This document discusses various sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and filtration techniques. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, sunlight, and drying. Common heat sterilization techniques are autoclaving, hot air ovens, flaming, and boiling. Chemical methods involve the use of gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde or liquids such as alcohol and phenol. Filtration is also used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms through membrane, sintered glass, or ceramic filters. The goal of all sterilization methods is to eliminate microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses from materials and surfaces.
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Contents:-
what is sterilization?
History of sterilization
Methods of sterilization
Physical method
Chemical method
Filtration (mechanical method) method
Refrences
1/18/2019 2
3. WHAT IS STERILIZATION?
Sterilization can be defined as a process by which all viable
forms of micro-organisms(such as fungi, bacteria, viruses) are
removed or destroyed.
Micro organisms are present at everywhere. Since they cause
contamination, infection, and decay, it becomes necessary to
remove or destroy them from materials or from areas.
Sterilization procedures used is should be simple but effective
and of relatively short duration.
1/18/2019 3
4. HISTORY OF STERILIZATION
LOUIS PASTEUR of France was among the first to use
sterilization techniques, he developed the steam sterilization,
hot air oven and the autoclave. Pasteurization was a method
developed by him to rid of bacilli from milk.
JOSEPH LISTER, applied Pasteur’s work and introduced
antiseptic technique in surgery(1867). He is the father of
antiseptic surgery.
1/18/2019 4
7. 1) Sun light - It is responsible for spontaneous sterilization in
natural conditions.
In tropical countries, the sunlight is more effective in killing
germs due to combination of ultraviolet rays and heat.
By killing bacteria suspended in water, sunlight provides
natural method of disinfection of tanks and lakes.
2) Drying - Moisture is essential for growth of bacteria.
Drying in air has dangerous effect on many bacteria.
However, spores are unaffected.
Therefore, it is not satisfactory method for sterilization.
1/18/2019 7
8. 3) Heat sterilization- it has also two type
A)Dry heat sterilization- In dry heat sterilization, dry heat is used for
sterilizing different materials. Heated air or fire is used in this process.
As compared to the moist heat sterilization, the temperature is higher.
The temp. is maintained for almost an hour to kill the most difficult of the
resistant spores.
Dry heat sterilization also have 4 type:- 1) Hot air oven
2) Red hot sterilization
3) Flaming
4) incineration 1/18/2019 8
9. 1) Hot air oven:- Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry
heat to sterilize. They were originally developed by pasteur.
Generally, they can be operated from
50 to 300 °C, using a thermostat to control
the temperature. ... An air circulating fan
helps in uniform distribution of the heat.
2) Red hot sterilization:- Sterilization by holding them in
Bunsen flame till they become red hot. It use for
bacteriological loops, straight wires, tips of
forceps & spatulas
1/18/2019 9
10. 3) Flaming:- This is a method of passing article
over a flame, but not heating it to redness.
Use- scalpels, mouth of test tubes,
flask, glass slide & coverslips
4) Incineration:- Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves of organic substances contained in waste materials.
This method also burns any organism to ash.
It is used to sterilize medical and other
biohazardous waste before it is discarded
with non-hazardous waste
1/18/2019 10
11. B) Moist heat sterilization :- Moist heat method is used for heat
sensitive materials and materials through which steam is permeable.
culture media is also sterilized through moist heat sterilization.
It has also 3 types:- 1) Below 100°C 2) Above 100°C 2) At 100°C
1) Below 100°C:- It has also 2 types
i) Pasteurization- Its purpose is to reduce the bacterial
population of a liquid such as a milk & destroy
Organism that ma cause spoilage.
Spores are not affected by this method.
1/18/2019 11
12. ii) inspissation:- Heating at 80-85°C for half an
hour daily on three consecutive days.
Serum or egg media are sterilized.
2) At 100°c:- It has also 2 types.
i) Boiling:-Boiling is a very simple method of water disinfection.
