Improving Methods for Estimating Livestock Production and Productivity" looked for ways to improve livestock data collection methods across a variety of commodities. Improvements were specifically sought in the measurement of production and productivity at the agricultural holding level. In addition, the project addressed the definitions of the target items to be collected, collection methods, benchmarking procedures. Improvement of livestock can be done through by- pass fat, by- pass proteins, storage of hay, silages, feed improvement.

1. IMPROVEMENT OF
PRODUCTIVITY OF
LACTATING ANIMALS
IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL
Submitted by: Submitted to
Roll no: 17-21 Dr. Arjun Acharya

2. INTRODUCTION
● Lactation is a period during which a mother produces milk from
her mammary glands to feed her young.
● Dairy is the most important livestock subsector in Nepal,
contributing almost two-thirds to the livestock share of gross
domestic product.
● Cattle and buffalo are important dairy animals that contribute
around 35% and 65%, respectively, to national milk production
in Nepal (FAOSTAT, 2018).
● Feed shortages notwithstanding, considerable potential exists to
increase production levels across the range of growing animals
by addressing the problem of imbalanced nutrition

3. Improvement of lactating animals
By-pass
Protein
By-pass
fat
Improvement
of roughage
Feeding
balanced
ration
Storage of
roughage

4. Types of by-
pass fat 1 Natural by-pass fat
2 Chemically prepared by-
pass fat
By - pass fat
 By-pass fat is a type of fat which have high melting point
remaining insoluble at rumen temperature and have no
harmful effect on rumen fermentation.
 The objective of bypassing rumen is to save the beneficial
unsaturated fatty acids from microbial bio-hydrogenation
(Parodi, 1999)

5. Naturally prepared by-pass fat
 Whole oil seeds with hard outer seed coat, which
protects the internal fatty acids from lipolysis and
bio-hydrogenation in the rumen (Singh & Arumbaka,
2021).
 Oil seeds cakes commonly used in the ration of dairy
animals are cotton, roasted soybeans, sunflower and
canola.

6. Chemically prepared by-pass fat
 Crystalline or prilled fatty acids
 Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty
acids
 Fatty acyl amide
 Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids

7. Effects of by-pass fat
 Effect on reproduction
 Effects on body weights
 Effects on milk compositions
 Effects on economics
 Effects on digestibility of nutrients

8. Specification of by-pass fat supplements(Naik et al., 2007)
S.N Characteristics Requirement
01 Moisture 4-5 (%)
02 Fat content 80-84 (%)
03 Calcium content 7-9 (%)
04 Colour Light brown to pale yellow
05 Physical Appearance Free from granules

9. BY-PASS PROTEIN
 Dietary protein that escapes rumen
microbial breakdown and passes to
abomasums without any major
biochemical changes.
 Also termed Undegradable Proteins
(UDP) or Undegradable Dietary
Nitrogen (UDN).
 By-pass protein source that resists
degradation in the cow’s rumen in
order to pass into the lower
gastrointestinal tract and provide
essential amino acids to the cow.
Fermentation

10. Why By-Pass Protein
01 The microbial protein synthesized in the rumen
is not adequate to meet the total amino acid
requirement.
02
By-pass
protein
A milking cow can meet amino acid by digesting
millions of dead bodies of bacteria and protozoa
in her abomasum with some amount of amino
acids obtained from 40% by-protein
03 The total amino acids obtained is insufficient to
yield not more than 10 liters of milk per day.

11. Why By-Pass Protein
04 But for further high yielders, an extra amount of
by-pass protein feed becomes an absolute
necessity.
05
By-pass
protein
In beef and dairy diets, soybean meal (SBM) is the
most commonly used protein supplement. It is
highly palatable with good amino acid balance
(Schingoethe, 1996)
06
Its by-pass essential amino acid index is just next
to ruminal microbial protein beating all other un-
degradable protein sources.

12. Materials for by-pass proteins
Cottonseed cake, maize gluten meal,
coconut meal and leaf meals like
Leucaena . Fermentation of starch from
maize.
Supplementation of by-pass protein whether
it is heat treated or formaldehyde-treated
soya bean cake is beneficial in improving
milk production, milk composition. (Thapa
et al., 2019).
NDDB has developed cattle feed having as
by-pass proteins 18-22%

13. Balanced Feed Ration
The amount of feed that will supply the proper amount and
proportions of nutrients needed for an animal to perform a
specific purpose such as growth, maintenance, and lactation.

14. Improper Balanced Feed Ration
Slow
growth

15. Thumb Rule for Dairy Animals
Water
 3 liter water for every kg of dry matter intake(winter and
summer variation)
 1.5 to 1.8 kg water for every kg milk produced.
DMI: 2.5 kg per 100 kg body weight.
Green fodder: 3 to 5 kg per 100 kg body weight.
Dry fodder: 1 to 2 kg per 100 kg body weight.
Concentrate: For maintenance: 1.5 kg per day per cow (for
indigenous crossbreed cattle).
 First 2.5 kg milk produced: Maintenance ration is sufficient.
 > 2.5 kg milk produced: every kg of milk produced 0.4 kg
additional concentrates +Maintenance ration

16. Roughages
 Roughage refers to a feedstuff with a higher fiber
content forage.
 It comprises of the pasture forages, hay, silage and by
product feeds that contain a high percentage of fiber
content.
 Roughages are bulky feed containing more than 18%
crude fiber and low TDN less than 70% on air dry
basis.

