Basic idea in feedlot nutrition, and Dynamics of feeding in fattening program in a typical Nigeria setting.

1. FEEDLOT NUTRITION
Feeds, Feeding and Water Requirement

2. Training Objectives
Know The Feed
• Basic ingredients in feedlot
nutrition
• Know your feedstuffs
• An ideal ruminant diet
• Nutritional Constraints
(Mycotoxin & ANFs)
• Ration guidelines
Understand the Feeding
• Basic Feeding Dynamics.
• Feeding Pattern(When &
How to feed)
• After feeding
• Rumen community
• What happens in the rumen
• Rumen Environment
• Bloat/Ruminal tympany
• Dos & Don’t in feeding

3. …Working for animal health and production
Basic Ingredients in Feedlot (The Feed)
• Roughage – dietary fibrous
materials, e.g. pasture, fodder
crops, hay, silage, crop residues,
& fibrous agro-allied by products.
• Concentrates - feed stuffs rich in
nutrients, i.e. originating from
plant seed and grains.
What I
need?

4. …Working for animal health and production
Roughages (Fibre rich Sources)
Pasture – Napier, Guinea
grass, Bracharia, e,t.c Crop residues – maize
stovers, sorghum stovers,
cowpea husk
Hay

5. …Working for animal health and production
Concentrate feedstuffs
Soybean meal – Protein
source
Maize – Energy
source
Palm kernel meal –
Protein source
Soybean oil –
Fat/Energy source
Fibrous Agro-allied
byproducts – wheat offal,
corn bran, Brewery waste,
Rice bran.

6. …Working for animal health and production
An ideal Feedlot ration
CONCENTRATES
49% - 69%
Roughages 30% -
50%
MICRO INGREDIENTS
1% (Vitamins,
minerals & other
additives)
DESIRED RESULT

7. …Working for animal health and production
Other convectional feedstuffs
• Sorghum - Energy
• Cotton seed meal (CSM) - Protein
• Corn fibre - Fibre
• Molasses - Energy
• Spent grain - Fibre
• Rice husk - fibre
• Cassava peels, roots, & foliage. - Fibre
• Urea - NPN
• Limestone - Calcium

8. Potential Nutritional constraints
Metabolites of Fungi
(mould) that are toxic
when consumed by
animals and also
carcinogenic to
humans.
Beware of this nuisance
in:
• Maize
• Oil cakes
• Silage.
Anti-nutritional factors
Natural or synthetic compounds that
impedes nutrient utilization.
Examples of feed ingredients with
potential ANFs include:
• Soybean meal - Trypsin inhibitors
• Cassava peels/root - HCN
• Cotton seed meal - Gossypol
• Sorghum - Tannin
Mycotoxin

9. …Working for animal health and production
Overcoming the constraints
Mycotoxin
Two important media for mould growth are:
Moisture – avoid excessive MCs on feed
materials and finished feed (above 15%).
Temperature - avoid storing feed ingredients
and finished feed at temperature above 370C.

10. …Working for animal health and production
How to overcome ANFs in feedstuffs
1. Processing -:
 Heat processing – soybean meal (cook –test)
 Fermentation - cassava roots
 Silage making
2. Drying and wilting -: cassava peels, and
green forage.

11. …Working for animal health and production
INTRODUCING……..
 Ruminant Starter (50kg) – First 30 days after induction.
 Ruminant Grower ( 50kg) – Second 30days.
 Ruminant Finisher (50kg) – Last 30days.
 Ruminant Concentrate (25kg) – to be supplemented
with available roughage
Concentrate @ 2%bdwt.
Roughage @ 1.5% – 1.7%bdwt.
 Dairy supplement (25kg).

