Ken Creighton gave this presentation on 22 May 2013 at a panel session during the two-day policy and science conference entitled "Sustainable forest management in Central Africa: Yesterday, today and tomorrow", organized by CIFOR and its partners and held in Yaounde, Cameroon. The panel, titled “Response to climate change in Central Africa: Realities and challenges”, focused on revisiting previous efforts in forest management for climate change and on considering future directions while considering the interest of forest communities.

1. Realities of ClimateRealities of Climate
Change in the CongoChange in the Congo
BasinBasin
Ken Creighton, Ph.D.Ken Creighton, Ph.D.
Central Africa Program forCentral Africa Program for
the Environmentthe Environment
(CARPE)(CARPE)
kcreighton@usaid.govkcreighton@usaid.gov
CIFOR Conference – Yaoundé – May 2013

2. Goal: To help countries accelerate their transitionGoal: To help countries accelerate their transition
to climate-resilient, low emission developmentto climate-resilient, low emission development
Overarching Principle:Overarching Principle: To strengthen developmentTo strengthen development
outcomes through direct climate change programoutcomes through direct climate change program
investments and by integrating climate changeinvestments and by integrating climate change
throughout USAID programming, learning, policythroughout USAID programming, learning, policy
dialogues, and internal operations.dialogues, and internal operations.
Strategy: Strategy: Invest in land use practices that stop, slow,Invest in land use practices that stop, slow,
and reverse emissions from deforestation andand reverse emissions from deforestation and
degradation of forest and other landscapes.degradation of forest and other landscapes.

3. Forest cover change in the Congo BasinForest cover change in the Congo Basin
from 1990 to 2010from 1990 to 2010

4. Multisectorial Approaches to Land ManagementMultisectorial Approaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
To achieve and sustain REDD+ requires theTo achieve and sustain REDD+ requires the
understanding and management of a variety ofunderstanding and management of a variety of
influences that span a number of sectors:influences that span a number of sectors:
Forest management and exploitationForest management and exploitation
Agriculture and grazingAgriculture and grazing
Transportation InfrastructureTransportation Infrastructure
MiningMining
Population growth and movementsPopulation growth and movements
Planned and spontaneous settlements and urbanPlanned and spontaneous settlements and urban
growthgrowth
Conservation and management ofConservation and management of ““naturalnatural””
landscapeslandscapes

5. MultisectorialMultisectorial Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
There are several different approachedThere are several different approached
being tried to address thebeing tried to address the ““multisectorialmultisectorial””
nature of REDD such as:nature of REDD such as:
 REDD+REDD+
 Full terrestrial accounting orFull terrestrial accounting or ““REALUREALU””
(reduced emissions from all land use)(reduced emissions from all land use)
 JurisdictionalJurisdictional REDD+REDD+

6. MultisectoralMultisectoral Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
REDD+REDD+
Seeks to achieve overall emissionsSeeks to achieve overall emissions
reductions or stabilization throughreductions or stabilization through
management of carbon stocks and flows by:management of carbon stocks and flows by:
Reducing deforestation and degradationReducing deforestation and degradation
Improving forest management practicesImproving forest management practices
Enhancing forest carbon stocks throughEnhancing forest carbon stocks through
plantations and agroforestryplantations and agroforestry
Maintaining carbon stocks through conservationMaintaining carbon stocks through conservation

7. MultisectoralMultisectoral Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
REALUREALU:: RReducingeducing EEmissions frommissions from AAllll LLandand UUsesses
Seeks to achieveSeeks to achieve overall emissions reductions oroverall emissions reductions or
stabilization through management of carbon stocks andstabilization through management of carbon stocks and
flows by improving land management practices across aflows by improving land management practices across a
range of land usesrange of land uses with the goal to enhance the capacitywith the goal to enhance the capacity
to sequester and maintain carbon stocks thoughto sequester and maintain carbon stocks though
improvements in a variety of land use practices, that areimprovements in a variety of land use practices, that are
aligned with local goals and aspirationsaligned with local goals and aspirations for sustainablefor sustainable
development including:development including:
ForestryForestry
Agriculture and pastoralismAgriculture and pastoralism
Planning of urban andPlanning of urban and periperi-urban settlements and-urban settlements and
supporting infrastructuresupporting infrastructure

