The document summarizes key aspects of international climate agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It notes that the UNFCCC lacked enforcement but that the Kyoto Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement set a goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts for 1.5°C, along with mechanisms for countries to report progress and support for developing countries. However, it did not bind countries to specific emission reduction amounts.

1. Conference of Parties
(COP 21)
2015 Paris Climate
Conference (30 November to
13 December 2015 )
Addisu G/medhin
Adama
December 15- 18, 2015
Dec 31- Jan 01, 2015

2. • The international political
response to climate change
began at the Rio Earth Summit
In 1992, where the ‘Rio Convention’ included the
adoption of the UN Framework on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
• This convention set out a framework for action aimed at
stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.”
• The UNFCCC which entered into force on 21 March 1994,
now has a near-universal membership of 195 parties.

3. Limitations of UNFCCC
• No binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for
individual countries and
• No enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the
treaty is considered legally non-binding.

4. Kyoto Protocol (COP3)
• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February
2005.
• Setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.
• Places a heavier burden on developed nations, being
responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in
the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of
industrial activity
• The detailed rules of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in
Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the
"Marrakesh Accords."

5. The Kyoto protocol has two commitment periods
1. First commitment period (2008- 2012 )
• 37 industrialized countries and the European
Community committed to reduce GHG emissions
to an average of 5% against 1990 levels.
2. Second commitment period (2013- 2020)
• Parties committed to reduce GHG emissions by
at least 18 % below 1990 levels.

6. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries must meet their targets
primarily through national measures. However, the Protocol
also offers them an additional means to meet their targets by
way of three market-based mechanisms.
The Kyoto mechanisms are:
• International Emissions trading
• Clean development mechanism (CDM)
• Joint implementation (JI)

7. The Paris Climate conference (COP 21)
The purpose of this Agreement is to
• To hold the increase in the global average temperature
to
Option 1: below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels,
Option 2: well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels
[and to [rapidly] scale up global efforts to limit
temperature increase to below 1.5 °C]
Option 3: below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels
• To increase the ability developing countries to adapt
to the adverse impacts of climate change

8. Two basic components
• 2016- 2020
Action plan until end of 2020
• post 2020
Emission reduction targets that will replace
the Kyoto protocol

9. Agreement outcomes
• All countries have agreed to hold global temperature
rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius.
• And recognizing the risk of grave consequences, you
have further agreed to pursue efforts to limit
temperature increase to 1.5 degrees. This is especially
important for the nations of Africa, small Island
Developing States and Least Developed countries.
• Annually 100 billion USD to developing countries to
tackle and reduce climate change

10. • 187 Parties have submitted
their national plans, the
INDCs. Others to submit soon
• Every five years, countries will regularly review what
is needed in line with science.
• Developed countries have agreed to lead in
mobilizing finance and scale up technology support
and capacity building.

11. Is the agreement binding ?
• The legal nature of the deal–whether it will be
binding–had been a hotly debated topic in the lead
up to the negotiations.
• Binding elements are
reporting requirements
submission of emission reduction targets and
$100bn fund from developed economies to help emerging
and developing nations
• Non-binding.
setting of emissions targets

12. Challenges with the
Non-binding issues
• Within the agreement the targets are known as
Intended National Determined Contributions
(INDCs  NDC). To date, 187 countries have
submitted their INDCs.
• If INDC targets are delivered, it will only curb
warming by 2.7C. This is well above the 2.0C goal of
the Paris Agreement.