This document summarizes several models of the reading process:
- The bottom-up model emphasizes decoding text in a linear fashion. The top-down model prioritizes meaning over structure and uses background knowledge. The interactive model combines bottom-up and top-down processes.
- Rumelhart's (1977) and Stanovich's (1980) models view reading as both a perceptual and cognitive process that depends on the reader's purpose, knowledge, and interaction with the text.
- Anderson and Pearson's (1983) schema-theoretic view focuses on how background knowledge stored in memory influences text comprehension.
This slide presentation explains the problems and solutions of EFL / ESL reading classes. You can also find the theories of reading and reading skills in accordance with the Common Reference Levels.
Theories in reading instruction
TOP-DOWN READING MODEL
Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text
Says reading is driven by meaning
Proceeds from whole to part
Views from some researchers
1. Frank Smith – Reading is not decoding written language to spoken language
2. reading is a matter of bringing meaning to print
FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH
Readers can comprehend a selection even though they do not recognize each word.
Readers should use meaning and grammatical cues to identify unrecognized words.
Reading for meaning is the primary objective of reading, rather than mastery of letters, letters/sound relationships and words.
FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH
Reading requires the use of meaning activities than the mastery of series of word- recognition skills.
The primary focus of instruction should be the reading of sentences, paragraphs, and whole selections
The most important aspect about reading is the amount and kind of information gained through reading.
BOTTOM UP
Emphasizes a single direction
Emphasizes the written or printed texts
Part to whole model
Reading is driven by a process that results in meaning
PROPONENTS OF THE BOTTOM UP
Flesch 1955
Gough 1985
FEATURES OF BOTTOM-UP
Believes the reader needs to:
Identify letter features
Link these features to recognize letters
Combine letter to recognize spelling patterns
Link spelling patterns to recognize words
Proceed to sentence, paragraph, and text- level processing
INTERACTIVE READING MODEL
It recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process.
Reading as an active process that depends on reader characteristics, the text, and the reading situation (Rumelhart, 1985)
Attempts to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and top-down models.
PROPONENTS OF THE INTERACTIVE READING MODEL
Rumelhart, D. 1985
Barr, Sadow, and Blachowicz 1990
Ruddell and Speaker 1985
This slide presentation explains the problems and solutions of EFL / ESL reading classes. You can also find the theories of reading and reading skills in accordance with the Common Reference Levels.
Theories in reading instruction
TOP-DOWN READING MODEL
Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text
Says reading is driven by meaning
Proceeds from whole to part
Views from some researchers
1. Frank Smith – Reading is not decoding written language to spoken language
2. reading is a matter of bringing meaning to print
FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH
Readers can comprehend a selection even though they do not recognize each word.
Readers should use meaning and grammatical cues to identify unrecognized words.
Reading for meaning is the primary objective of reading, rather than mastery of letters, letters/sound relationships and words.
FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH
Reading requires the use of meaning activities than the mastery of series of word- recognition skills.
The primary focus of instruction should be the reading of sentences, paragraphs, and whole selections
The most important aspect about reading is the amount and kind of information gained through reading.
BOTTOM UP
Emphasizes a single direction
Emphasizes the written or printed texts
Part to whole model
Reading is driven by a process that results in meaning
PROPONENTS OF THE BOTTOM UP
Flesch 1955
Gough 1985
FEATURES OF BOTTOM-UP
Believes the reader needs to:
Identify letter features
Link these features to recognize letters
Combine letter to recognize spelling patterns
Link spelling patterns to recognize words
Proceed to sentence, paragraph, and text- level processing
INTERACTIVE READING MODEL
It recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process.
Reading as an active process that depends on reader characteristics, the text, and the reading situation (Rumelhart, 1985)
Attempts to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and top-down models.
PROPONENTS OF THE INTERACTIVE READING MODEL
Rumelhart, D. 1985
Barr, Sadow, and Blachowicz 1990
Ruddell and Speaker 1985
Complex problems can be solved using Top-down design model, also known as Step-wise refinement, where we break the problem into parts and then break the parts into sub parts and finally soon, each of the parts will be easy to code and accomplish…
Teachers' Beliefs and Attitudes towards Teaching Reading Comprehension to EFL...Abdeslam Badre, PhD
This is a presentation a comparative a study that compares experienced teachers' belief system and attitudes with less experienced teachers toward the teaching of Reading Comprehension in EFL context
Created by Sonia Babaee
Sources:
Mishan, F. & Timmis, I. (2015). Materials development for TESOL (pp. 99-120). Edinburg University Press. (Materials to develop reading and listening skills)
Mishan, F. & Timmis, I. (2015). Materials development for TESOL (pp. 121-140). Edinburg University Press. (Materials to develop speaking and writing skills)
3. It is a reading model that
emphasizes the written or
printed text.
It emphasizes the ability to
decode or put into sound what
is seen in the text.
Readers derive meaning in a
linear manner.
5. It is a model in which TOP is
the higher order mental and
BOTTOM as the physical text
on the page.
It is where meaning takes
precedence over structure.
10. States that successful reading is both a
PERCEPTUAL and a COGNITIVE
process.
- Orthographic knowledge
- Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic
knowledge
12. Interactive-compensatory reading
model.
Readers who rely on both Bottom-up
and Top-down processes are depending
on:
- reading purpose
- motivation
- schema
- knowledge of the subject
14. It focuses on the role of schemata
(knowledge stored in memory) in
text comprehension.
SCHEMA THEORY
a. relationships among components
b. role of inference
c. reliance on knowledge of the
content
18. Attitude toward reading may be
modified by a change in reader’s
goal.
Attitude has tri-componential
construct:
- cognitive component
- affective component
- conative component
19. Maintains that feedback may affect attitude
and motivation during the reading process.
1. Satisfaction with affect developed
through reading.
2. Satisfaction with ideas developed
through reading.
3. Feeling generated during the reading
process.
4. Ideas constructed from the
information read.
5. How the reading affects the
values, goals, and self-concepts.