In these slide I discuss about the various DNA Technology and their biological importance and modern uses of these technologies. Here I also discussed about the oligonucleotide and new pharmaceutical approaches.
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
Active constituent of drugs used in diabetic therapyAkshay Kank
In this slide the active constituents which is isolated from herbal sources used for to treat the type 1 and type 2 diabetes is covered. 'Gymnema' and 'swerita chirata' herbal plant is also covered in the slide.This work help in to focus the herbal emphasis on diabetes.
There are many ways that drug-resistant infections can be prevented: immunization, safe food preparation, handwashing, and using antibiotics as directed and only when necessary. In addition, preventing infections also prevents the spread of resistant bacteria.The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die but resistant bacteria can survive and even multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant bacteria more common. The more we use antibiotics, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.
Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
Active constituent of drugs used in diabetic therapyAkshay Kank
In this slide the active constituents which is isolated from herbal sources used for to treat the type 1 and type 2 diabetes is covered. 'Gymnema' and 'swerita chirata' herbal plant is also covered in the slide.This work help in to focus the herbal emphasis on diabetes.
There are many ways that drug-resistant infections can be prevented: immunization, safe food preparation, handwashing, and using antibiotics as directed and only when necessary. In addition, preventing infections also prevents the spread of resistant bacteria.The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die but resistant bacteria can survive and even multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant bacteria more common. The more we use antibiotics, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.
Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
ENZYME INHIBITION THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR BIOLOGY AS WELL AS CHEMISTRY PEOPLES. WE HAVE HERE COVERED FOR THE PHARMA STUDENTS THIS WILL MAKE THEM EASY AS WE ARE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA A SINGLE PLACE WICH COVERS ALL THE COTENTS.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
Chemistry of Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes(Advance medicinal ...Rohit kaushiK.
1st discovered in human serum in 1930, were found to be stimulate uterine contraction and reduce pressure.
Presumed to be synthesized by prostate gland hence the name.
Later found that synthesized in all tissue except erythrocytes.
It have a cyclopentane ring (formed from 8 to 12 carbon atoms) and two side chains, with carboxyl group on one side.
They differ In their structure due to substituent group double bond on cyclopentane ring.
Prostaglandins are structurally resemble with prostanoic acid, 20-carbon fatty acid.
Abbreviated as PG, with the class designated by a capital letter A,B,D,E,F,G,H and I, followed by a number.
PGE and PGF; 1st isolated from the biological fluids.
The letters refer to the different ring structure, except in PGG and PGH: same ring structure (cyclo endohydroperoxide).
In the same series, depending upon double bonds on the side chains designated as PGE1, PGE2, PGE3..etc
The number of double bonds varies from 1-3.
PROSTAGLANDINS RECEPTORS
They function close to the site of synthesis and are deactivated to inactive metabolites before moving into the circuation.
Act locally in very low concentration, and acts on GPCR receptors.
INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
Corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol) prevent the formation of arachidonic acid by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2.
Anti inflammatory drugs inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins.
They block the action of cyclooxygenase.
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase.
DEGRADATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
All eicosanoids are metabolized rapidly.
Degradation mainly occurs in liver and lung.
Two enzymes, namely 15-α-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase & 13-PG reductase, convert hydroxyl group at C15 to keto group & then to C13 and C14 dihydroderivative.
BIOCHEMICAL ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
The Prostaglandins (PGE, PGA, & PGI2) are vasodilator in nature. So they decreases blood pressure.
PGE1 & PGE2 induce the symptoms of inflammation (redness, swelling, edema etc.) due to arteriolar vasodilator, and cause rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis etc. so Corticosteroids are used to treat these conditions.
PGE2 & PGF2 are used for the medical termination of pregnancy and induction of labor.
Pyrogens (fever causing) promote PG synthesis leading to the formation of PGE2.
Migraine is also due to PGE2.
PGE2 along with histamine and bradykinin causes pain.
PGI2 inhibit platelet aggregation.
They are used in the treatment of gastric ulcers, hyoertention, thrombosis, asthma etc.
Prostaglandins are also employed in the medical termination of pregnancy, prevention of conception, induction of labor etc.
Leukotrienes are synthesized by leucocytes, mast cells, lung, heart, spleen etc. by lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid.
Leukotrienes are 20- Carbon polyenoic fatty acids having a number of substituents.
Depending upon the substitutions, they are divided into LTA, LTB, LTD, and LTE.
Each type is divided into sub-groups depending upon the number of double bonds which vary from 3-5.
Leukotrienes possess
Genetic engineering principle, tools, techniques, types and applicationTarun Kapoor
Basic principles of genetic engineering.
Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.
Recombinant DNA technology. Application of genetic engineering in medicine.