8. MultisectoralMultisectoral Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
Jurisdictional REDD+Jurisdictional REDD+
Has similar goals and methods as REDD+ and REALUHas similar goals and methods as REDD+ and REALU
but places thebut places the emphasis on integrated land useemphasis on integrated land use
planning at the level of individual political unitsplanning at the level of individual political units suchsuch
as districts, provinces, municipalities, cantons, etc.as districts, provinces, municipalities, cantons, etc.
and seeks toand seeks to achieve quantifiable resultsachieve quantifiable results fromfrom
implementation of appropriateimplementation of appropriate locally developed,locally developed,
endorsed and adopted policiesendorsed and adopted policies, measures and, measures and
practicespractices that are aligned with local priorities andthat are aligned with local priorities and
aspirations and based on broad agreement reflectedaspirations and based on broad agreement reflected
in local legal instruments reflecting culturallyin local legal instruments reflecting culturally
accepted norms and practices.accepted norms and practices.

9. MultisectoralMultisectoral Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
Drivers of deforestation, forest degradationDrivers of deforestation, forest degradation
and increased land-based greenhouse gasand increased land-based greenhouse gas
emissions can be divided into two types.emissions can be divided into two types.
ProximateProximate causes (immediate, driven bycauses (immediate, driven by
current needs and desires)current needs and desires)
UltimateUltimate or underlying causes (e.g. poverty,or underlying causes (e.g. poverty,
population movements,population movements,

10. Short term and Long term (underlying) Drivers ofShort term and Long term (underlying) Drivers of
Increasing Forest-based EmissionsIncreasing Forest-based Emissions
Underlying drivers:Underlying drivers:
PovertyPoverty
Food securityFood security
Conflict (or climate)Conflict (or climate)
driven migrationdriven migration
Population growthPopulation growth
Rising expectation andRising expectation and
needsneeds
Recurrent andRecurrent and
increasing needs forincreasing needs for
energy, buildingenergy, building
materialsmaterials
Direct drivers:Direct drivers:
Expansion of agricultureExpansion of agriculture
and pasturageand pasturage
Wood extraction for fuelWood extraction for fuel
and commerceand commerce
Mining and drillingMining and drilling
Economic migrationEconomic migration
Indirect drivers:Indirect drivers:
TransportationTransportation
infrastructureinfrastructure
Increased global pricesIncreased global prices
and demand forand demand for
commoditiescommodities

11. MultisectoralMultisectoral Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONSOBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
 Sustainable reduction of land based emissions willSustainable reduction of land based emissions will
require an understanding ofrequire an understanding of BOTHBOTH the proximatethe proximate
causes and underlying drivers of emissions growth.causes and underlying drivers of emissions growth.
 REDD+REDD+ andand REALUREALU are affected by both intrinsic andare affected by both intrinsic and
extrinsic factors that , to be successful, may ultimatelyextrinsic factors that , to be successful, may ultimately
require a broadrequire a broad multisectorialmultisectorial approach to climateapproach to climate
change mitigation such as through preparation ofchange mitigation such as through preparation of LowLow
Emissions Development StrategiesEmissions Development Strategies that take intothat take into
account the range of factors and will ultimately requireaccount the range of factors and will ultimately require
closeclose integration across sectorsintegration across sectors andand broad agreementbroad agreement
among constituentsamong constituents of the desired approached that willof the desired approached that will
vary among jurisdictions at scales from localvary among jurisdictions at scales from local
communities to nations and, perhaps, evencommunities to nations and, perhaps, even
multinational regions.multinational regions.

12. MultisectoralMultisectoral Approaches to Land ManagementApproaches to Land Management
Related to REDD+Related to REDD+
Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.
Ken CreightonKen Creighton
Climate Change Specialist, Regional AdvisorClimate Change Specialist, Regional Advisor
USAID/CARPEUSAID/CARPE
kcreighton@usaid.govkcreighton@usaid.gov