This document provides information on key terms and concepts related to climate change including weather, climate, global warming, and climate change. It also discusses the causes and effects of climate change. The main international agreements aimed at addressing climate change that are summarized are the Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord, and Paris Agreement. The document also discusses the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under Trump and implications. Plantation efforts like in Pakistan are also mentioned as part of addressing climate change.
Presentation on Climate Change and Politicskazisumaiya
This presentation discusses the relationship between climate change and politics. It outlines climate change and defines politics. It then examines the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation describes the mechanisms and goals of the Kyoto Protocol, including binding emission reduction targets for six greenhouse gases. It also discusses both the success and failure of the Kyoto Protocol, noting that while some countries met their targets through carbon credits, climate change issues remain politically challenging to address comprehensively.
An Inconvenient TruthAIT - Kyoto Treaty.pdfTHeBiGSixU.docxgreg1eden90113
An Inconvenient Truth/AIT - Kyoto Treaty.pdf
THe BiG Six
United States
• The treaty called for 55% global reduction of carbon dioxide, based on 1990 levels.
• The United States is responsible for more than one-third (36%) of the entire world’s CO2 emissions – far more than any other country.
• As one of the original signatories of the Kyoto treaty, the United States agreed to reduce emissions by 6% from its 1990 levels.
• In 2001 President George W. Bush refused to ratify the treaty, citing these reasons:
o The US economy could suffer an estimated $400 billion in losses as a result of emissions restrictions on industry and transportation, and the US
could lose almost 5 million jobs.
o Many developing nations that have extremely high emissions are not bound by the emissions limits set in the treaty.
• Since pulling out of the treaty, U.S. emissions have increased 15% above 1990 levels—21% above our initial objective.
• However, several recent events may foreshadow a change in the US position:
o America’s unique political structure gives each of the 50 states the autonomy to legislate Kyoto-like reforms on their own. Environmental leaders in
some states are already promoting legislation that supports the objectives of the Kyoto Treaty.
o The California Air Resources Board has set tough emissions standards and is well known for its strict emissions regulations.
o The Chicago Climate Exchange is a group of North American municipalities, companies and organizations that have agreed to reduce their emissions
over the next several years.
o Massachusetts, New York, and New Hampshire are creating emission reduction and trading systems.
• The recent 2006 elections have placed many in office who are sympathetic to environmental and global warming issues. This may lead to revisions in the
US position on Kyoto.
Reproducible # 1 - page 1
Six Countries and Their Positions on the Kyoto Treaty
THe LeGAL PrOCeSS LeADiNG TO THe KyOTO PrOTOCOLS
1988
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change established.
Environmental
concerns growing.
UN General
Assembly held first
debate on climate
change; adopted
43/53 on the
“Protection of the
global climate for
present and future
generations of
mankind (IPCC).”
1992
UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
(UNFCC) opened
for signing at the
Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro.
Also referred
to as the UN
Conference on
Environment and
Development
(UNCED).
1994
Convention
came into force
March 21. 186
governments
are party to
the convention;
it is close to
achieving universal
membership.
1995
In March and
April, the Berlin
Conference
of the Parties
(COP) sought to
determine the
commitments
required by
industrialized
countries.
1997
These talks led
to the Kyoto
Protocol being
adopted on
December 11. 87
countries signed
the Protocol.
1998
Talks to determine
the Protocol’s
rulebook were
discussed in
November in
Buenos Aires and
later in Bonn .
Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution, international conventio...Rushell Rousseau
The document summarizes the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Protocol. The UNFCCC is a 1992 treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It lacks enforcement but established a framework for negotiating protocols like Kyoto. Kyoto set binding emissions reduction targets for developed nations from 2008-2012. The Montreal Protocol is a 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and reduce global warming.
Rich countries are most responsible for climate change due to historically emitting far more greenhouse gases than poorer nations. A fair global response requires developed nations to make ambitious emissions cuts, fund developing countries' adaptation efforts, and support their transition to clean energy. While some developing and small island states have committed to carbon neutrality, the largest emitters' pledges to date are insufficient to avoid dangerous warming. Overcoming political obstacles like fossil fuel industry influence will require continued public pressure within all countries for a binding international agreement.
The Road from Paris - Whither Climate Policy?Richard Tol
1) The document discusses the history and current state of international climate policy over the past 25 years.
