of chassis: conventional with the engine in front of the driver, semi-forward control with the engine partly in front of and behind the driver, and full forward control with the engine completely inside the driver's section. The chassis functions to carry all the parts of the vehicle and is generally made of compressed steel alloys.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. REFRIGERATION
Dr. Basavaraj K. NanjwadeM. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
Faculty of Pharmacy
Omer Al-Mukhtar University
Tobruk, Libya.
E-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com
2014/03/04 1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
2. CONTENTS
• Definition
• Applications
• Types of refrigeration
• Principle of refrigeration
• Air conditioning
• Types of equipments
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
3. Definition of Refrigeration
• Mechanical refrigeration is a process of
lowering the temperature of a substance less
than that of its surroundings.
• Capacity of refrigeration is expressed in tone.
• A tone of refrigeration is expressed in
designed as the rate of heat removed from the
surroundings equivalent to the heat required
for melting one tone of ice in one day
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
4. Application of Refrigeration
1. Removal of heat in chemical reactions.
2. Preservation of thermolabile substances (eg.
Insulin, Hormones and vaccines)
3. Liquefy processing gas
4. Separation of vapours by distillation
5. Freeze drying (Lyophilization)
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
5. Types of Refrigerants
1. Primary refrigerants: These are liquids that
change from a liquid to a gas after absorbing
heat. (eg. Trichlorofloromethane-Cl3F2C,
Dichlorodifluromethane-Cl2F2C, Ethylene,
Propylene, Ammonia etc.)
1. Secondary refrigerants: These are the
liquids which act only as heat carriers (eg.
Brine and water)
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
6. Principle of refrigeration
• The refrigeration cycle is also known as
vapour compression cycle. The cycle operates
at two pressures high and low, to produces a
continuous cooling effect.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
7. Compressor
Condenser EvaporatorEvaporator
High pressure vapour Low pressure vapour
Liquid
Trap
Expansion valve
Heat
Heat
Basic construction of refrigeration cycle
Cold
Room
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
f
b
c
d
e
a
8. Refrigeration Cycle
a. Receiver or Condenser
b. Expansion valve
c. Evaporation
d. Liquid trap
e. Compressor
f. Condenser
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
9. Refrigeration Cycle
a. Receiver or condenser: The liquid is kept in a
container namely condenser. The refrigerant is under
pressure.
b. Expansion: It is a device, which controls the rate of
flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. Now high
pressure refrigerant enters low pressure zone.
c. Evaporator: It consist of coils, here the refrigerant
evaporates by absorbing heat from the space. The
energy required for this process is taken from the
surrounding (space which is to be cooled). In this step,
liquid vapourises, but some liquid still remains.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
10. Refrigeration Cycle
d. Liquid trap: This is used to remove the traces of
liquid refrigerant and then returned to receiver
(condenser).
e. Compressor: Saturated vapour is allowed to pass
through the compressor. The compression is adiabatic
and it produces supersaturated gas.
f. Condenser: The supersaturated gas (vapour) flows to
the condenser where the gas is liquefied. The condenser
can be air cooled (or) water cooled. Thus one cycle is
completed as shown above and process is continued.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
11. AIR CONDITIONING
• Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as
to control its temperature, humidity, cleanliness.
Applications
1. Promoting the human comfort.
2. In manufacturing areas such as for tablets, capsules
and sterile products.
3. Testing chambers
4. Maintenance of animals and equipment
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar
University, Tobruk, Libya.
12. Air Conditioning in
Manufacturing areas
a. Compression of tablets
b. Manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules
c. Manufacturing of sterile products
d. Testing chambers
e. Maintenance of animals and equipment
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar
University, Tobruk, Libya.
13. Air Conditioning in
Manufacturing areas
a. Compression of tablets: In granulation
section 45% RH and 220
C are necessary. In
the tableting section less than 20% RH and
220
C are necessary.
In the production of effervescent products,
dry syrups, controlling humidity is a vital
factor. The RH should not exceed 10 to 15 %
and temperature is at 220
C
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
14. Air Conditioning in
Manufacturing areas
b. Manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules:
Temperature controlled is 200
C to 220
C. Humidity is
controlled to a maximum of 40% in operating areas and
between 20 and 30% in the drying areas.
c. Manufacturing of sterile products: In
parenteral and ophthalmic products. The environmental
conditions are much more stringent in filling and
sealing rooms. Therefore, standards of clean air quality
are of greater importance. The production of biological
products (Schedule C & C1) air conditioning is
essential.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
15. Air Conditioning
3. Testing chambers: Stability and shelf life testing
chambers offer reproducible temperature and
humidity.
4. Maintenance of animals and equipment:
Animal house should be air conditioned.
Sophisticated electronic equipments are stored and
the work is carried out in air conditioned rooms.
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
16. Types of Equipments
1. Unitary air conditioners: These are window
mounted. These are two types, either air cooled or
water cooled. Most of them are air cooled. Room air
enters the casing of the front panel. It is mixed with
part of the outdoor air. This mixture is forced over
cooling coils by centrifugal fan. Cooled air is
circulated in the room.
2. Central air conditioners: These systems serve
one or several areas with conditioned air. The
conditioned air is supplied through duct network
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.