Heating water to a high temperature, 100°C, kills most of the
pathogenic organisms, particularly viruses and bacteria causing
waterborne diseases. In order for boiling to
be most effective, the water must boil for at
least 20 minutes. 1/18/2019 12
13. ii) Tyndallization:- Exposure at 100°C for 20-45 minutes
for 3 successive days. Used for sterilizing
sugars, gelatin, & serum containing media.
3) Above 100°C:- Autoclave
Autoclaving is the most reliable method for sterilization.
Autoclave use pressurized steam to destroy microorganism, and are
the most dependable system available for the decontamination of
laboratory waste & the sterilization of glass wares, media, & reagents.
1/18/2019 13
14. For efficient heat transfer, steam must flush the air out of the
autoclave chamber.
Generally the conditions employed are temperature up to 121-134°
for 15-20 minutes under 15 lbs pressure.
The condition based on the type of the
material used for sterilization.
1/18/2019 14
15. 4) Radiation sterilization:- It has 2 types.
A) Non-ionizing(Hot sterilization):-
i) Infrared rays- used for rapid mass sterilization of prepacked items
such as syringe, catheters( a thin tube that is put into the body in
order to remove liquids)
ii) U.v. rays- used for disinfecting enclosed area such as entry ways,
operation theatres & labs.
1/18/2019 15
16. B) Ionizing(Cold sterilization):-
i) Gamma rays & X-rays:- Used for sterilizing plastics, syringes,
swabs, animal feeds, oils, greases, fabric & metal foils
Advantages of radiation sterilization:- clean & dry process,
ensure full exposure of object from all direction.
Disadvantages:- posses threat to human,
lengthy process, requires very qualified person
1/18/2019 16
18. 1) Gaseous sterilization
i. Ethylene oxide:- EtO sterilization is mainly use to sterilize medical
& pharmaceutical products that can not support conventional high
temperature steam sterilization- such as devices that incorporate
electronic components, plastic packaging or plastic container.
This method uses automatic device filled with ethylene oxide gas
at temperature below 100°C to sterilize complex & delicate material.
EtO destroys microorganism by chemically reacting with nucleic
acid.
1/18/2019 18
19. Advantages :- Fully automatic, high efficiency, 100% result
Disadvantages:- Complex and time consuming process, carcinogenic
safety concern
ii. Formaldehyde gas:- Another low temperature method for sterilizing
heat sensitive items is formaldehyde sterilization. Formaldehyde is an
organic chemical compound which is a by-product of the metabolism of
many organisms and is commonly found in fresh air, rainwater, foods,
industrial products and fabrics.
It is considered even more dangerous than EtO and is therefore less
commonly used for sterilization. 1/18/2019 19
20. Formaldehyde sterilization is used where sterilization by steam or
high temperature is not possible
Formaldehyde is soluble in water and its inactivation power is greatly
improved by the presence of humidity. It is most commonly used as a
disinfectant, but sometimes formaldehyde is used as a sterilizing
agent. The process is known as low temperature steam and
formaldehyde (LTSF)
In countries such as united kingdom, germany, sweden, denmark and
norway sterilization by LSTF is accepted, but not common. On the
other hand in several countries formaldehyde as a sterilizing agent is
discouraged. LTSF has not been FDA cleared for use in healthcare
facilities in the USA.
1/18/2019 20
21. Advantages:- Very reactive molecule, Faster cycle time compared
to EtO, cost per cycle is lower than EtO, after sterilization most
loads are available for immediate use
Disadvantages:- The vapour is extremely irritating to the eyes,
weak penetrating power compared to EtO, operates on a higher
temperature than EtO, formaldehyde residue can remain on the
sterilized goods if the rinsing phase is not 100% efficient. This
can be harmful for the patients
1/18/2019 21
22. 2) Liquid sterilization
i) Alcohol:- Alcohols are effective disinfectants for many reasons.
They evaporate quickly, without leaving a residue. They are capable
of dissolving lipids, which makes them effective against lipid-wrapped
viral cells such as HIV and hepatitis A. They are inexpensive and
relatively easy to handle, although their vapors are flammable.