2) It analyzes the climate policies of various countries and regions, finding that policies have largely rewarded political allies with subsidies rather than reducing emissions.
3) Going forward, the document argues that international negotiations on binding emissions targets have failed and countries are instead focusing on their own pledged targets through a pledge-and-review system.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that the Convention encouraged emissions reductions while the Protocol commits countries to do so. The Protocol was negotiated in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 after Russia ratified it. It sets emissions reduction targets for 37 Annex I countries and allows flexible mechanisms like emissions trading to lower costs of achieving targets.
This document provides an overview of climate change by discussing:
1. The correlation between CO2 levels and global temperatures over hundreds of thousands of years.
2. How human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased CO2 levels rapidly since the industrial era.
3. The likely effects of increased CO2 and temperatures, such as ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather.
4. International agreements to limit greenhouse gas emissions and actions being taken like carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes.
5. The opportunities to transition to renewable energy but also the political threats if countries do not cooperate to meaningfully address climate change.
Presentation on Climate Change and Politicskazisumaiya
This presentation discusses the relationship between climate change and politics. It outlines climate change and defines politics. It then examines the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation describes the mechanisms and goals of the Kyoto Protocol, including binding emission reduction targets for six greenhouse gases. It also discusses both the success and failure of the Kyoto Protocol, noting that while some countries met their targets through carbon credits, climate change issues remain politically challenging to address comprehensively.
An Inconvenient TruthAIT - Kyoto Treaty.pdfTHeBiGSixU.docxgreg1eden90113
An Inconvenient Truth/AIT - Kyoto Treaty.pdf
THe BiG Six
United States
• The treaty called for 55% global reduction of carbon dioxide, based on 1990 levels.
• The United States is responsible for more than one-third (36%) of the entire world’s CO2 emissions – far more than any other country.
• As one of the original signatories of the Kyoto treaty, the United States agreed to reduce emissions by 6% from its 1990 levels.
• In 2001 President George W. Bush refused to ratify the treaty, citing these reasons:
o The US economy could suffer an estimated $400 billion in losses as a result of emissions restrictions on industry and transportation, and the US
could lose almost 5 million jobs.
o Many developing nations that have extremely high emissions are not bound by the emissions limits set in the treaty.
• Since pulling out of the treaty, U.S. emissions have increased 15% above 1990 levels—21% above our initial objective.
• However, several recent events may foreshadow a change in the US position:
o America’s unique political structure gives each of the 50 states the autonomy to legislate Kyoto-like reforms on their own. Environmental leaders in
some states are already promoting legislation that supports the objectives of the Kyoto Treaty.
o The California Air Resources Board has set tough emissions standards and is well known for its strict emissions regulations.
o The Chicago Climate Exchange is a group of North American municipalities, companies and organizations that have agreed to reduce their emissions
over the next several years.
o Massachusetts, New York, and New Hampshire are creating emission reduction and trading systems.
• The recent 2006 elections have placed many in office who are sympathetic to environmental and global warming issues. This may lead to revisions in the
US position on Kyoto.
Reproducible # 1 - page 1
Six Countries and Their Positions on the Kyoto Treaty
THe LeGAL PrOCeSS LeADiNG TO THe KyOTO PrOTOCOLS
1988
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change established.
Environmental
concerns growing.
UN General
Assembly held first
debate on climate
change; adopted
43/53 on the
“Protection of the
global climate for
present and future
generations of
mankind (IPCC).”
1992
UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
(UNFCC) opened
for signing at the
Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro.
Also referred
to as the UN
Conference on
Environment and
Development
(UNCED).
1994
Convention
came into force
March 21. 186
governments
are party to
the convention;
it is close to
achieving universal
membership.
1995
In March and
April, the Berlin
Conference
of the Parties
(COP) sought to
determine the
commitments
required by
industrialized
countries.
1997
These talks led
to the Kyoto
Protocol being
adopted on
December 11. 87
countries signed
the Protocol.
1998
Talks to determine
the Protocol’s
rulebook were
discussed in
November in
Buenos Aires and
later in Bonn .
Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution, international conventio...Rushell Rousseau
The document summarizes the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Protocol. The UNFCCC is a 1992 treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It lacks enforcement but established a framework for negotiating protocols like Kyoto. Kyoto set binding emissions reduction targets for developed nations from 2008-2012. The Montreal Protocol is a 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and reduce global warming.
