LA FORZA NELLA DONNA UN PROGRESSO INARRESTABILE
Renato Manno
Caratteristiche, specificità di genere, effetto dell’età e dei tipi di allenamento
SDS SCUOLA DELLO SPORT 105
http://www.calzetti-mariucci.it/shop/prodotti/sds-scuola-dello-sport-n-105
LA FORZA NELLA DONNA UN PROGRESSO INARRESTABILE
Renato Manno
Caratteristiche, specificità di genere, effetto dell’età e dei tipi di allenamento
SDS SCUOLA DELLO SPORT 105
http://www.calzetti-mariucci.it/shop/prodotti/sds-scuola-dello-sport-n-105
Panel Discussion at the Building Research Collaborations retreat, Aug. 23, 2012
Panelists were Julie Honaker, Namas Chandra, Fred Luthans, Debra Hope, Scott Stoltenberg, Mario Scalora and Timothy Carr
The Challenges of Sarcopenia: Definition, Underlying Mechanisms, Intervention...InsideScientific
During this webinar, Drs. Peterson and Guralnik will discuss sarcopenia, the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, and the current avenues of treatment and assessment that are being researched and developed for patients.
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle that causes decreased strength and functional limitations. Muscle loss occurs universally in people as we age, but some people lose muscle at an accelerated rate compared to others. While chronic disease can cause sarcopenia, it can also result from a sedentary lifestyle, hospitalizations and extended bed rest due to other conditions.
A gradual decline in muscle mass and strength begins around 30 years of age with this condition, and annual losses get larger throughout life. The self-reporting of functional difficulties to health care providers may give an indication that sarcopenia is present, but a more precise definition is needed for research and clinical use.
Efforts made in Europe and the US have used grip strength, gait speed and lean mass to define sarcopenia, but these definitions lead to large differences in prevalence rate and discordance in who is labelled as “sarcopenic”. To assess this condition, lean mass as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may not accurately reflect actual muscle mass, but a new technique using dilution of deuterium-labelled creatine may prove to be superior in clinically diagnosing sarcopenia. Currently, a consensus has not been reached on the clinical outcome assessments that can be used by regulatory agencies to judge the effectiveness of drugs for sarcopenia.
A number of potential interventions are being explored to treat sarcopenia in older people, but no drugs are currently approved for this condition. The antidiabetic drug metformin shows promise in preventing many age-associated conditions, but appears to blunt the benefits of exercise on muscle. Senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, may improve muscle repair following injury preferentially in older individuals.
Kate Ward's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Relationships between muscle function and bone microarchitecture in the Hertfordshire cohort study.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Sarcopenia - identifying, measuring and managing muscle loss in elderly popul...Robert Ferris
*Re-upload of slides originally posted 25th August 2018*
Medical overview for the etiology, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia by Robert Ferris, Krystyna Gelinski, Torstein Fjørtoft and Aleksandra Czarnecka, compiled as part of medical school studies.
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
MRI findings regarding hamstring strain injury and recovery
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Bibliografia articolo La periodizzazione nell’allenamento della forza rapida” di Klaus Wirth, Dietmar Schmidtbleicher. SDS Scuola dello Sport, 74
http://www.calzetti-mariucci.it/shop/prodotti/sds-rivista-di-cultura-sportiva-numero-arretrato-74
Panel Discussion at the Building Research Collaborations retreat, Aug. 23, 2012
Panelists were Julie Honaker, Namas Chandra, Fred Luthans, Debra Hope, Scott Stoltenberg, Mario Scalora and Timothy Carr
The Challenges of Sarcopenia: Definition, Underlying Mechanisms, Intervention...InsideScientific
During this webinar, Drs. Peterson and Guralnik will discuss sarcopenia, the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, and the current avenues of treatment and assessment that are being researched and developed for patients.
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle that causes decreased strength and functional limitations. Muscle loss occurs universally in people as we age, but some people lose muscle at an accelerated rate compared to others. While chronic disease can cause sarcopenia, it can also result from a sedentary lifestyle, hospitalizations and extended bed rest due to other conditions.
A gradual decline in muscle mass and strength begins around 30 years of age with this condition, and annual losses get larger throughout life. The self-reporting of functional difficulties to health care providers may give an indication that sarcopenia is present, but a more precise definition is needed for research and clinical use.
Efforts made in Europe and the US have used grip strength, gait speed and lean mass to define sarcopenia, but these definitions lead to large differences in prevalence rate and discordance in who is labelled as “sarcopenic”. To assess this condition, lean mass as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may not accurately reflect actual muscle mass, but a new technique using dilution of deuterium-labelled creatine may prove to be superior in clinically diagnosing sarcopenia. Currently, a consensus has not been reached on the clinical outcome assessments that can be used by regulatory agencies to judge the effectiveness of drugs for sarcopenia.
