The objective of this study is to develop and research a new method of reactive power compensation in industrial grid via high-power adjustable speed drives (HP ASDs) with medium voltage (MV) three level neutral point clamped back-to-back (3L-NPC BtB) converters. The article is concerned with the mathematical description, control system designing and obtaining of experimental results. An important advantage of the new method is that specialized equipment is not necessary for its implementation. The analysis of our experimental research shows that the developed reactive power compensation method has been successfully applied for main HP ASD of plate mill rolling state 5000 (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, PJSC). Some ways for future industrial application prospects and improvements of the designed method are outlined in the conclusion of the paper.
Comparison of Multilevel Inverter Topologies for STATCOM ApplicationsIJERA Editor
In this paper is to present an comparison of four different STATCOM multilevel inverter topologies which are suitable to be connected to the un-linear loads and unbalancing loads. The majority of power consumption has been drawn in reactive loads. These loads are drawn in low power factor and therefore give rise to reactive power burden in the power system. So that STATCOM controller is used to compensate reactive power, correction of power factor and elimination of current harmonics. This paper mainly focuses the analysis issues of the Cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade I–bridge and Incremental – reduction cascade H-bridge multilevel topologies with PWM technique for STATCOM applications; Inverter operation play a vital in STATCOM, presenting a methods for best suitable in the point of low THD, better output, cost and efficiency. MATLAB/SIMULINK results are present in this paper of multilevel inverter four topologies for STATCOM applications with Instantaneous p – q theory controller implemented.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis for Power Quality Improvenment of Cascaded an...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of cascaded and capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters. It analyzes the output voltage waveforms and total harmonic distortion of 3-level and 5-level configurations of each inverter topology. The cascaded inverter uses H-bridge cells with separate DC sources, while the capacitor-clamped inverter uses capacitors to transfer voltage between stages. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the voltage waveforms and fast Fourier transform analysis for each configuration. The cascaded inverter requires fewer components but separate DC sources, while the capacitor-clamped inverter requires voltage balancing of capacitors.
Back to Back Connected Multilevel Converters: A ReviewIOSR Journals
This document provides a review of back-to-back connected multilevel power converters. It discusses the need for back-to-back converters using multilevel topologies in high power applications. The key multilevel converter topologies that can be connected back-to-back including diode clamped, capacitor clamped, and H-bridge converters are summarized. The components required for back-to-back multilevel converter systems like power devices, controllers, and sensors are also outlined. Finally, the document reviews recent developments in control strategies for multilevel converters connected back-to-back.
Assessment of the Static Stability Margin and Voltage Profile Improvement in ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The huge increase in the demand of electric power and the economic constraints to build new facilities, lead the power systems to operate near of their stability limits. Indeed, instability has become a major problem in the management of power systems. Unavoidable disturbances such as short circuits, momentary unavailability of transmission lines, generators as well as transformers can affect the stability of the power system at any time and bring it into a state of instability or collapse. These collapses become a major problem for energy consumers, because the lack of energy leads them to use backup energy sources that are relatively expensive and polluting. This situation lowers the productivity of the industry, and for the national electric company of the Congo, (SNEL), the time to get rid of the magnetization of the network and to take all the loads, can generate penalties, which is a loss of revenue for the company. This paper aims to assess the stability margin and to improve the quality of electrical energy in the south-SNEL transmission system.
Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission Systemijtsrd
Submodule overcurrent caused by DC pole-to-pole fault in modular multilevel converter HVDC MMC-HVDC system is one of the important research objects about its electrical characteristics. In this paper, the fault mechanism before and after the converter blocked was analyzed respectively and the circuit model for the analysis of submodule overcurrent was explored. The analytic equation for overcurrent calculation was deduced and a detailed analysis was also performed. The changes of submodule overcurrent stress with different circuit parameters were obtained and the key issues were also summed up. The results indicate that the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the discharging current before the converter blocked, and the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the valve reactor freewheeling current after the converter blocked. From the computation and simulation results, it is concluded that the analytical method is feasible and its calculation results are comparatively precise. Mohd Liaqat "Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20319/modelling-and-operation-of-hvdc-based-power-transmission-system/mohd-liaqat
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
when a coil is rotated or turned under a magnetic field, there occurs a force...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Comparison of Multilevel Inverter Topologies for STATCOM ApplicationsIJERA Editor
In this paper is to present an comparison of four different STATCOM multilevel inverter topologies which are suitable to be connected to the un-linear loads and unbalancing loads. The majority of power consumption has been drawn in reactive loads. These loads are drawn in low power factor and therefore give rise to reactive power burden in the power system. So that STATCOM controller is used to compensate reactive power, correction of power factor and elimination of current harmonics. This paper mainly focuses the analysis issues of the Cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade H-bridge, Incremental cascade I–bridge and Incremental – reduction cascade H-bridge multilevel topologies with PWM technique for STATCOM applications; Inverter operation play a vital in STATCOM, presenting a methods for best suitable in the point of low THD, better output, cost and efficiency. MATLAB/SIMULINK results are present in this paper of multilevel inverter four topologies for STATCOM applications with Instantaneous p – q theory controller implemented.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis for Power Quality Improvenment of Cascaded an...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of cascaded and capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters. It analyzes the output voltage waveforms and total harmonic distortion of 3-level and 5-level configurations of each inverter topology. The cascaded inverter uses H-bridge cells with separate DC sources, while the capacitor-clamped inverter uses capacitors to transfer voltage between stages. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the voltage waveforms and fast Fourier transform analysis for each configuration. The cascaded inverter requires fewer components but separate DC sources, while the capacitor-clamped inverter requires voltage balancing of capacitors.
Back to Back Connected Multilevel Converters: A ReviewIOSR Journals
This document provides a review of back-to-back connected multilevel power converters. It discusses the need for back-to-back converters using multilevel topologies in high power applications. The key multilevel converter topologies that can be connected back-to-back including diode clamped, capacitor clamped, and H-bridge converters are summarized. The components required for back-to-back multilevel converter systems like power devices, controllers, and sensors are also outlined. Finally, the document reviews recent developments in control strategies for multilevel converters connected back-to-back.
Assessment of the Static Stability Margin and Voltage Profile Improvement in ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The huge increase in the demand of electric power and the economic constraints to build new facilities, lead the power systems to operate near of their stability limits. Indeed, instability has become a major problem in the management of power systems. Unavoidable disturbances such as short circuits, momentary unavailability of transmission lines, generators as well as transformers can affect the stability of the power system at any time and bring it into a state of instability or collapse. These collapses become a major problem for energy consumers, because the lack of energy leads them to use backup energy sources that are relatively expensive and polluting. This situation lowers the productivity of the industry, and for the national electric company of the Congo, (SNEL), the time to get rid of the magnetization of the network and to take all the loads, can generate penalties, which is a loss of revenue for the company. This paper aims to assess the stability margin and to improve the quality of electrical energy in the south-SNEL transmission system.
Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission Systemijtsrd
Submodule overcurrent caused by DC pole-to-pole fault in modular multilevel converter HVDC MMC-HVDC system is one of the important research objects about its electrical characteristics. In this paper, the fault mechanism before and after the converter blocked was analyzed respectively and the circuit model for the analysis of submodule overcurrent was explored. The analytic equation for overcurrent calculation was deduced and a detailed analysis was also performed. The changes of submodule overcurrent stress with different circuit parameters were obtained and the key issues were also summed up. The results indicate that the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the discharging current before the converter blocked, and the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the valve reactor freewheeling current after the converter blocked. From the computation and simulation results, it is concluded that the analytical method is feasible and its calculation results are comparatively precise. Mohd Liaqat "Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20319/modelling-and-operation-of-hvdc-based-power-transmission-system/mohd-liaqat
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
when a coil is rotated or turned under a magnetic field, there occurs a force...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Single Phase Modified Quasi-Z-Source Cascaded H...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a single-phase modified quasi-Z-source (MqZS) hybrid three-level inverter and a single-phase modified quasi-Z-source cascaded hybrid five-level inverter (MqZS-CHI) to boost output voltage with fewer components than existing topologies. The MqZS-CHI connects two three-level inverters in series to produce a nine-level output voltage. It reduces inductors and improves boost ability over prior quasi-Z-source cascaded and neural-point clamped multilevel inverters which have limited boost factors. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed topologies and modulation techniques.