12. …Working for animal health and production
Ration Guidelines
Starter Grower Finisher
Dry Matter intake 2.5% bdwt. ≥ 2.7% of bdwt. ≥ 3% of bdwt.
Daily wt. gain(kg/day) 0.8 – 1.2 1.2 – 1.5 not less than 1.5
Crude Protein (%CP) 13 - 14 14 - 16 not less than 14
ME (kcal/kg/DM) ≥ 2300 ≥ 2400 2400 - 2450
Fibre ≥ 9% ≥ 9.5% ≥ 10.0%
Fat <3.5% <4% <5%
Calcium ≥ 1.2% ≥ 1.2% ≥ 1.41
Phosphorus ≥ 0.1% ≥ 0.09% ≥ 0.1%

13. …Working for animal health and production
FEEDING

14. …Working for animal health and production
Basic Feeding dynamics
• Feeding must be on Dry matter basis
i.e. DM = 100 – MC(moisture content).
• Feeding must consider the live weight of the animal, (2.7%
bodyweight for cattle and 2% bwt. for small ruminant on dry
matter basis).
• Hence, a bull with induction wt. – 200kg
target daily wt. gain - ≥ 1.2kg
Expected finished live wt.=(1.2 x 90days) + 200 =308kg
Est. daily feed intake = 2.7% (200 + 308)/2 = 6.9kg.
• Supplement with roughage if available
• Provide fresh water adlib (60litres/hd/day approx.).
• Salt licks. Why?

15. …Working for animal health and production
Feeding pattern (When & How to feed)
•Serve about 60% 0f ration
between 6:30 am- 8:30am.
•Provide clean water adlib.
•Serve remaining 40% of
ration between 5:30pm –
6:30pm
•Serve cool fresh water
adlib, rumination an
metabolism high at this
period.
•Supplement with
roughage if available

16. …Working for animal health and production
After Feeding (What happens?)
Digestive Tract of the ruminant animal

17. …Working for animal health and production
In the rumen (What happens?)
Rumen Community
 Bacteria, protozoa, and fungi exist together in the rumen,
responsible for the partial fermentation (digestion) in the rumen.
 Bacteria – make up about 50% of the microbes in the rumen
 Rumen bacteria include : fiber digesters, starch and sugar
digesters, lactate using bacteria. They cooperate together and
cross feed (Syntrophy).
 Microbes ferment fibre, starch e.t.c. to produce energy, building
blocks for new cells and by-products such as volatile fatty
acids(VFAs), carbon dioxide and methane
 VFA absorbed by host and used to supply energy or for fat or
glucose synthesis.

18. …Working for animal health and production
…
Fibre
digesters(Cellulolytic)
Fungi
Starch and sugar
digesters (Amylolytic)
Lactate using bacteria
Feed
acetate
lactate
Fungi
Fungi
Protozoan
Protozoan
Protozoan
SYNTHROPHY
Feed
Feed

19. …Working for animal health and production
How does it feels like in the rumen?
An Ideal Rumen Environment

20. …Working for animal health and production
Bloat (common feedlot crisis).
Bloat is the over-distension of the rumen,
commonly caused by gas build –up in the
ruminal chamber, it is of two types Frothy
bloat Gassy bloat.
•Frothy bloat - gas build –up as result of
excessive feeding of only concentrate diet
and/or wet leguminous pastures.
•Gassy bloat - caused by physical
obstruction of eructation as result of
esophageal obstruction by foreign bodies
(e.g. metal scraps, bulbous materials).

21. …Working for animal health and production
Don't
Do not feed excessive or only concentrate
diets. Why? Bloat/Tympanny.
Do not feed animal immediately with freshly
harvested pasture, allow pasture wilt before
feeding.
Do not feed animals with fresh cassava peels,
sun dry peels before feeding.
Do not tether animals.
Avoid feed with too fine particle sizes.

22. …Working for animal health and production
DOs
• Establish feeding record for the animals,
monitor feed intake and left overs.
• Do zero grazing
• Chop available roughage before feeding to
animals. Why?
• Encourage feeding pastures/fodders at the
lush-green stage, avoid over mature pastures
e.g. over mature Napier grass. Why?

23. …Working for animal health and production
Conclusion
The ruminant animal is a biological factory
meant to process fibre into meat or milk.
Give good fibre, you get good rumination, and
an excellent result is derived .

24. …Working for animal health and production