A number of potential interventions are being explored to treat sarcopenia in older people, but no drugs are currently approved for this condition. The antidiabetic drug metformin shows promise in preventing many age-associated conditions, but appears to blunt the benefits of exercise on muscle. Senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, may improve muscle repair following injury preferentially in older individuals.
Kate Ward's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Relationships between muscle function and bone microarchitecture in the Hertfordshire cohort study.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Sarcopenia - identifying, measuring and managing muscle loss in elderly popul...Robert Ferris
*Re-upload of slides originally posted 25th August 2018*
Medical overview for the etiology, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia by Robert Ferris, Krystyna Gelinski, Torstein Fjørtoft and Aleksandra Czarnecka, compiled as part of medical school studies.
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
MRI findings regarding hamstring strain injury and recovery
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Bibliografia articolo La periodizzazione nell’allenamento della forza rapida” di Klaus Wirth, Dietmar Schmidtbleicher. SDS Scuola dello Sport, 74
http://www.calzetti-mariucci.it/shop/prodotti/sds-rivista-di-cultura-sportiva-numero-arretrato-74
MYOPATHIES A SPECIAL AND SEPERATE ENTITY WITH SPECIFIC FEATURES IN EACH DISORDER MAKING US EASY FOR DIAGNOSIS,CONFIRMATION BY MUSCLE BIOPSY.THE SEMINAR WAS PRSENTED ON 06/07/2011...AT 09.00AM
HAVE A LOOK ..AND COMMENT..WITHOUT BIAS..
This presentation will give a brief idea on proximal myopathy, causes, clinical presentation, history and physical examination, investigations to diagnose the disease easily.
It will be more helpful to medical students.
Miguel JuncoReferences PathophysiologyBohannon, R. W. (1983). .docxendawalling
Miguel Junco
References Pathophysiology
Bohannon, R. W. (1983). Results of Resistance Exercise on a Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phys. Ther, 63(6), 965–968. doi: 10.1093/ptj/63.6.965
Goodman, C. C., & Marshall, C. (2017). Pathology for the physical therapist assistant. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Jette, D. U., Slavin, M. D., Andres, P. L., & Munsat, T. L. (1999). The Relationship of Lower-Limb Muscle Force to Walking Ability in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phys Ther, 79(7), 672–681. doi: 10.1093/ptj/79.7.672
Martin, S., & Kessler, M. (2016). Neurologic interventions for physical therapy. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
Bello-Haas, V. D., Kloos, A. D., & Mitsumoto, H. (1998). Physical Therapy for a Patient Through Six Stages of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phys. Ther, 78(12), 1312–1324. doi: 10.1093/ptj/78.12.1312
The Relationship of Lower-Limb
Muscle Force to Walking Ability in
Patients With Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine
the level of muscle force associated with ability to walk in the
community without assistance, in the community with assistance, or at
home only in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Subjects and Methods. Percentage of predicted maximal muscle force
(%PMF) of lower-extremity muscles was determined, and walking
ability was categorized in 118 patients with ALS during periodic visits to
the Neuromuscular Research Unit. Data were derived from consecu-
tive visits in which subjects demonstrated declines in walking ability.
Means for %PMF of each muscle group and a limb average were
calculated at each consecutive visit. Results. The mean lower-extremity
average %PMF was: (1) 54.01% (SD512.76%) for subjects who walked
independently in the community and 50.19% (SD514.38%) during
the next visit when these same subjects required assistance in the
community (difference53.82%, 95% confidence interval [CI]5
2.4525.19);(2) 37.52% (SD515.17%) during the last visit that subjects
walked with assistance in the community and 32.18% (SD513.83%)
during the next visit when they walked only at home (differ-
ence55.33%, 95% CI53.61–7.06); and (3) 19.12% (SD59.08%) dur-
ing the visit when subjects were last able to ambulate at home versus
13.70% (SD57.36%) when they became unable to walk (differ-
ence55.42%, 95% CI52.9727.96). Conclusion and Discussion. The
findings suggest there are required levels of lower-extremity muscle
force for various categories of walking ability. Variations in forces
within and between categories of walking ability, however, indicate the
complexity of this relationship. [Jette DU, Slavin MD, Andres PL,
Munsat TL. The relationship of lower-limb muscle force to walking
ability in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Phys Ther.
1999;79:672– 681.]
Key Words: Gait; Muscle performance, lower extremity; Neuromuscular disorders, general.
672 Physical Therapy . Volume 79 . Number 7 . July 1999
Re
se
ar.
