Its all about HVAC.
Just for knowledge purpose.
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Pharmaceutical HVAC (Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating...Palash Das
This slide is represent the HVAC design,qualification and operational approach. As we know HVAC is important system for maintaining clean room. This presentation is made based on the requirement of Pharmaceutical Industry. All parameter are considered based on the current guidelines aspect.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
Pharmaceutical HVAC (Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating...Palash Das
This slide is represent the HVAC design,qualification and operational approach. As we know HVAC is important system for maintaining clean room. This presentation is made based on the requirement of Pharmaceutical Industry. All parameter are considered based on the current guidelines aspect.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
OverviewHeating and Cooling SystemsA person’s comfort in an en.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview
Heating and Cooling Systems
A person’s comfort in an environment depends on the temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, and air movement. A weatherization service provider should be aware of these four factors.
There are many types of heating and cooling systems that may be present in homes that need to be weatherized. A weatherization service provider should be able to differentiate between the types of systems and recognize problems with a system.
Lastly, a weatherization service provider should be able to detect leaks in duct systems using various testing methods. After the leaks have been discovered, the provider should be able to seal the leaks to improve the efficiency of the system.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
6A
analyze the myriad of factors that influence human comfort.
6B
recall the differences between various state-of-the-art home heating and cooling systems.
6C
list the various tests that can be used to detect home heating/cooling system leaks.
6D
explain the various methods used to seal duct leaks in homes.
Module 5 Reading Assignment
Krigger, J., & Dorsi, C. (2012). Residential Energy: Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings (6th ed.). Helena: Saturn Resource Management, Inc. Chapters 3 (pp. 86-100), 6, and 8.
Supplemental Reading Assignments (Required):
EERE (2011). HVAC: a guide for contractors to share with homeowners (Report No. PNNL-20241). Washington, D.C.: Buildings technologies program (pp. 1-68).
EPA (2009). A guide to energy efficient heating and cooling[Brochure]. Washington, D.C., (pp. 1-24).
EPA (2009). Duct sealing [Brochure]. Washington, D.C., (pp. 1-5).
Friedman, G. (2004). “Too hot/too cold diagnosing occupant complaints.” ASHRAE, (pp. 157-163).
Lecture Notes
Heating and Cooling Systems
There are four factors that contribute to a person’s comfort in a particular environment: air temperature, relative humidity, the mean radiant temperature, and the presence of air movement. When the temperature, moisture, radiant temperatures, and moving air are controlled in any environment, people will be comfortable.
Relative Humidity
The amount of moisture in the air is one of the factors that directly affects comfort whether a person is inside or outside. Relative Humidity (RH) is the amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount of water that could be in the air if it were totally saturated. A weatherization service provider can measure relative humidity using a hygrometer or a relative humidity and temperature meter. A psychrometer is a basic hygrometer that is made of two thermometers. A reading of 50 percent relative humidity means that the air, at a specific temperature, contains 50 percent of the total amount of water it is capable of maintaining for saturation.
Mean Radiant Temperature
The mean radiant temperature is the average temperature of the surfaces in the environment. Warm air can hold more moi.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
1. 1
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Air Handling, Air Conditioning and
Refrigeration
Compiled & delivered by,
Mr. N. G. Shinde
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara.
2015-2016
3. The manufacturing environment is critical for
product quality
1. Light
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Air movement
5. Microbial contamination
6. Particulate contamination
7. Uncontrolled environment can lead to product degradation
product contamination
loss of product and profit
4. What are contaminants ?
Contaminants are
1. Products or substances other than product
manufactured
2. Foreign products
3. Particulate matter
4. Micro-organisms
5. Endotoxins (degraded micro-organisms)
Cross-contamination is a particular case of contamination
5. Cross-Contamination
What is Cross-Contamination ?
Contamination of a starting material, intermediate
product, or finished product with another starting
material or product during production.
6. Cross-Contamination
From where does Cross-Contamination originate?
1. Poorly designed air handling systems and dust extraction
systems
2. Poorly operated and maintained air handling systems and
dust extraction systems
3. Inadequate procedures for personnel and equipment
4. Insufficiently cleaned equipment
8. Cross-Contamination
Cross-contamination can be minimized by:
1. Personnel procedures
2. Adequate premises
3. Use of closed production systems
4. Adequate, validated cleaning procedures
5. Appropriate levels of protection of product
6. Correct air pressure cascade
16. HVAC
16
HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning
Temperature
Humidity
Pressure
Ventilation
68°F (20°C) and 75°F (25°C)
30% relative humidity (RH) and 60% RH
A slightly positive pressure to reduce
outside air infiltration.
