The document summarizes several prominent reading models: the bottom-up and top-down models, which emphasize text-based or experience-based reading respectively; the interactive model, which combines these approaches; Rumelhart's model of perceptual and cognitive processes in reading; Stanovich's interactive-compensatory model; the schema-theoretic view of Anderson and Pearson; Pearson and Tierney's model of the reader as an active composer; and Mathewson's model of the role of attitude and motivation in reading.

1. READING
MODELS

2. READING MODELS

3. What are reading models
 are graphics that attempt to depict how an individual perceives a word,
processes a clause, and comprehends a text.
----Singer and Ruddell 1985
 are different explanations how the complex process of reading takes place.

4. BOTTOM-UP READING MODEL
 It is a reading model that emphasizes the written or printed text.
 It emphasizes the ability to decode or put into sound what is seen in the text.
 Readers derive meaning in a linear manner.
DECODING
LETTERS
WORDS PHRASES SENTENCES

5. BRAIN
PRINTED
TEXT

6. TOP-DOWN READING MODEL
 Processing of a text begins in the mind of the readers with meaning –driven
processes, or an assumption about the meaning of a text.
 Emphasizes readers bringing meaning to text based on their experiential
background and prior knowledge.
 It is a model in which TOP is the higher order mental and BOTTOM as the
physical text on the page.
 It is where meaning takes precedence over structure.

7. BRAIN
PRINTED
TEXT

8. INTERACTIVE READING MODEL
 Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down processes.
 Good readers are both good decoders and good interpreters of the
text(Eskey,1998).
 Reader and text interact as the reader uses prior background knowledge and
knowledge from the text to derive meaning (Grabe,1991).
 Uses print as input and has meaning as output(Goodman,1981).

10. EMERGING READING MODELS

11. RUMELHART MODEL
(1977)
 States that successful reading is both a PERCEPTUAL and a COGNITIVE
process.
 stresses the influence of various sources namely feature extraction,
orthographic knowledge, lexical, syntactic and semantic knowledge
 “message centre” which allows the sources of knowledge to interact
with each other and thereby enable higher-level processing to
influence lower-level processing.
David E. Rumelhart

12. RUMELHART MODEL
VIS
Feature
extraction
device
Pattern
Synthesizer
Orthographic
Knowledge
Lexical
Knowledge
Syntactical
Knowledge
Semantic
knowledge
Model of
probable
interpretation
Graphic
Input

13. STANOVICH MODEL
 Interactive-compensatory reading model.
 Readers relies on both bottom up and top down processes
simultaneously and alternatively depending on the reading purpose,
motivation, schema and knowledge of the subject.
 Compensatory mode with the interaction between the top-down and
bottom-up processing.
 Believes that if there is a deficiency at an early print-analysis stage
(BU), higher order knowledge structures (TD) will attempt to
compensate.
 notes that for the poor reader, who may be both inaccurate and slow
at word recognition but who has knowledge of the text-topic, TD
processing may allow for this compensation
Keith E. Stanovich

14. COMPENSATORY
MODE
 Beagles, Retriever, Spaniels, as well as other ____ of
dogs are favorite canines for hunting enthusiast.

15. EXAMPLE:
 The jeweler put the green emerald in the ring
JEWELER GEMS
JEWELRIES
SUCH AS RINGS

16. ANDERSON and PEARSON SCHEMA-
THEORETIC VIEW
 It focuses on the role of schemata (knowledge stored in memory) in
text comprehension.
 Comprehension = interaction between old & new information
 Schema Theory: Already known general ideas subsume & anchor new
information.
-Includes: a) info about the relationships among the components, b)
role of inference & c) reliance on knowledge of the content, + abstract &
general schemata.
-schemata
-schema
P. David Pearson

17. PEARSON and TIERNEY R/W MODEL
 Negotiation of meaning between writer & reader who both create
meaning through the text as the medium.
 Readers as composers
 Reader reads with the expectation that the writer has provided
sufficient clues about the meaning
 Writer writes with the intention the reader will create meaning
 Consider: pragmatic theories of language that every speech acts,
utterance, or attempt at comprehending an utterance is an action

18.  Reading is an act of composing rather than recitation or
regurgitation
 Context is important
 Knowing why something was said is as crucial to
interpreting the message as knowing what was said
 Failing to recognize author’s goal can interfere with
comprehension of the main idea or point of view
 Focus on the thoughtful reader with 4 interactive roles:
 Planner
 Composer
 Editor
 Monitor

19. MATHEWSON’S MODEL OF ATTITUDE
INFLUENCE
 A model that addresses the role that attitude and motivation play in
reading
Attitude intention to read reading
 Attitude = tri-componential construct:
Cognitive component (evaluation), affective component (feeling) , &
conative component (action readiness) Conative = personality,
volition, temperament.
 This provides feedback on how motivation may change & how
important it is to address affective issues in teaching reading.

20.  Attitude toward reading may be modified by a change in
reader’s goal
Examples:
Topic of no interest
 Feedback during reading may affect attitude and
motivation
1. Satisfaction with affect developed through reading
2. Satisfaction with ideas developed through reading
3. Feelings generated by ideas from the reading process
4. Ideas constructed from in the information read
5. How the reading affects values, goals and self-concept

21. MATHEWSON’S MODEL OF ATTITUDE
INFLUENCE
Cognitive
Component
Affective
Component
Conative
Component
Attitude Towards Reading
Intention to Read
Reading Behavior

22. SUMMARY
READING MODELS:
 Bottom-up Reading Model – text-based
 Top=down Reading Model- experience-based
 Interactive Reading Model- combination of bottom-up and top-down
models
 Rumelhart Model- influence of various sources
 Stanovich Model- interactive-compensatory
 Anderson and Pearson Schema- Theoretic View- schema theory
 Pearson and Tierney R/W Model- a reader with four interactive roles
 Mathewson’s Model of Attitude Influence – attitude and motivation