Application of r DNA technology and genetic engineering in the products:
a. Interferon
b. Vaccines- hepatitis- B
c. Hormones- Insulin.
Polymerase chain reaction
Brief introduction to PCR
Basic principles of PCR
ENZYME INHIBITION THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR BIOLOGY AS WELL AS CHEMISTRY PEOPLES. WE HAVE HERE COVERED FOR THE PHARMA STUDENTS THIS WILL MAKE THEM EASY AS WE ARE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA A SINGLE PLACE WICH COVERS ALL THE COTENTS.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
Chemistry of Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes(Advance medicinal ...Rohit kaushiK.
1st discovered in human serum in 1930, were found to be stimulate uterine contraction and reduce pressure.
Presumed to be synthesized by prostate gland hence the name.
Later found that synthesized in all tissue except erythrocytes.
It have a cyclopentane ring (formed from 8 to 12 carbon atoms) and two side chains, with carboxyl group on one side.
They differ In their structure due to substituent group double bond on cyclopentane ring.
Prostaglandins are structurally resemble with prostanoic acid, 20-carbon fatty acid.
Abbreviated as PG, with the class designated by a capital letter A,B,D,E,F,G,H and I, followed by a number.
PGE and PGF; 1st isolated from the biological fluids.
The letters refer to the different ring structure, except in PGG and PGH: same ring structure (cyclo endohydroperoxide).
In the same series, depending upon double bonds on the side chains designated as PGE1, PGE2, PGE3..etc
The number of double bonds varies from 1-3.
PROSTAGLANDINS RECEPTORS
They function close to the site of synthesis and are deactivated to inactive metabolites before moving into the circuation.
Act locally in very low concentration, and acts on GPCR receptors.
INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
Corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol) prevent the formation of arachidonic acid by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2.
Anti inflammatory drugs inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins.
They block the action of cyclooxygenase.
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase.
DEGRADATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
All eicosanoids are metabolized rapidly.
Degradation mainly occurs in liver and lung.
Two enzymes, namely 15-α-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase & 13-PG reductase, convert hydroxyl group at C15 to keto group & then to C13 and C14 dihydroderivative.
BIOCHEMICAL ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
The Prostaglandins (PGE, PGA, & PGI2) are vasodilator in nature. So they decreases blood pressure.
PGE1 & PGE2 induce the symptoms of inflammation (redness, swelling, edema etc.) due to arteriolar vasodilator, and cause rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis etc. so Corticosteroids are used to treat these conditions.
PGE2 & PGF2 are used for the medical termination of pregnancy and induction of labor.
Pyrogens (fever causing) promote PG synthesis leading to the formation of PGE2.
Migraine is also due to PGE2.
PGE2 along with histamine and bradykinin causes pain.
PGI2 inhibit platelet aggregation.
They are used in the treatment of gastric ulcers, hyoertention, thrombosis, asthma etc.
Prostaglandins are also employed in the medical termination of pregnancy, prevention of conception, induction of labor etc.
Leukotrienes are synthesized by leucocytes, mast cells, lung, heart, spleen etc. by lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid.
Leukotrienes are 20- Carbon polyenoic fatty acids having a number of substituents.
Depending upon the substitutions, they are divided into LTA, LTB, LTD, and LTE.
Each type is divided into sub-groups depending upon the number of double bonds which vary from 3-5.
Leukotrienes possess
Genetic engineering principle, tools, techniques, types and applicationTarun Kapoor
Basic principles of genetic engineering.
Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.
Recombinant DNA technology. Application of genetic engineering in medicine.
Application of r DNA technology and genetic engineering in the products:
a. Interferon
b. Vaccines- hepatitis- B
c. Hormones- Insulin.
Polymerase chain reaction
Brief introduction to PCR
Basic principles of PCR
Biotechnology is the utilization of biology to figure out problems and develop beneficial products. The most important area of biotechnology is the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins and other drugs via genetic engineering.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. CONTENTS…
I. Introduction and tools in
rDNA technology
II. Basic principles in Gene
Cloning
III. Isolation and Insertion of
genes
IV. Applications
5. GENE Therapy
3. New Pharmaceuticles Designed from
Biotechnology
I. Hormons
II. Vaccines
III. Antibiotics and Blood Factors
I. Introduction and Mechanism Of
Action
4. Oligonuleotide Therapy
I. Introduction To Vectors
II. Methods of Gene Delivery
III. Recent Advancements
IV. Application of Gene Therapy
V. Principles of DNA/RNA
Estimation
1. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
2. HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
I. Introduction
II. Application
3. RECOMBINANT
DNA
TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
A recombinant DNA molecule is
produced by joining together two or more
DNA
segments usually originating from
different organism.
Also called as chimeric gene.