An Improved UPQC Controller to Provide Grid-Voltage RegulationIJMTST Journal
In this paper presents an improved controller for the dual topology of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) extending its capability in power quality compensation, as well as in micro-grid applications. By the use of this controller, beyond the conventional UPQC power quality features including voltage sag/swell compensation, the iUPQC will also compensate reactive power support to regulate not only the load-bus voltage, but also the voltage at the grid-side bus. We can say, the iUPQC will work as a STATCOM at the grid side, while providing also the conventional UPQC compensations at the load terminal or micro-grid side. Experimental results are provided to verify the new functionality of the equipment.
Minimization of Power Loss in Distribution System using SVC and STATCOMIRJET Journal
The document discusses minimizing power loss in distribution systems using static var compensators (SVCs) and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It analyzes and compares the response of using three SVCs versus two SVCs and one STATCOM on IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems using MATLAB. SVCs and STATCOMs are flexible AC transmission system devices that can generate or absorb reactive power to improve voltage regulation and reduce losses. The analysis found that placing SVCs and STATCOMs on select lines to compensate reactive power losses was effective at minimizing total power losses in the test distribution systems.
This document describes the modeling and design of a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with a DC/DC boost converter. It begins with an introduction to multilevel inverters and their advantages over traditional two-level inverters. It then discusses the specific topology of a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter and describes the operation and components of a DC/DC boost converter. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented, showing the output voltage waveform both with and without filtering. The total harmonic distortion of the output is analyzed, showing less than 5% distortion. The conclusion is that this five-level inverter topology with boost converter provides high efficiency of 95% and improved power
Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Fuzzy Based Nine-S...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the
traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already
been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these
advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived
performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained
phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nineswitch
power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into
interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous
modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of
commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch
converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a
power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
CONTROL OF BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEM WITH A DC-DC BOOSTCONVERTER FED DSTATCOM U...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of DSTATCOM control strategies put forward recently. It is
aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of DSTATCOM control methods to researchers and
application engineers dealing with harmonic suppression issues. Many control techniques have been
designed, developed, and realized for active filters in recent years. The proposed DSTATCOM consists of a
three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a dc bus capacitor. The PV array or battery operated boost
converter is proposed to maintain the dc link voltage of the dc bus capacitor for continuous compensation
for the load. This paper presents to evaluate the performance comparison of two control strategies for
extracting the reference currents to control the proposed DSTATCOM. The two control methods are
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory and IcosΦ algorithm. The performance of the DSTATCOM is
validated using MATLAB software with its simulink and Power System Block set (PSB) toolboxes. The
simulation results for the two control methods are compared to validate the superior performance of the
IcosΦ algorithm.
A REVIEW ON EVALUATION OF PV MODELS BASED ON AN INTEGRATION USING A NEW CONFI...ijiert bestjournal
The effect of linear imbalances and nonlinear loads on the voltage balance of the neutral-point- clamped converters is described in this paper. The Neutral-Point-Clamped inverters are used in the multilevel inverters for high power application s. In this paper a three level NPC inverter that couple accommodate with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage in grid connected system. The three level space vector modulation technique (SVPWM) is proposed. The SVPWM correct the ac voltage under unbalance dc voltage condition .SV-PWM strategy makes it possible to control the neutral point voltage by optimum choice of switch sequence for any position and length of output voltage vector. The control scheme has capability to control the power delivery between the solar PV,battery,and grid,it simulta neously provides maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation for the solar PV. The res ults of matlab modeling of the system detail the comparative operation of inverter topologies wh ich are the conventional two level inverters and multilevel inverter topology to reduce total ha rmonic distortions in grid voltage and electromagnetic interference. Three-level NPC volta ge source inverter that can integrate both renewable energy and battery storage on the dc side of the inverter has been presented. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is invest igated by the simulation of several scenarios,including battery charging and discharging with dif ferent levels of solar irradiation.