Miguel JuncoReferences PathophysiologyBohannon, R. W. (1983). .docxaltheaboyer
Miguel Junco
References Pathophysiology
Bohannon, R. W. (1983). Results of Resistance Exercise on a Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phys. Ther, 63(6), 965–968. doi: 10.1093/ptj/63.6.965
Goodman, C. C., & Marshall, C. (2017). Pathology for the physical therapist assistant. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Jette, D. U., Slavin, M. D., Andres, P. L., & Munsat, T. L. (1999). The Relationship of Lower-Limb Muscle Force to Walking Ability in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phys Ther, 79(7), 672–681. doi: 10.1093/ptj/79.7.672
Martin, S., & Kessler, M. (2016). Neurologic interventions for physical therapy. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
Bello-Haas, V. D., Kloos, A. D., & Mitsumoto, H. (1998). Physical Therapy for a Patient Through Six Stages of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phys. Ther, 78(12), 1312–1324. doi: 10.1093/ptj/78.12.1312
The Relationship of Lower-Limb
Muscle Force to Walking Ability in
Patients With Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine
the level of muscle force associated with ability to walk in the
community without assistance, in the community with assistance, or at
home only in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Subjects and Methods. Percentage of predicted maximal muscle force
(%PMF) of lower-extremity muscles was determined, and walking
ability was categorized in 118 patients with ALS during periodic visits to
the Neuromuscular Research Unit. Data were derived from consecu-
tive visits in which subjects demonstrated declines in walking ability.
Means for %PMF of each muscle group and a limb average were
calculated at each consecutive visit. Results. The mean lower-extremity
average %PMF was: (1) 54.01% (SD512.76%) for subjects who walked
independently in the community and 50.19% (SD514.38%) during
the next visit when these same subjects required assistance in the
community (difference53.82%, 95% confidence interval [CI]5
2.4525.19);(2) 37.52% (SD515.17%) during the last visit that subjects
walked with assistance in the community and 32.18% (SD513.83%)
during the next visit when they walked only at home (differ-
ence55.33%, 95% CI53.61–7.06); and (3) 19.12% (SD59.08%) dur-
ing the visit when subjects were last able to ambulate at home versus
13.70% (SD57.36%) when they became unable to walk (differ-
ence55.42%, 95% CI52.9727.96). Conclusion and Discussion. The
findings suggest there are required levels of lower-extremity muscle
force for various categories of walking ability. Variations in forces
within and between categories of walking ability, however, indicate the
complexity of this relationship. [Jette DU, Slavin MD, Andres PL,
Munsat TL. The relationship of lower-limb muscle force to walking
ability in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Phys Ther.
1999;79:672– 681.]
Key Words: Gait; Muscle performance, lower extremity; Neuromuscular disorders, general.
672 Physical Therapy . Volume 79 . Number 7 . July 1999
Re
se
ar ...
Lecture References and online resources: Tendons: Mechanisms of pathogenicity...Mark Sexton
This lecture reviews and connects developments different areas of the published research: in the areas of Anatomy, Cellular Mechanotransduction, Connective Tissue (Histology, Innervation, differentiation, plasticity), Tendinopathy, Tendon Repair, Neural plasticity and Bioplasticity.
These developments have implications for clinical practice, research, education and health promotion.
This research was discussed as it informs common Treatment and Rehabilitation techniques (Exercise Therapy, Acupuncture, Manual Therapy, Low Level Laser, Biomechanics). Future directions in research were discussed.
This is my first presentation friends, it was my project and I selected this topic and this was my presentation, I hope it will be informative for all of you.
I am in T.Y.B.pharmacy, MGV's College of Pharmacy, Nashik.
If there is any mistake or any problem in this presentation, please let me know......, thank you.
Research ArticleAging and rejuvenation of human muscle stem .docxdebishakespeare
Research Article
Aging and rejuvenation of human muscle stem cells
Molecular aging and rejuvenation of human
muscle stem cells
Morgan E. Carlson
1
, Charlotte Suetta
2
, Michael J. Conboy
1
, Per Aagaard
3
, Abigail Mackey
2
,
Michael Kjaer
2
, Irina Conboy
1*
Keywords: satellite cell; muscle; aging;
Notch; MAPK/ERK
DOI 10.1002/emmm.200900045
Received February 10, 2009
Revised July 2, 2009
Accepted August 28, 2009
(1) Department of Bioengineering, University of C
Berkeley CA, USA.
(2) Institute of Sports Medicine and Centre of Healt
Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
(3) Institute of Sports Sciences and Clinical Biomech
Southern Denmark.