Ethanol and isopropyl alcohol are both members of the alcohol
family and have similar disinfectant properties. Ethanol is the type of
alcohol present in alcoholic beverages. Isopropyl alcohol is also
known as isopropanol, 2-propanol or rubbing alcohol. When used as
disinfectants, both are typically at a concentration of 70 percent in
water.
1/18/2019 22
23. ii) Phenols:- Phenol is one of the oldest antiseptic agents.
phenols acts by damaging cell membrane thus releasing cell contents
& causing lysis.
phenols is commonly found in mouth washes, scrub soaps, & surface
disinfectants.
phenols are used for decontamination of the hospital environment,
including laboratory surfaces, & non critical medical items.
Examples:-
1/18/2019 23
24. Filtration (Mechanical) methods
Filtration sterilization used for heat sensitive materials to sterilize.
Filtration process does not destroy but removes the microorganisms.
Filtration allows for the exclusion of organisms based upon size.
Procedure:- The solution to be sterilized is passed through the filter
and collected in the sterile receiver by the application of positive
pressure to the nonsterile compartment or negative pressure to the
sterile slide.
1/18/2019 24
25. Mode of action
The filters are thought to function by one or usually a combination
of the following:
1. Sieving or screening
2. Entrapment
3. Electrostatic attraction
When a particle is larger than the pore size of the filter the particle
is retained on the filter- this known as sieving or screening
1/18/2019 25
26. Entrapment occurs when a particle smaller than the size of the pore
enters into the pore channel and lodges onto the curves of the
channel while passing through it.
In Electrostatic attraction Particles are attracted & absorbed at the
surface of the filter bed which is oppositely charged.
There are 4 types of filters:-
1. Membrane filters
2. Sintered or Fritted glass filters
3. Seitz filters
4. Ceramic filters 1/18/2019 26
27. 1) Membrane filters:- They are made of cellulose-derivative (acetate
or nitrate). They are very fine. They are fixed in some suitable
holders.
Nominal pore size is 0.22 ± 0.02mm or less is required.
The membranes are brittle when dry. In this condition they can be
stored for years together. They become very tough when dipped in
water.
They are suitable for sterilizing aqueous and oily solutions but not
for organic solvents such as alcohol, chloroform etc. 1/18/2019 27
28. They are sterilized by autoclaving or by ethylene oxide gas. They
can not be sterilized by dry heat as they decompose above 130°C.
Membrane filters are generally blocked by dirt particles and
organisms. Pre-filtration (through glass-fibre paper prefilter) reduces
the risks of membrane filter.
Examples:- i) MF-Milipore - it is a mixture of cellulose esters
ii) Sartorius regular – it is made of cellulose nitrate
1/18/2019 28
30. 2) Sintered (or Fritted) glass filters:-
Borosilicate glass is finely powdered in a ball-mill and the particles
of required size are separated.
This is packed into disc mounted and heated till the particles get
fused. The disc thus made have pore size of 2 mm and are used
for filtration.
They are cleaned with the help of sulfuric acid.
1/18/2019 30
31. 3) Seitz filters:-
It consists of two parts.
Lower part filled with a perforated plate over which compressed
asbestos pad is placed.
Upper part has a valve through which pressure can be applied.
Both parts joined together by winged nuts.
The main advantage of this filter is that no risk of
contamination & easy to use.
For viscous solution they are more suitable.
1/18/2019 31
32. 4) Ceramic filters:-
Ceramic water filters are an inexpensive and effective type of water
filter, that rely on the small pore size of ceramic material to filter dirt,
debris, and bacteria out.
However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they
are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter.
Ceramic filtration does not remove chemical contaminants.
However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters)
incorporate a high-performance activated carbon core inside the
ceramic filter that reduces organic and metallic contaminants.1/18/2019 32
33. The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type
and candle-type filters.
1/18/2019 33
34. REFRENCES:-
Principle and practice of disinfection and sterilization by
A P Fraise
Wikipedia
www.study.com
1/18/2019 34