Single Phase Matrix Converter for Input Power Factor Improvementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Novel Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Nine-Switc...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
SIMULATION STUDY OF QZSI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOADijiert bestjournal
This paper involves design and simulation of a step up dc/dc converter topology connected with the chopper circuit
intended for resistive and inductive load. The topology contains voltage fed qzsi Z Source Inverter (qzsi), a high
frequency isolation transformer with reduced turn’s ratio, a Voltage Doubler Rectifier (VDR). A carrier based PulseWidth
Modulation (PWM) which employs shoot through state strategy for qzsi is implemented which gives significantly
high voltage gain compared to traditional PWM techniques. To improve the power density of converter, three phase aclink
and three-phase VDR is implemented. The designed step up dc/dc converter is tested for various kinds of resistive
and inductive load in MATLAB/SIMULIKN platform.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually ―converts‖ most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
A New Power Factor Correction Technique using PFC Boost ConverterYogeshIJTSRD
The utilization of power is based on the power quality and ideally our power quality should be 1.0 for better efficiency and the qualitative power should be send from the sending end to the receiving end. By qualitative power it means that the transmission of the power has negligible losses. In electrical system the harmonics are present due to the nonlinear loads which includes rectifiers, variable speed drives etc. that use switching mode power supply SMPS .They are typically found in the blade servers. By power factor correction, in this paper, would be able to exterminate the harmonics up to a greater extend or the problem of low power factor can greatly improve. The power converter i.e., here the boost converter with power factor correction draws a sinusoidal AC current which is in phase with the voltage i.e., AC input voltage. The main objective of the paper is how the power factor is corrected up to greater extend by using of the boost converter and get the desired results of the AC current which will be in phase with the voltage and by using the technique like tunning PI controller. By tuning the PI controller in the PFC boost simulation circuit, PI controller shows minimum crossover distortion of the input current . It also shows low distortion of harmonics and very low tracking error when compared to the PI controllers which are conventional in nature. Furthermore, in this paper by using the PI controller technique, keeping the voltage and load variable during the simulation and will check the results of the graph that if there is any variation in the output voltage. Large amounts of currents are to be drawn if the power factor of the system is poor so, power factor correction helps us to achieve the good power. There are many converters that are used in the PFC but mainly Boost converter is used because it is simple and it gives excellent performance of Power factor. Kurteeba Muzaffar | Dr. Mohd Ilyas "A New Power Factor Correction Technique using PFC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43814.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43814/a-new-power-factor-correction-technique-using-pfc-boost-converter/kurteeba-muzaffar
Analysis of 7-Level Cascaded & MLDCLI with Sinusoidal PWM & Modified Referenc...IJMTST Journal
This document compares the performance of a 7-level cascaded multilevel inverter and a 7-level multilevel DC link inverter (MLDCLI) using sinusoidal PWM and modified reference PWM control techniques. Simulation results show that the 7-level MLDCLI with modified reference PWM produces the highest fundamental output voltage with the lowest total harmonic distortion. The MLDCLI topology requires fewer switches and components than other multilevel inverter topologies as the number of voltage levels increases, making it advantageous for higher level designs.
Analysis of multiport dc dc converter in renewable energy sourceseSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-port DC-DC converter has attracted special interest in applications where multiple energy sources are used. In this project, a three-port converter with three active full bridges, two LCC resonant tanks, and a three-winding transformer is proposed. It uses a single power conversion stage with high-frequency link to control power flow between batteries, load, and a renewable source such as solar cell. The converter has capabilities of bidirectional power flow in the battery and the load port. The converter has high efficiency due to soft-switching operation in all three bridges. Design procedure for the three-port converter is explained and experimental results are presented. Index Terms— Bidirectional power, phase-shift control at constant switching frequency, soft-switching operation, three-port converter, LCC resonant converter, three-winding transformer.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
Techno Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter State InterconnectionYogeshIJTSRD
The design of an interregional high voltage transmission system in the US is a revolutionary technological concept that will likely play a significant role in the planning and operation of future electric power systems. This paper presents techno economics analysis of HVDC link for interstate inter connected system. there are two type transmission system used for large power supply to long distance transmission 1 HVDC high voltage dc transmission system 2 HVAC high voltage ac transmission system in which HVDC is preferable due less power loss in transmissions but it need high installing charge at the starting moment. It need two type of installation block 1 rectifier block at the sending end 2 inverter block at receiving end these both block deal with high reactive VAR. In this paper we are going to analyze technology of HVDC installation, there control, how HVDC link deal with reactive VAR reactive power compensation , how its economical if it need high installing charge .In this paper we are using 2500 MVA, 230 volt, 60 grid after rectifying power transmitted to 100 km by 100 km cable then it invert at receiving end for distribution. Here we are calculating reactive power demand for both inverter and converter both, we comparing HVDC transmutation system with HVAC transmission system economically we also coverings the environmental advantages for HVDC system. My focus in this paper is, how to minimize installing charge of HVDC link, how to increase power carrying capacity of HVDC system and how to make it environment friendly. Muhammad Shahid | MD Asif "Techno-Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter-State Interconnection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43760/technoeconomic-analysis-of-hvdc-links-for-interstate-interconnection/muhammad-shahid
