1. Under guidence: Dr. Salma Khanam
Presented by: Abhishek Kr Pandey
Department: Pharmacognosy
Class: 1st Semester M-PHARM
2. Importantance of extraction
Basic principle of extraction
pre-extraction operations
Solvents used for extraction
Choice of solvents
Method of extraction of Phyto-constituents: non specific type
Specific phyto-constituent method of extraction
Advanced method of extraction
Successive extraction & exhaustive extraction
3. Definition:
It is the process of isolation of soluble material from insoluble residue, which may be liquid/
solid by the treatment with the solvent. On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be
extracted, that is liquid/ solid the extraction process may be liquid liquid/ solid – liquid
extraction.
IMPORTANCE OF EXTRACTION
As a part of biosynthesis studies
Biochemical studies
Chemotaxonomic studies
Ecological studies
Phytochemical studies
Pharmacological studies
Plant tissue culture studies
As a part of formulation
5. Quality & nature of drug
Degree of comminution
Moisture content of drugs
Nature & volume of solvents
Mixing ratios
Processes of solution from disintegrated cells
Processes of solution from intact cells
Imbibition of drugs
Speed of establishment of equilibrium
6. 1.Selection, collection &
identification of plant
material
2. Drying of the crude
drugs
3. Comminution &
classification
•Medicinal
leaves &
herbs
b) Roots &
barks
c) Seeds &
fruits
7&
d) Other
drug plant
materials
7. Criteria to be considered for the choice of solvents:
Selectivity
Ease of handling
Economy
Protection of the environment & safety
8. CHCL3, methanol, CH2Cl2 are usually the solvents of choice in a preliminary
extraction of a plant part. Its impurities may react with some compounds as
in case of certain alkaloids, quaternary salts & other products
Azeotropic mixtures: represent a special type of
mixture. These are mixture of 2/ more liquids which
boil at a temperature characteristic of the mixture. i.e.
the components area present in the vapour in the same
relative concentration as they are in the liquid. Hence,
they are separated by distillation/ rectification
9.
10. Sl.
no
compound Solvents used Purpose
1. Alkaloids CHCl3, dichloromethane Aqueous media • Free base, forms are
soluble in organic
solvents.
• If it is salt form it is
water soluble
2. Carotenoid
s
a) Hydrocarbons
Pet. ether
a) Oxygenated
forms
Alcohol,
ketone,
aldehyde
• The former groups are less
polar can be extracted into
pet. Ether.
• More polar extracted into
ethanol
3. Fixed oils,
fats &
waxes
Light petroleum ether,
hexane
• Non-polar in nature &
can be extracted
4. glycosides Acetone, ethanol,
methanol, water/
mixtures
• Due to the presence of
one/sugar moiety in the
molecule.
17. Extraction of volatile
oils/essential oil
Enfleurage: -- volatile
oil from flowers
Expression method of
extraction
Distilllation with
water
Hydro-steam
distillation
Direct-steam
distillation
Distillation
perse
21. Difference between successive &
exhaustive method of extraction
Successive extraction Exhaustive extraction
Multiple solvents are used in the
increasing order of polarity
Single solvent is used
Multiple components of different
solubility are extracted
Single component is extracted
until exhaustion of the
component.
Before carry out the extraction
with other solvent we have to
ensure the marc is dried and
free of previously used solvent
Since same solvent is used no
need of drying the marc
Objective of the method to
know the types of constituent
present in it
The main objective here is to
exact quantity of single
component present in it.
22. 1. Dr. pulok k. Mukherjee, quality control of herbal drugs, business
horizons pharmacytical publishers, 4th edition, pg ( 379-422)
2. Dr. vinod D. rangari, pharmacognosy & phytochemistry volume – 1,
career publications, 3rd edition, pg( 56-70), pg(326-328)
3. Biren Shah, A.K SETH, pharmacognosy & phytochemistry, published
by Elsevier, 1st edition, pg no.( 407-416)
4. TREASE & EVANS, pharmacognosy, published by w. c saunders, 15th
edition pg( 135)
5. S.L DEORE, S.S. KHADABADI, B.A. BAVISKAR, pharmacognosy &
phytochemistry a comprehensive apprproach, published by pharma
med press, chapter 15, pg ( 481-509)