This document provides guidance on observation techniques for understanding others. It discusses passive observation such as analyzing word choice, body language, and microexpressions. Active observation techniques include profiling subjects, asking questions, and trying to understand their perspectives. The document then covers body language signals from the limbs, voice, and face that can provide clues. It also discusses using open-ended and closed questions, and tailoring questions based on whether understanding the content, process, relationships, personal program, or emotions of the subject.