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario, renewable energy based applications are increasing due to the global warming issue and increase in the prices of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources RES like sun, biomass, air, water etc. are environmental friendly and have plenty of potential that can be utilized in power generation. However, RES have a problem of intermittent in nature that can be conquered presently by combining RES known as hybrid system that can provide the reliable, economic and environment friendly electricity. The increased penetration of grid connected renewable energy sources has an impact on the grid power quality in particular weak grids. Voltage fluctuation, frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues. Muhammad Shahid | MD Ejaz Ali "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43761/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/muhammad-shahid
Reparation of Inductive Power in Power System by the use of FACTS devicesIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a shunt type FACTS device connected across the load to improve the power flow and
to maintain the reactive power in real data transmission line power system using MiPower software. The
main objective of this work is to maintain the voltage stability of steady-state bus voltages and reactive
power flows in transmission system with and without FACTS controller. FACTS devices are capable of
controlling the active and reactive power flows in a transmission line by controlling its series and shunt
parameters. This paper presents a steady state model of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) controller in the
power system for stability enhancement. Benefits of FACTS controllers to power system are also discussed.
In this work real data system has been considered for load flow analysis and also to incorporate the SVC
controller in the system
Simulation and Control of PV Based Gird Connected Energy Management System Us...IJMTST Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving droop control for a two-stage photovoltaic (PV) system connected to a grid or operating independently. Droop control is commonly used to relate the terminal parameters of distributed generators to their power output. However, most studies have assumed a fixed DC input source and ignored fluctuations from renewable sources like PV. The proposed improved droop scheme uses STATCOM control structure in both grid-connected and island modes to provide reactive power compensation and mitigate harmonics. It also adapts better to internal PV and external grid fluctuations compared to traditional droop control. Simulation results show the proposed scheme allows maximum PV power output while remaining unaffected by power and voltage/frequency disturbances in grid-connected mode.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED MPPT METHODS FOR THE MULTILEVEL INVERTERS TO THE...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a 17-level cascaded multilevel inverter topology using a switched capacitor approach for electric vehicles. It presents modeling of the solar PV array and DC-DC boost converter. A fuzzy logic controller is designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system and compared to a perturb and observe MPPT algorithm. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller in terms of settling time, power loss and operating point stability. The proposed topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified.
The use of a new control method for grid-connected inverters for reducing the output current harmonic distortion in a wide range of grid-connected distributed generation (DG) applications, including wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell (FC) inverters is proposed in this paper. The control method designed to eliminate main harmonics in a microgrid (MG) and between MG and point of common coupling (PCC) and responsible for the correction of the system unbalance. Another advantage of the proposed control method is that it can be easily adopted into the DG control system without the installation of extra hardware. The proposed control method is comprised of the synchronous reference frame method (SRF). Results from the proposed control method are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
A Self-Balancing Switched Capacitor Multilevel Inverter Structure with Six-fo...IRJET Journal
This document describes a novel self-balancing switched capacitor multilevel inverter structure that can generate 13 voltage levels from a single DC supply using 3 capacitors and 14 switches. Key features include its ability to automatically balance capacitor voltages through series and parallel charging and discharging, and its reduction in maximum blocking voltage stress across switches compared to similar topologies. The document outlines the circuit configuration, operating principle with 13 states, capacitor sizing analysis, and modulation scheme. Simulation results validate the performance and viability of the proposed topology, which is well-suited for renewable energy applications due to its reduced switching stresses.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Single Phase Modified Quasi-Z-Source Cascaded H...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a single-phase modified quasi-Z-source (MqZS) hybrid three-level inverter and a single-phase modified quasi-Z-source cascaded hybrid five-level inverter (MqZS-CHI) to boost output voltage with fewer components than existing topologies. The MqZS-CHI connects two three-level inverters in series to produce a nine-level output voltage. It reduces inductors and improves boost ability over prior quasi-Z-source cascaded and neural-point clamped multilevel inverters which have limited boost factors. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed topologies and modulation techniques.