17. Classification of Roughages
Non-maintenance
type
which contains less
than 3% DCP and
about 40% TDN
Productive type
roughages
contain more than 5 %
DCP and 45 % TDN on dry
matter basis.
Maintenance
type
contain 3-5% DCP
and 40-45% TDN in
dry matter basis.

18. Storage of Roughages
Hay Silage
Storage
Hay is such a grass
which has been dried
and maintain 10-20%
moisture to inhibit the
action of plant and
microbial enzymes and
stored.
Silage is the other form
of preserved forage; it
contains grass
compacted and stored
in airtight conditions
in a silo without being
dried first.

19. Storage of Hay
 Hay Storage Building: Permanent hay storage
structures include steel sheds with an iron roof and
exposed sides, or iron roof.

20. Storage of Hay
 Semi Permanent Covers: These include plastic
panels or reusable heavy-duty tarpaulins that cover the
top bales in the stack or tarpaulins that are stretched
over a steel frame.

21. Storage of Hay
 Uncovered pads – Bales stacked on the ground with
no cover are the cheapest method of hay storage, but
have the highest potential of weathering loss. Much of
this loss occurs on the bottom of the bale.

22. Silage storage methods
1. Trench silos (below ground level):
 are normally dug into a slope with a downhill end.
 preferable to have the open end facing south.
 Earth walls should be sloped at a ratio of 1:2.
2. Bunker silos (above ground)
 are used in flat areas unsuitable for trench silos
 Above-ground walls are constructed using concrete,
earth or wood

23. Silage storage methods
3. Stack silo:
 best used for storing an unexpected surplus of forage or
as an interim method when first trying silage.
 Stacks should be located in an area sheltered from the
wind and have a 15 to 30 cm slope away from location.
Trench silo Bunker silo Stack silo

24. Suitable crops for silage making:
 Should contain an adequate amount of fermentable CHO i.e.
maize, jowar, bajra etc.
 Leguminous fodder can also be used for silage making ut they
contain less amount of CHO. So, molasses or mineral acids
should be sprinkled over them at the time of silage making.
Haylage:
 Silage made from grass and partially dried.
 Low moisture when compared to silage. Too dry silage is
called haylage.
 Its moisture content is 12-40% and dry matter is 40-60%.

25. Improvement of Roughages
Physical
Treatment
Biological
Treatment
Chemicals
Treatment
2
1
3

26. Improvement of Roughages
Alkali
Treatment
Ammonia
Treatment
Urea- Ammonia
Treatment
5
4
6

27. PHYSICAL TREATMENT
 Grinding, Chopping, Soaking and pelleting are
the examples of physical treatments.
 Grinding, Chopping, Soaking and pelleting are the
examples of physical treatments.
Particle Size Handling Mixing
Density
Categories of Physical Treatment

28. CHEMICAL TREATMENT
 Grinding, Chopping, Soaking and pelleting are
the examples of physical treatments.
Fermentable
Nitrogen
High quality
green forage
By-pass
starch
Good quality
forages
Effective feeding by strategic supplementation
 To break down the lignocellulose complex, which causes
swelling of cell walls and allows rumen microbial
enzymes easy access to the cellulose and hemicellulose.

29. Alkali Treatment
 .
 In wet treatment, the roughage is chopped and treated with 1.5
percent (W/V) NaOH solution for at least 4 hrs.
 In dry method, chaffed dry feed is initially distributed on a clean
hard surface or a thick plastic sheet. A 3-4% NaOH solution is
sprayed and mixed with feed.
Biological Treatment
 Well-known method is to spray Cellulase solution on straw at a
rate of 25 mg/100 kg straw.
 Biological treatments use live creatures, specifically
microorganisms (fungi), to increase the nutritional content of
low-quality roughages (Fujihara et al., n.d.).

30. Ammonia Treatment
 .
 Acts as an alkali and extent of straw digestion, as well as a
nitrogen supply for rumen bacteria.
 Stacks of straw were wrapped in polyethylene and injected
with 3% ammonia in this process (Kiangi et al., 1981
Urea Ammonia Treatment
 Weighted chaffed straw is put in a 45-50 cm thickness on the
polythene sheet, and 3-kilogram urea is dissolved in 40 litres
of water for every 100 kg straw.
 Ureolysis requires 35-40 litres of water per 100 kg
roughage.(Pradhan et al., 1995

31. Concentrates
 CHO and fat at a higher level but contain less than 18%
CF and more than 60% TDN (Otaru et al., 2020).
 It helps to increase the energy content of the diet.
Concentrates
Energy Rich
Concentrates
Protein Rich
Concentrates
CP content is less than 18%.
(Maize, oat, barley, bajra,
jowar)
CP content is more than
18%. (Cotton seed, linseed
cake, groundnut cake, skim
meal)

32. Conclusion
 Animal-source foods play a critical role in reducing poverty
and improving nutrition and food security, gender equity,
livelihoods, and health in many developing countries.
 These strategies would definitely help in improving the
productivity of lactating animals but developing countries
like Nepal lacks effective implementation at the ground level
due to faulty policy and planning.
 So, the awareness about the feeding importance and the
extension of these sorts of developed technologies is
essential.

33. Aviyan Pandey (17) Babita Sapkota (19) Bhabin Dhahal (20)
Awis Pant (18) Bharat Khadka (21)