Achieved by cutting DNA(restriction
enzymes)into suitable fragments and
joining together the appropriate
fragments(ligation).
Proteins expressed by rDNA called as
recombinant proteins.
4. TOOLS
OF
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
1) RESTRICTION
ENDONUCLEASES(RE)
2) DNA LIGASE
• Cutted DNA fragments are
covalently joined by this.
• Join the fragments by forming
phosphodiester bond between
phosphate group of 5’carbon of one
deoxy ribose with hydroxyl group of
3’carbon of another deoxy ribose.
Bacterial enzyme that can cut DNA at
specific sites
Recognition sequences; site in DNA
which is cut by RE.
Cleavage pattern; Form sticky ends
which can easily pair with other
DNA having complementary sticky
ends.
Also called as molecular scissors
7. BASIC
PRINCIPLES STEPS IN GENE CLONING
1)Identification and isolation of desired
gene.
2)Insertion of isolated DNA into a suitable
vector
3)Introduction of this vector into suitable
organism
4)Selection of transformed host cells
5)Multiplication/Expression/Integration
followed by expression of the gene in
the host
10. • DNA fragment to be cloned is called as
• DNA insert.
• Desired fragments can be obtained from :-
1) Genomic libraries
• Libraries are collection of DNA clones
in a certain vector.
• Genomic - made from RE DNA
fragments of total genomic DNA
• cDNA (complementary DNA) – made
from DNA synthesized from mRNA
ISOLATON
OF
DESIRED
GENE
b)Polymerase chain reaction
• Allows the isolation of a specific
segment of DNA from a small DNA (or
cell sample) using DNA primers
c)Chemical synthesis of gene
Base sequence of protein is identified,
a polynucleotide of same sequence
can be synthesized chemically or
enzymatically.
11. Can carry foreign DNA fragment to
be cloned and are self replicating
in host
cells
INSERTION
OF
THE
GENE
INTO
SUITABLE
VECTORS
vectors
plasmi
d
Bacteri
ophage
cosmid
Expres
sion
YACS
BACS
16. Contain several copies of plasmid but one copy of
plasmid is retained in the DNA.
PHAGEMID/PHASMID
17. 1. Bacterial artificial chromosomes ( BACS) are
bacterial plasmids derived from the F plasmid.
They are capable of carrying up to 300 kb of
DNA.
BACTERIAL
ARTIFICIAL
CHROMOSOME
18. 1. Behaves like yeast chromosome and can accept
large pieces of foreign DNA
2. It is capable for carrying a large DNA
fragments (upto 200kb ) but its transformation
efficiency is very low.
YEAST
ARTIFICIAL
CHROMOSOME(YAC
19. • Contain several copies of plasmid but one copy
of plasmid is retained in the DNA.
PHAGEMID/PHASMID
20. 1. rDNA is introduced in to suitable host.
2. Host are the living cells in which carrier of
rDNA/vector can be propagated.
3. TYPES:-
INTRODUCTION
OF
rDNA
INTO
SUITABLE
HOST
Prokaryotic
• E.coli
• Bacillus subtilis
Eukaryotic
• Yeast
• Mammalian cells
21. 1. rDNA containing cells can be identified
from non-transformed cells when a marker
gene is present in it.
Only the cells that posses such gene
will survive.
SELECTION
OF
TRANSFORMED
CELLS
23. Manufacture of proteins/hormones Interferon, plasminogen activating
factor, blood clotting factors, insulin, growth hormone,several
enzymes etc.
APPLICATIONS
•Diagnosis of molecular diseases: sickle cell
anaemia, thalassaemia, familial
hypercholesterolaemia, cystic fibrosis.
• Prenatal diagnosis: DNA from cells collected
from amniotic fluid, chorionic
villi
24. • This is achieved by cloning a gene into
a vector that will readily be taken up &
incorporated into genome of a host cell.
• ADA deficiency has been successfully
treated
Gene
Therapy
Application in Agriculture:
• Genetically engineered plants are
developed to resist draught &
diseases. Good quality of food &
increased yield of crops is also
Possible.
26. It is a hybridization technique which is
used to produce antibody producing
hybrid cell.
• Antibodies produced are called as
Monoclonal antibodies
INTRODUCTION
28. APPLICATIONS •DIAGNOSTIC
A monoclonal antibody can be used
to detect pregnancy in only 14 days
after conception.
Their selective binding property
allow detection of low levels of
human corionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine
and serum.
29. THERAPEUTIC
• Earlier horses were inoculated with
Coryne bacterium diphtheriae,the
resulting crude horse antiserum was
used To treat diphtheria.
• Organ transplantation
For the treatment of solid organ
transplant rejection, several Mabs
against T cell antigens have been
evaluated.