An Improved UPQC Controller to Provide Grid-Voltage RegulationIJMTST Journal
In this paper presents an improved controller for the dual topology of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) extending its capability in power quality compensation, as well as in micro-grid applications. By the use of this controller, beyond the conventional UPQC power quality features including voltage sag/swell compensation, the iUPQC will also compensate reactive power support to regulate not only the load-bus voltage, but also the voltage at the grid-side bus. We can say, the iUPQC will work as a STATCOM at the grid side, while providing also the conventional UPQC compensations at the load terminal or micro-grid side. Experimental results are provided to verify the new functionality of the equipment.
Minimization of Power Loss in Distribution System using SVC and STATCOMIRJET Journal
The document discusses minimizing power loss in distribution systems using static var compensators (SVCs) and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It analyzes and compares the response of using three SVCs versus two SVCs and one STATCOM on IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems using MATLAB. SVCs and STATCOMs are flexible AC transmission system devices that can generate or absorb reactive power to improve voltage regulation and reduce losses. The analysis found that placing SVCs and STATCOMs on select lines to compensate reactive power losses was effective at minimizing total power losses in the test distribution systems.
This document describes the modeling and design of a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with a DC/DC boost converter. It begins with an introduction to multilevel inverters and their advantages over traditional two-level inverters. It then discusses the specific topology of a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter and describes the operation and components of a DC/DC boost converter. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented, showing the output voltage waveform both with and without filtering. The total harmonic distortion of the output is analyzed, showing less than 5% distortion. The conclusion is that this five-level inverter topology with boost converter provides high efficiency of 95% and improved power
Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Fuzzy Based Nine-S...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the
traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already
been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these
advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived
performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained
phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nineswitch
power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into
interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous
modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of
commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch
converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a
power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
CONTROL OF BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEM WITH A DC-DC BOOSTCONVERTER FED DSTATCOM U...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of DSTATCOM control strategies put forward recently. It is
aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of DSTATCOM control methods to researchers and
application engineers dealing with harmonic suppression issues. Many control techniques have been
designed, developed, and realized for active filters in recent years. The proposed DSTATCOM consists of a
three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a dc bus capacitor. The PV array or battery operated boost
converter is proposed to maintain the dc link voltage of the dc bus capacitor for continuous compensation
for the load. This paper presents to evaluate the performance comparison of two control strategies for
extracting the reference currents to control the proposed DSTATCOM. The two control methods are
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory and IcosΦ algorithm. The performance of the DSTATCOM is
validated using MATLAB software with its simulink and Power System Block set (PSB) toolboxes. The
simulation results for the two control methods are compared to validate the superior performance of the
IcosΦ algorithm.
A REVIEW ON EVALUATION OF PV MODELS BASED ON AN INTEGRATION USING A NEW CONFI...ijiert bestjournal
The effect of linear imbalances and nonlinear loads on the voltage balance of the neutral-point- clamped converters is described in this paper. The Neutral-Point-Clamped inverters are used in the multilevel inverters for high power application s. In this paper a three level NPC inverter that couple accommodate with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage in grid connected system. The three level space vector modulation technique (SVPWM) is proposed. The SVPWM correct the ac voltage under unbalance dc voltage condition .SV-PWM strategy makes it possible to control the neutral point voltage by optimum choice of switch sequence for any position and length of output voltage vector. The control scheme has capability to control the power delivery between the solar PV,battery,and grid,it simulta neously provides maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation for the solar PV. The res ults of matlab modeling of the system detail the comparative operation of inverter topologies wh ich are the conventional two level inverters and multilevel inverter topology to reduce total ha rmonic distortions in grid voltage and electromagnetic interference. Three-level NPC volta ge source inverter that can integrate both renewable energy and battery storage on the dc side of the inverter has been presented. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is invest igated by the simulation of several scenarios,including battery charging and discharging with dif ferent levels of solar irradiation.