Rich countries are most responsible for climate change due to historically emitting far more greenhouse gases than poorer nations. A fair global response requires developed nations to make ambitious emissions cuts, fund developing countries' adaptation efforts, and support their transition to clean energy. While some developing and small island states have committed to carbon neutrality, the largest emitters' pledges to date are insufficient to avoid dangerous warming. Overcoming political obstacles like fossil fuel industry influence will require continued public pressure within all countries for a binding international agreement.
The Road from Paris - Whither Climate Policy?Richard Tol
1) The document discusses the history and current state of international climate policy over the past 25 years.
2) It analyzes the climate policies of various countries and regions, finding that policies have largely rewarded political allies with subsidies rather than reducing emissions.
3) Going forward, the document argues that international negotiations on binding emissions targets have failed and countries are instead focusing on their own pledged targets through a pledge-and-review system.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that the Convention encouraged emissions reductions while the Protocol commits countries to do so. The Protocol was negotiated in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 after Russia ratified it. It sets emissions reduction targets for 37 Annex I countries and allows flexible mechanisms like emissions trading to lower costs of achieving targets.
This document provides an overview of climate change by discussing:
1. The correlation between CO2 levels and global temperatures over hundreds of thousands of years.
2. How human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased CO2 levels rapidly since the industrial era.
3. The likely effects of increased CO2 and temperatures, such as ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather.
4. International agreements to limit greenhouse gas emissions and actions being taken like carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes.
5. The opportunities to transition to renewable energy but also the political threats if countries do not cooperate to meaningfully address climate change.
Global warming refers to the increase in average temperatures of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the mid-20th century. According to the IPCC, global surface temperatures increased 0.74°C over the 20th century. Climate change is defined as a long-term change in weather patterns over decades to millions of years that may be natural or human-caused. The Copenhagen Climate Summit brought together 193 countries to forge an agreement to mitigate global warming but they only agreed to "take note" of the eventual accord between China, US, Brazil, India and South Africa which was deemed insufficient.
Jennie Stephens - Myra Kraft Open Classroom - October 26, 2016neupolicyschool
The document discusses the US role in global environmental governance, with a focus on climate change. It summarizes the US's historical leadership on environmental issues but also periods of lagging behind. It then covers international climate negotiations and agreements from the UNFCCC to the Paris Agreement. It also discusses climate science, denial, and policies of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Renewable energy technology advances are outlined but fossil fuels still dominate global energy.
This document discusses climate change diplomacy and approaches to comply with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. It examines [1] approaches employed by countries to comply, [2] violations by countries that were sanctioned, and [3] the achievement of objectives in 2021. While progress has been made, countries employ a variety of strategies and the legal framework has limitations, resulting in some non-compliance issues over time.
The document summarizes key aspects of international climate agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It notes that the UNFCCC lacked enforcement but that the Kyoto Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement set a goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts for 1.5°C, along with mechanisms for countries to report progress and support for developing countries. However, it did not bind countries to specific emission reduction amounts.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It set targets for industrialized countries to cut emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Each country agreed to its own target, such as an 8% cut for EU countries. The protocol went into legal effect in 2005 after Russia ratified it. However, countries are not on track to meet targets and the US withdrawal was a major setback. The Copenhagen Summit in 2009 aimed to forge a new agreement to replace Kyoto but only produced the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, continuing pressure for countries like the US to pass emissions legislation.
This document defines key terms related to global warming such as greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It discusses the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which have dramatically increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document outlines issues around who is responsible for global warming and its potential consequences, which include rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species extinction. It also discusses debates around policies to mitigate global warming, such as the Kyoto Protocol, and alternatives to reducing emissions from economic growth.
The document discusses global environmental problems with a focus on global warming. It defines global warming and the greenhouse effect, listing the main greenhouse gases and their sources. The impacts of global warming are described including effects on physical, biological and human systems. The document outlines international agreements on climate change like the Kyoto Protocol and its flexible mechanisms. Recommendations for abating global warming include increasing carbon sinks, decreasing emissions, shifting to renewable energy, and international cooperation on technology and population growth.