• Bone marrow transplantation
MAbs are being evaluated for graft
versus host disease in bone marrow
transplantation.
APPLICATIONS
30. • CANCER TREATMENT
mAbs act directly when binding to
cancer specific antigens and induce
immunological response to cancer
cells. Such as inducing cancer cell apoptosis
,inhibiting growth etc.
APPLICATIONS
34. • Hepatitis B vaccine.
• Myobloc vaccine.
• Menveo vaccine.
• Ixiaro vaccine.
• MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Used along with immunosuppressant's.
E.g. Infliximab,Basiliximab,rituximab
VACCINES
38. • They are short DNA or RNA molecules
that has wide range of applications.
• Antisense oligonuleotides(ASO) are
single strand of DNA or RNA that are
complementary to a chosen sequence.
• They are chemically synthesized from
protected phosphoramides or
chemically modified nucleosides.
INTRODUCTION
40. 1. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
• Group of diseases that cause
weakening and breakdown of muscles.
• ASO therapy used to remove mutated
exon.
ASO
AS
THERAPEUTIC
AGENT
2. CANCER
• The high specificity of binding of ASO to
their target mRNA make these compounds
useful as therapeutic agents against human
cancer.
• Suppresses malignant cells
41. THALASSEMIA
• Antisense 2'-Omethylribooligonucleotides
Were targeted against specific sequence
elements in mutated human beta-globin and can
repair thalassemia.
ARTHRITIS
Fibroblast-like cells obtained from RA synovium
were stimulated with interleukin-1beta and
treated with antisense or sense oligonucleotides
targeting proliferating cell.
ASO
AS
THERAPEUTIC
AGENT
42. ASTHMA
• ASOs directed against chemokine
receptor,granulocyte-macrophage colony
stimulating factor are designed to inhibit
allergic inflammation.
AMYLOIDOSIS DIABETES
• LIMITATIONS
1. High doses required.
2. Half life in plasma is short
3. Protected against nucleophilic attack.
ASO
AS
THERAPEUTIC
AGENT
43.
44. Gene therapy is a clinical procedure in which a
gene or other DNA sequence used to treat a
disease.
TYPES
INTRODUCTION
45. VIRAL VECTORS
Viral DNA has been removed and is introduced
into hosts.
E.g. Adenoviruses,Adeno associated virus,retro
virus,Lenti virus.
NON-VIRAL VECTORS
• Pure DNA construct.
• DNA molecular conjugates.
• Lipoplexes.
• Human artificial chromosome.
VECTORS
47. 1. BLINDNESS
• Cure blindness of inherited condition.
HOW IT WORKS;
• used harmless viruses
• enable access to the cells beneath the
retina of patients.
CANCER
• Used to treat various types of cancer.
HOW IT WORKS;
• Normal WBC taken from cancer patients
infected with retrovirus that deliver genes to
cells.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY
48. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
• Improved the weakness of the symptoms such
as tremors, motor skill problems,and rigidity.
• HIV
Under clinical trials
• CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• Adenovirus vector was used to deliver a
normal ion channel protein(CFTR) to airway
cells in a patient’s nose or lungs.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY
49. SEVERE COMBINED
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
• Due to defect of gene coding
Adenosine deaminase.Gene of ADA is
introduced for its treatment
ORNITHINE TRANSCARBOXYLASE
(OTC)DEFICIENCY
• Leads to accumulation of ammonia
and can be corrected by gene
therapy.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY
50. THALASSEMIA
• It is an inherited autosomal recessive
blood disease.
• Gene transfer of a regulated β-globin gene in
would reduce the imbalance between a-and β-
globin chains in erythroid cells.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY
51. CLINICAL TRIALS
• Alzheimers disease
• Hepatitis-B
• AIDS
• CANCER Brain, Ovarian,Small cell lung,
Prostrate, Breast cancer.
• Chronic granulomatous disease.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY
52. Important applications in PCR.
DIPHENYLAMINE METHOD
• Diphenylamine + deoxy ribose
PRINCIPLES
OF
DNA
&
RNA
ESTIMATION
Blue coloured complex(absorbs at
595nm)
Concentration Vs Absorbance plotted.
53. SPECTROPHPTOMETRIC
METHOD
1. Sample is exposed to wavelength at 260nm and
photo detectors measures the light that passes
through the sample.
2. AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• Used to separate nucleic acid based on their
size under the influence of electric field.
• Nucleic acids are negatively charged,
on applying electric field they move to
anode based on size and seperated
54. ANALYSIS WITH FLUORESCENT
DYE TAGGING
1. Sample is tagged with fluorescent dye.
2. Intensity of the dye that bind to nucleic acids is
measured.
SPECTROPHPTOMETRIC
METHOD