Rooms typically have several
complete air changes per hour
17. What can HVAC do?
17
Control airborne particles, dust and micro-
organisms
Maintain room pressure (delta P)
Maintain space moisture (Relative Humidity)
Maintain space temperature
18. What HVAC can’t do?
1. HVAC can not clean up the surfaces of a
contaminated places, room or equipment
2. HVAC can not compensate for workers who do not
follow procedures
18
20. Local heating systems
heat source, distributors, and Portable electric heaters, built-in
electric resistance heaters, infrared heaters and wood stoves
Local cooling systems
Air circulation devices, such as paddle or desk fans
Local ventilating systems
Local air-conditioning systems
20
Components Of HVAC System
21. 21
Clean Room
Class
Class Limits "not to exceed" particles per
cu ft for particle sizes shown
0.1∝m 0.2∝m 0.3∝m 0.5∝m 5 ∝m
1 35.0 7.50 3.0 1.0 --
10 350 75.0 30.0 10.0 --
100 -- 750 300 100 --
1000 -- -- -- 1000 7.0
10000 -- -- -- 10000 70.0
10000 -- -- -- 100000 700
Classification Of Clean Room :
REGULATORY POINT OF VIEW
US Federal Standard 209E
22. HEPA FILTER : At Glance
22
High Efficiency Particulate Air capture a minimum of
99.97% of contaminants at 0.3 microns in size.
23. :
Monitoring and Testing of HVAC Clean
Room
Physical
Air borne particulate matter
HEPA integrity
Air Changes per hour
Flow pattern in room
Pressure Diff across filter
Temperature and Humidity
Microbiological
Settling Plate
Slit Plate
Surface Sampling
24. Parameter Test Frequency
Particulate monitoring in air
HEPA filter integrity testing
(DOP testing
Air change rates
Air pressure differentials
Microbiological monitoring
by settle plates
Temperature and humidity
6 Monthly
Yearly
6 Monthly
Daily
Daily
Daily
24
25. Air flow patterns
Filtered air entering a production room or
covering a process can be
turbulent
uni-directional (laminar)
GMP aspect
economical aspect
New technologies: barrier technology/isolator technology.
37. 37
Air conditioning
It is the process of treating the air so as to control its temp.,
humidity, cleanliness and distribution simultaneously to meet
the requirements of the conditioned space.
Applications:
Promoting the human comfort
Maintenance of proper conditions for manufacture, processing and
preserving of material and equipment.
Environmental test chamber
Maintenance of animal and equipment
38. 38
Types of equipment
1.Self contained air conditioner/ Unitary/ Packaged
2.Central air conditioner/ Field erected
1.Self contained air conditioner/ Unitary/ Packaged
These system include window mounted or wall bracket conditioners.
Most of this units are air cooled through water cooled type.
Room air enters the casing at the front panel. It is mixed with part of
the outdoor air and this mixture is forced over a cooling coils by a
centrifugal fans.
39. 39
Central air conditioning system
In this system one or several areas are air conditioned by duct
network.
Air cleaning is done by filters.
Cooling is achieved by using water or by direct expansion in
refrigerated coils or air washers.
Heating is achieved by using steam or hot water coils.
43. 43
Definitions
Humidity:
The amount of water vapour present in moist air per unit mass of the
dry air in given volume.
Dew point:
The temperature at which the liquid droplets just appear when the
moist air is cooled continuously.
Dry bulb temperature:
The actual temperature of gas or mixture of gases indicated by an error
free temperature measuring device.
Wet bulb temperature:
Dynamic equilibrium temperature attained by a water surface when
exposed to air under adiabatic conditions.
44. 44
Measurement of humidity
Direct method
A known volume of air is drawn through phosphorus pentoxide.
The moisture present in the air get absorbed and determined by
chemical or gravimetric method.
From the difference of initial and final masses humidity is
estimated.
46. 46
Dew point method
In this method formation of mist and disappearance of
mist is considered and dew point is calculated.
A cooled and polished disk is placed in vessel
containing the gas whose humidity is to be determined.
The temp. of the disk is gradually lowered using liquid
air or liquid carbon dioxide or ether.
Soon mist condenses on polished surface.
The temperature at which mist just appeared is noted.
The temp. of disk is slowly increased and disappearance
of mist is observed and temp. is noted.
The average of these two temperatures represent
accurate dew point.
47. 47
Humidification
The process of increasing the moisture in the air.
Approaches:
The air may be brought in contact with water in
such a way that only a part of the water is
evaporated.
Cooling towers are utilized.
The incoming air is heated to higher temp. then
cooled adiabatically with water to achieve desired
humidity.
The air may be mixed with stream of air of higher
humidity.
49. 49
Dehumidification
Removal of moisture from the air.
Dehumidification is achieved by bringing the moist air in
contact with cold surface (solid/liquid).
In pharmaceutical industry many operations are carried out at
stated temperature and humidity to get optimum results.
In many parts of India (Bengal, Kerala) air is very humid so it
becomes very difficult to carryon operations with hygroscopic
substances even in AC room. Hence, dehumidifiers are installed
for such operations.
51. Air handling systems:
Play a major role in the quality of pharmaceuticals
Must be designed properly, by professionals
Must be treated as a critical system
Conclusion