Paris talks United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Amna Zarin
The document discusses the Paris Agreement on climate change and the impact of the US withdrawing from the agreement. It notes that developing countries are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than developed countries. While the US withdrawal is a setback, global efforts to reduce emissions through renewable energy may continue without US participation in the agreement. Both supporters and critics of the Trump administration's decision are discussed.
Cynthia McHale Great Marsh Syposium: November 2015greenbelt82
1. Many factors have changed since the failed 2009 Copenhagen climate summit to make success more likely at the 2015 Paris COP21 summit. Key developments include China and the US collaborating on emissions reductions, national and regional policies advancing climate progress even without a global deal, and climate science being more certain about risks while renewable energy sees tremendous growth. Momentum from non-state actors has also helped pave the way for a robust international agreement.
The document discusses global warming and the Kyoto Protocol. It provides background on global warming, its causes from greenhouse gas emissions, and its effects. It then summarizes the Kyoto Protocol, which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. The Protocol established legally binding emissions targets for industrialized countries and flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their reduction targets cost-effectively. However, the US withdrew from the agreement and it faced criticism for not including developing countries.
Carbon credits are certificates awarded for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They are measured in units of carbon dioxide reduction and can be traded on exchanges. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon trading system where countries must meet emission reduction targets or purchase credits from countries that have excess. The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases. While developed countries have mandatory targets, developing countries do not due to their historically low emissions per capita.
The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.
The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, which was an agreement reached in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 where 160 countries agreed to legally binding emissions reductions of greenhouse gases. Specifically, industrialized nations agreed to an average 5.2% reduction in emissions below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. The Kyoto Protocol aimed to lower emissions of six key greenhouse gases to curb global warming and restore emissions to pre-industrial levels.
The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and has been ratified by over 190 countries. The key points are:
- The Protocol sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized nations that collectively aim to reduce emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States initially participated but withdrew from the treaty in 2001, citing economic concerns and the lack of participation of developing nations.
- The Kyoto Protocol represents an international effort to address the issue of global climate change through legally binding emissions reduction targets.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was created in 1992 to cooperatively consider what can be done to reduce global warming and cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable. It has held annual Conferences of the Parties since 1995 where member countries discuss emissions targets and negotiate agreements. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 to establish legally binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries. Subsequent COPs have extended and refined the Kyoto Protocol while working to involve more countries in a successor agreement to address climate change through 2020 and beyond.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. According to the IPCC, the average global surface temperature increased by 0.74°C over the 20th century due to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate change describes long-term shifts in weather patterns caused by both natural factors and human activities like burning fossil fuels. The Copenhagen Climate Summit brought 193 countries together to forge an agreement to limit global temperature rise to 2°C through emissions reductions, but the final accord lacked enforcement mechanisms. Developing countries argue they should prioritize poverty reduction over emissions cuts, while developed nations want commitments from large emerging economies like China and India. Individual actions to conserve energy and adopt sustainable lifest
The document discusses the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It was created in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations and prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Nearly every country is party to the UNFCCC, which meets annually to assess climate change progress. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted under the UNFCCC in 1997 and established emissions reduction obligations for developed countries. The goal of the UNFCCC process is for universal participation to efficiently limit future global warming below 2.0°C through a new legally binding climate agreement.
The document discusses various aspects of the natural environment and environmental issues. It covers topics like global warming, greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, major agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water and land pollution. Key terms related to the environment are explained such as carbon credits, carbon offsetting, carbon tax, carbon footprint, carbon sinks and carbon dieting. Ways to reduce carbon footprint and impact of environment on business are also mentioned.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Global warming refers to the increase in average temperatures of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the mid-20th century. According to the IPCC, global surface temperatures increased 0.74°C over the 20th century. Climate change is defined as a long-term change in weather patterns over decades to millions of years that may be natural or human-caused. The Copenhagen Climate Summit brought together 193 countries to forge an agreement to mitigate global warming but they only agreed to "take note" of the eventual accord between China, US, Brazil, India and South Africa which was deemed insufficient.
Jennie Stephens - Myra Kraft Open Classroom - October 26, 2016neupolicyschool
The document discusses the US role in global environmental governance, with a focus on climate change. It summarizes the US's historical leadership on environmental issues but also periods of lagging behind. It then covers international climate negotiations and agreements from the UNFCCC to the Paris Agreement. It also discusses climate science, denial, and policies of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Renewable energy technology advances are outlined but fossil fuels still dominate global energy.