*Corresponding author: Tel: þ1 510 666 2792; Fax: þ
E-mail: [email protected]
www.embomolmed.org EMBO
Very little remains known about the regulation of human organ stem cells (in
general, and during the aging process), and most previous data were collected in
short-lived rodents. We examined whether stem cell aging in rodents could be
extrapolated to genetically and environmentally variable humans. Our findings
establish key evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of human stem cell aging. We
find that satellite cells are maintained in aged human skeletal muscle, but fail to
activate in response to muscle attrition, due to diminished activation of Notch
compounded by elevated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b)/phospho
Smad3 (pSmad3). Furthermore, this work reveals that mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK)/phosphate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) signalling
declines in human muscle with age, and is important for activating Notch in
human muscle stem cells. This molecular understanding, combined with data
that human satellite cells remain intrinsically young, introduced novel thera-
peutic targets. Indeed, activation of MAPK/Notch restored ‘youthful’ myogenic
responses to satellite cells from 70-year-old humans, rendering them similar to
cells from 20-year-old humans. These findings strongly suggest that aging of
human muscle maintenance and repair can be reversed by ‘youthful’ calibration
of specific molecular pathways.
INTRODUCTION
The rate of metabolism and cumulative oxidative damage to
DNA and proteins, as well as genomic instability and mutations
to mitochondrial DNA, have all been implicated in determining
the intrinsic rate of cell aging and ultimately, species’ life-span
(Cevenini et al, 2008; Vijg & Campisi, 2008). Interestingly,
recent studies have delineated that the aging process in organ
stem cells is largely caused by age-specific changes in the
differentiated niches, and that regenerative outcomes often
depend on the age of the niche, rather than on stem cell age
alifornia, Berkeley,
hy Aging, Faculty of
.
anics, University of
1 510 642 5835;
Mol Med 1, 381–391
(Grounds, 1998). It was further established that, despite the
deteriorated repair of old tissues (such as muscle), old tissue
organ stem cells are capable ...
pediatric electrodiagnostic for cerebral palsy,
A diagnosis of CP is often made based on MRI, delay of motor milestones and the presence of gait abnormalities in young children
Although the initial brain injury is non-progressive, the musculoskeletal impairments and functional limitations associated with CP are progressive
Three main classes of CP include spastic, dyskinetic and ataxic
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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3. Strength
the ability to generate a normal voluntary
force in a muscle or normal voluntary torque
(moment) about a joint.
This is different to engineering definitions of strength which focus on
how difficult it is to break something
3
NIH Task force on Childhood Motor Disorders
Sanger, T. D., Chen, D., Delgado, M. R., Gaebler-Spira, D., Hallett, M., & Mink, J. W. (2006).
Definition and classification of negative motor signs in childhood.
Pediatrics, 118(5), 2159-2167
4. Weakness
4
muscle fibre length
Pennation angle (q)
muscle volume
Physiological cross sectional area = muscle volume
Fibre length x cos(q)
Strength is determined primarily by
physiological cross sectional area
5. Muscle belly length
5
Shortland AP, Fry NR, McNee AE, Gough M. (2009) Muscle structure and function.
In Gage JR, Schwartz MH, Koop SE, Novacheck TF. The identification and treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. London: Mac Keith Press
half fibre width/ half muscle belly length
6. Muscle belly volume
6
Shortland AP, Fry NR, McNee AE, Gough M. (2009) Muscle structure and function.
In Gage JR, Schwartz MH, Koop SE, Novacheck TF. The identification and treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. London: Mac Keith Press
half fibre width/ half muscle belly length
7. Muscle belly volume
7
Barber, L., Hastings-Ison, T., Baker, R., Barrett, R., & Lichtwark, G. (2011). Medial gastrocnemius
muscle volume and fascicle length in children aged 2 to 5 years with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 53(6), 543-548.
half fibre width/ half muscle belly length
2-5 years olds.
Mean Dorsiflexion with
knee extended = 8°
8. Activation
8
Stackhouse, S. K., Binder-Macleod, S. A., & Lee, S. C. (2005). Voluntary muscle activation,
contractile properties, and fatigability in children with and without cerebral palsy. Muscle Nerve, 31(5), 594-601.
Weakness is both neurological and muscular
9. Muscle weakness
9
Wiley, M. E., & Damiano, D. L. (1998). Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy.
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40(2), 100-107.
11. Manual muscle testing
• MRC
• Oxford
• Kendall
11
Medical Research Council (1943) Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system
Kendall, HO, & Kendall, FP. (1949). Muscles Testing and Function. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
13. Manual Muscle Testing
• Essentially subjective
• “Through range
• Gravity on distal segment
13
14. Other techniques
• Hand held dynamometry
• Biodex/Kincom
14
Taylor, N. F., Dodd, K. J., & Graham, H. K. (2004). Test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometric
strength testing in young people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85(1), 77-80.
16. Kinetics
16
Fosang, A., & Baker, R. (2006). A method for comparing manual muscle strength measurements with joint moments during walking.
Gait Posture, 24(4), 406-411.
17. Kinetics
17
Dallmeijer, A. J., Baker, R., Dodd, K. J., & Taylor, N. F. (2011). Association between
isometric muscle strength and gait joint kinetics in adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture, 33(3), 326-332.