This document discusses climate change diplomacy and approaches to comply with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. It examines [1] approaches employed by countries to comply, [2] violations by countries that were sanctioned, and [3] the achievement of objectives in 2021. While progress has been made, countries employ a variety of strategies and the legal framework has limitations, resulting in some non-compliance issues over time.
The document summarizes key aspects of international climate agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It notes that the UNFCCC lacked enforcement but that the Kyoto Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement set a goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts for 1.5°C, along with mechanisms for countries to report progress and support for developing countries. However, it did not bind countries to specific emission reduction amounts.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It set targets for industrialized countries to cut emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Each country agreed to its own target, such as an 8% cut for EU countries. The protocol went into legal effect in 2005 after Russia ratified it. However, countries are not on track to meet targets and the US withdrawal was a major setback. The Copenhagen Summit in 2009 aimed to forge a new agreement to replace Kyoto but only produced the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, continuing pressure for countries like the US to pass emissions legislation.
This document defines key terms related to global warming such as greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It discusses the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which have dramatically increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document outlines issues around who is responsible for global warming and its potential consequences, which include rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species extinction. It also discusses debates around policies to mitigate global warming, such as the Kyoto Protocol, and alternatives to reducing emissions from economic growth.
The document discusses global environmental problems with a focus on global warming. It defines global warming and the greenhouse effect, listing the main greenhouse gases and their sources. The impacts of global warming are described including effects on physical, biological and human systems. The document outlines international agreements on climate change like the Kyoto Protocol and its flexible mechanisms. Recommendations for abating global warming include increasing carbon sinks, decreasing emissions, shifting to renewable energy, and international cooperation on technology and population growth.
Paris talks United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Amna Zarin
The document discusses the Paris Agreement on climate change and the impact of the US withdrawing from the agreement. It notes that developing countries are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than developed countries. While the US withdrawal is a setback, global efforts to reduce emissions through renewable energy may continue without US participation in the agreement. Both supporters and critics of the Trump administration's decision are discussed.
Cynthia McHale Great Marsh Syposium: November 2015greenbelt82
1. Many factors have changed since the failed 2009 Copenhagen climate summit to make success more likely at the 2015 Paris COP21 summit. Key developments include China and the US collaborating on emissions reductions, national and regional policies advancing climate progress even without a global deal, and climate science being more certain about risks while renewable energy sees tremendous growth. Momentum from non-state actors has also helped pave the way for a robust international agreement.
The document discusses global warming and the Kyoto Protocol. It provides background on global warming, its causes from greenhouse gas emissions, and its effects. It then summarizes the Kyoto Protocol, which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. The Protocol established legally binding emissions targets for industrialized countries and flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their reduction targets cost-effectively. However, the US withdrew from the agreement and it faced criticism for not including developing countries.
Carbon credits are certificates awarded for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They are measured in units of carbon dioxide reduction and can be traded on exchanges. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon trading system where countries must meet emission reduction targets or purchase credits from countries that have excess. The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases. While developed countries have mandatory targets, developing countries do not due to their historically low emissions per capita.
The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.
The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, which was an agreement reached in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 where 160 countries agreed to legally binding emissions reductions of greenhouse gases. Specifically, industrialized nations agreed to an average 5.2% reduction in emissions below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. The Kyoto Protocol aimed to lower emissions of six key greenhouse gases to curb global warming and restore emissions to pre-industrial levels.
The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and has been ratified by over 190 countries. The key points are:
- The Protocol sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized nations that collectively aim to reduce emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States initially participated but withdrew from the treaty in 2001, citing economic concerns and the lack of participation of developing nations.
- The Kyoto Protocol represents an international effort to address the issue of global climate change through legally binding emissions reduction targets.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was created in 1992 to cooperatively consider what can be done to reduce global warming and cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable. It has held annual Conferences of the Parties since 1995 where member countries discuss emissions targets and negotiate agreements. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 to establish legally binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries. Subsequent COPs have extended and refined the Kyoto Protocol while working to involve more countries in a successor agreement to address climate change through 2020 and beyond.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. According to the IPCC, the average global surface temperature increased by 0.74°C over the 20th century due to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate change describes long-term shifts in weather patterns caused by both natural factors and human activities like burning fossil fuels. The Copenhagen Climate Summit brought 193 countries together to forge an agreement to limit global temperature rise to 2°C through emissions reductions, but the final accord lacked enforcement mechanisms. Developing countries argue they should prioritize poverty reduction over emissions cuts, while developed nations want commitments from large emerging economies like China and India. Individual actions to conserve energy and adopt sustainable lifest
The document discusses the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It was created in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations and prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Nearly every country is party to the UNFCCC, which meets annually to assess climate change progress. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted under the UNFCCC in 1997 and established emissions reduction obligations for developed countries. The goal of the UNFCCC process is for universal participation to efficiently limit future global warming below 2.0°C through a new legally binding climate agreement.
The document discusses various aspects of the natural environment and environmental issues. It covers topics like global warming, greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, major agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water and land pollution. Key terms related to the environment are explained such as carbon credits, carbon offsetting, carbon tax, carbon footprint, carbon sinks and carbon dieting. Ways to reduce carbon footprint and impact of environment on business are also mentioned.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is the level of carbon dioxide that is released at the end of an exhaled breath. ETCO2 levels reflect the adequacy with which carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood back to the lungs and exhaled.
Non-invasive methods for ETCO2 measurement include capnometry and capnography. Capnometry provides a numerical value for ETCO2. In contrast, capnography delivers a more comprehensive measurement that is displayed in both graphical (waveform) and numerical form.
Sidestream devices can monitor both intubated and non-intubated patients, while mainstream devices are most often limited to intubated patients.
Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
2. Basic Definitions
• Weather: refers to atmospheric conditions that occur locally over short periods of
time—from minutes to hours or days.
• Climate: refers to the long-term regional or even global average of temperature,
humidity and rainfall patterns over seasons, years or decades.
• Global Warming: refers to the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system
observed since the pre-industrial period (1850-1900).
• Climate Change: Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather
patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates.
3. GlobalWarming vs. Climate Change
GlobalWarming
• Measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature;
• Increase in last 100 years: 1 degree Celsius;
• Increase per decade now: 0.2 degrees Celsius;
• Primary Cause: Human activity and industrialization;
• World-wide/Global phenomenon.
Climate Change
• Climate data records provide evidence of climate change key indicators, such as global land
and ocean temperature increases, shift in wind patterns, the average temperature or the
amount of precipitation;
• Primary Cause: Human activity (industrialization) and natural processes (volcanic activity);
• Global warming CAUSES climate change according to Inter-governmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC);
• According to the Royal Society Policy Centre, changes in climate are caused by variations in
the total amount of energy that is kept within the Earth’s atmosphere;
• Global, regional or even local phenomenon.
4. Causes and Effects
Causes
1. Volcanic eruptions
2. Variations in Earth’s orbit
3. Increase in CO2 and Greenhouse gas emissions by humans
4. Deforestation
5. Burning of fossil fuels
Effects
1. Extreme weather events like heatwaves, tropical cyclones, floods, etc.
2. Increasing number of forest fires
3. Melting of glaciers
4. Increase of acidity in the ocean
5. Damage to Ozone layer
6. Montreal Protocol (1987)
• Montreal Protocol: an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out nearly 100
chemical substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
• Main target chemicals are CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs (after Kigali Amendment).
• It was adopted in 1987 and it is the only UN treaty that has been ratified by all 193 member states.
• Why?These chemicals damage the stratospheric ozone layer, Earth’s protective shield that protects
humans and the environment from harmful levels of ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
• Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated responsibilities.
• “Multilateral Fund” was established to help the developing countries implement Montreal Protocol.
• Features:
• It is binding;
• time-targeted;
• It has measurable commitments.
• Achievement: With the full and sustained implementation of the Montreal Protocol, the ozone
layer is projected to recover by the middle of this century. Without this treaty, ozone depletion
would have increased tenfold by 2050
7. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
• Kyoto Protocol: an international agreement that aimed to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and
greenhouse gases.
• The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.
• 192 countries committed to reducing their carbon emissions by ~5% till 2012.
• Basic concept
• Kyoto Protocol is biased against developed world because they did industrial activity for past 150 years without check;
• Give every country a limit to carbon emissions for a period of time;
• If they fail to limit themselves, give them an even smaller limit for the next period;
• Developed countries had to mandatory cut emissions;
• The developing countries were asked to voluntarily comply.The developing countries had carbon credits which they could sell
to developed countries if they wanted.
• Problems?
• Many countries especially in EU tried to meet targets but their progress was mitigated by US and China emissions;
• Global emissions actually increased by 40% rather than decreasing due to non-binding agreement on developing world;
• The US dropped out of the agreement in 2001, calling the treaty unfair because it mandated only developed countries to
reduce emissions, and felt that doing so would hinder the US economy;
• Canada left the Protocol as it said the largest emitters (US and China) aren’t even a part of the treaty.
• In 2015, all participants signed another pact, the Paris Climate Agreement, which effectively replaced the Kyoto Protocol.
8. COP 15 – CopenhagenAccord (2009)
• World leaders struck a new political accord to address climate change at the 2009 U.N. Climate
Summit in Copenhagen, Denmark.
• The accord provided for explicit emission pledges by all major economies – including, for the
first time, China and other major developing countries – but charted no clear path toward a
treaty with binding commitments
• Goals:
• Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius;
• A process for countries to enter their specific mitigation pledges;
• Reporting and verification of countries’ actions;
• Establishment of a new Green Climate Fund.
• Problems?
• US-China divide. China did not want international scrutiny;
• Developing countries did not want to be a part of it e.g. Somalia compared it to Holocaust;
• TheAccord itself is not legally binding;
• TheAccord sets no real targets to achieve in emissions reductions;
• TheAccord was drafted by only five countries.
9. COP 21 - Paris Agreement (2015)
• At the Paris Climate Conference in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-ever
universal, legally binding global climate deal.
• The goal was to limit global warming to well below 2 degree Celsius.
• Governments agreed to:
• Keeping global average temperature to well below 2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial
levels;
• Limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius;
• Recognizing stopping global emissions would be harder in developing countries;
• Undertake rapid reductions with the best available science;
• Meet every 5 years to set even more ambitious goals;
• Strengthen societies ability to deal with the impacts of climate change;
• Provide continued and enhanced international support for adaptation to developing
countries.
11. Introduction
• President DonaldTrump stunned the world on 1st June by withdrawing US from
the Paris climate accord, a landmark global agreement to lower greenhouse gas
emissions and minimize harm from climate change.
• He justified his decision by saying that the Paris agreement was a bad deal for the
US, buttressing his argument with cornucopia of dystopian, dishonest and
discredited data.These numbers were from industry friendly sources.
• COP 21 was the first ever serious effort on a global level to ensure carbon cuts.The
agreement was signed and ratified by 190 countries including world leaders like
US and China.
12. Trump Hurts theWorld
• Trump’s decision will have consequences globally.
• US contributes to about 15% of global emissions of carbon but it is also a
significant source of finance and technology for developing countries in their
efforts to fight rising temperatures.
• There is also the question of moral leadership, which the US will be giving up,
which may have consequences for other diplomatic efforts.
• Michael Burne, a US environmentalist, said that, “the withdrawal was a historic
mistake which our grandchildren will look back on with stunned dismay at how a
world leader could be so divorced from reality and morality.”
13. Implications
• Developing world
• No technological or financial help from US
• No shifting from fossil fuel energy to green energy
• Moral loss
• US
• CorporateAmerica loses trust inTrump e.g. Exxon Mobil andApple
• Hostility with allies and rivals
• Farmers affected
• US emissions will still fall
14. Conclusion
• China reaffirms its commitment to the Paris accords
• US still cutting emissions indirectly through businesses
• Coal is unlikely to make a comeback; solar is preferred in US..
• Strong realization globally, state-wise and individually that carbon emissions are a
threat and they need to be dealt with.
16. Historical Context
• Divide between the major emitters from the developed and the developing world
regarding Carbon cuts continued till COP21 or Paris Climate Agreement;
• In COP21, there was an agreement between the two blocs;
• However in 2017,Trump pulled US out of the agreement.
• The major COPs in the first 20 COPs (Conference of Parties) were Kyoto, Montreal,
Copenhagen, etc. However, the divide remained between the developing and the
developed world.
17. Developed vs. Developing
• Stance of the DevelopedWorld
• Climate change is a global threat;
• Both developed and developing world are polluting the global environment;
• The biggest emitter CHINA;
• Fourth largest INDIA.
• Therefore, global responsibility to reduce carbon emissions.
• Stance of the Developing World
• The developed world enjoyed development for more than a century whether it be US, EU or Canada.
• The developed world have also been a major emitter of carbon gases for more than a century.
• On the other hand, the development of the developing world has just begun.
• Developing countries do not have cheap alternative energy sources while developed world can easily
shift on to green energy.
• Therefore, developed world must make carbon cuts first and give enough time to developing
countries to shift on to green energy.
18. • This divide existed until COP21 i.e. Paris Climate Agreement 2015.
• In COP21, both developed and developing world agreed on carbon cuts.
• Developed world was led by US and Europe (France, Germany, UK).
• Developing world was led by China and India.
• 23 different multinational companies agreed on carbon cuts as well. In the
previous COPs, MNCs did not even participate completely. In the ones they did,
they didn’t give a carbon cutoff plan.
• The important part carbon cuts were binding!
19. Why US decided to agree on COP21?
1. Obama declared climate change as the largest threat to national security; even
more so than terrorism.
2. Furthermore, he increasingly advocated for carbon-free energy e.g. subsidy to
Tesla.
3. 8 years rule produced more jobs than the hydrocarbon sector.
4. Obama led the world in the efforts against climate change.
5. He managed to convince China, India, Japan, South Africa, etc. to agree on
carbon cuts.
6. In the past 20 years, international community failed again and again as US did
not lead.
20. Why China decided to agree on COP21?
• Under Xi Jingpin, China is becoming increasingly global.
• At the same time, China is adopting a global responsible role as well.
• Also faced internal pressure like smog, breathing issues in major cities. Same case
for India.
21. Plantation
• Plantation was one of the major objectives;
• Protect the existing forests
• Amazon
• Africa
• Australia
• Mexico
• On the platform of Copenhagen, it was decided that two new forests would be established in
Brazil and Indonesia.Who is responsible for funding? UNFCC and major emitters.
• Bonn challenge in COP 2019 given to every country to plant trees
• Pakistan did the most in this challenge.Target of 2030 has been met by Pakistan already and it is now
focusing on 10 billion trees project.
• China met the challenge too.
• Canada too.
• Partially India too.
23. Trump’s Pullout, reasons?
1. China and other countries are not meeting the demands of carbon cuts then
why should US?
2. Carbon cuts result into slowing down the US economic growth
3. Climate change is a myth. Rise in temperature is a natural cycle; it has nothing
to do with industrial carbon emissions.
4. The influence of carbon industry onTrump especially coal and oil industry –
major financer of Republicans. Bush was influence too.
24. Implications of US Exit
1. US second largest emitter in the world; back to emitting. If it does not comply with carbon
cuts, then carbon emissions would continue on a large scale.
2. US is the global leader. In the past, every effort failed regarding carbon cuts primarily
because US did not lead the world from the front.
3. Other than US, all major emitters reindorsed their COP21 commitments to reduce carbon
gases.
4. Europe signed new green deal in 2019. By 2050, EU would be free from carbon.
5. China has become virtual leader in the efforts against climate change. How? By providing
soft loans to every country that is shifting on green energy PILOT PROJECT IN PAKISTAN
(hyro, solar, etc.)
6. 12 different states of US refused to followTrump.They renewed their commitments to
COP21.
7. Biden fighting on climate change platform. Biden announced day 1 re entry in COP21 and to
reserve trump’s decision. If this happens, countries would get optimistic again.
25. Pakistan’s Perspective
1. Plantation of trees
1. 1 billion tree tsunami project
2. Now 10 billion tree project
2. Increasing shift on to green energy projects; cutting down on oil and gas.
3. Pakistan getting more importance on climate change under PM KHAN on
global level. Speech in UN. He is invited on all climate change forums.
4. Projecting an image of negative implications on Pakistan due to climate
change.
26. IF BIDENWINS POSSIBLE SHIFT IN US
POLICIES
1. Climate Change – for sure;
2. TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership) and NAFTA (North American FreeTrade Agreement)
3. Increasing protectionism will reverse
4. Alliance structure with NATO back on track
5. JCPOA will be back.
6. Free mobility of citizens
7. Mexico wall will be dropped
8. Basically BACKTO GLOBALIZATION, most probably
9. American nationalism will decrease
10. Afghan Peace Process? Continue most likely
11. Israel-Arab world relations? Continue most likely
12. US-China ColdWar visible under trump,