Single Phase Matrix Converter for Input Power Factor Improvementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Novel Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Nine-Switc...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
SIMULATION STUDY OF QZSI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOADijiert bestjournal
This paper involves design and simulation of a step up dc/dc converter topology connected with the chopper circuit
intended for resistive and inductive load. The topology contains voltage fed qzsi Z Source Inverter (qzsi), a high
frequency isolation transformer with reduced turn’s ratio, a Voltage Doubler Rectifier (VDR). A carrier based PulseWidth
Modulation (PWM) which employs shoot through state strategy for qzsi is implemented which gives significantly
high voltage gain compared to traditional PWM techniques. To improve the power density of converter, three phase aclink
and three-phase VDR is implemented. The designed step up dc/dc converter is tested for various kinds of resistive
and inductive load in MATLAB/SIMULIKN platform.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually ―converts‖ most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
A New Power Factor Correction Technique using PFC Boost ConverterYogeshIJTSRD
The utilization of power is based on the power quality and ideally our power quality should be 1.0 for better efficiency and the qualitative power should be send from the sending end to the receiving end. By qualitative power it means that the transmission of the power has negligible losses. In electrical system the harmonics are present due to the nonlinear loads which includes rectifiers, variable speed drives etc. that use switching mode power supply SMPS .They are typically found in the blade servers. By power factor correction, in this paper, would be able to exterminate the harmonics up to a greater extend or the problem of low power factor can greatly improve. The power converter i.e., here the boost converter with power factor correction draws a sinusoidal AC current which is in phase with the voltage i.e., AC input voltage. The main objective of the paper is how the power factor is corrected up to greater extend by using of the boost converter and get the desired results of the AC current which will be in phase with the voltage and by using the technique like tunning PI controller. By tuning the PI controller in the PFC boost simulation circuit, PI controller shows minimum crossover distortion of the input current . It also shows low distortion of harmonics and very low tracking error when compared to the PI controllers which are conventional in nature. Furthermore, in this paper by using the PI controller technique, keeping the voltage and load variable during the simulation and will check the results of the graph that if there is any variation in the output voltage. Large amounts of currents are to be drawn if the power factor of the system is poor so, power factor correction helps us to achieve the good power. There are many converters that are used in the PFC but mainly Boost converter is used because it is simple and it gives excellent performance of Power factor. Kurteeba Muzaffar | Dr. Mohd Ilyas "A New Power Factor Correction Technique using PFC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43814.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43814/a-new-power-factor-correction-technique-using-pfc-boost-converter/kurteeba-muzaffar
Analysis of 7-Level Cascaded & MLDCLI with Sinusoidal PWM & Modified Referenc...IJMTST Journal
This document compares the performance of a 7-level cascaded multilevel inverter and a 7-level multilevel DC link inverter (MLDCLI) using sinusoidal PWM and modified reference PWM control techniques. Simulation results show that the 7-level MLDCLI with modified reference PWM produces the highest fundamental output voltage with the lowest total harmonic distortion. The MLDCLI topology requires fewer switches and components than other multilevel inverter topologies as the number of voltage levels increases, making it advantageous for higher level designs.
Analysis of multiport dc dc converter in renewable energy sourceseSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-port DC-DC converter has attracted special interest in applications where multiple energy sources are used. In this project, a three-port converter with three active full bridges, two LCC resonant tanks, and a three-winding transformer is proposed. It uses a single power conversion stage with high-frequency link to control power flow between batteries, load, and a renewable source such as solar cell. The converter has capabilities of bidirectional power flow in the battery and the load port. The converter has high efficiency due to soft-switching operation in all three bridges. Design procedure for the three-port converter is explained and experimental results are presented. Index Terms— Bidirectional power, phase-shift control at constant switching frequency, soft-switching operation, three-port converter, LCC resonant converter, three-winding transformer.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
Techno Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter State InterconnectionYogeshIJTSRD
The design of an interregional high voltage transmission system in the US is a revolutionary technological concept that will likely play a significant role in the planning and operation of future electric power systems. This paper presents techno economics analysis of HVDC link for interstate inter connected system. there are two type transmission system used for large power supply to long distance transmission 1 HVDC high voltage dc transmission system 2 HVAC high voltage ac transmission system in which HVDC is preferable due less power loss in transmissions but it need high installing charge at the starting moment. It need two type of installation block 1 rectifier block at the sending end 2 inverter block at receiving end these both block deal with high reactive VAR. In this paper we are going to analyze technology of HVDC installation, there control, how HVDC link deal with reactive VAR reactive power compensation , how its economical if it need high installing charge .In this paper we are using 2500 MVA, 230 volt, 60 grid after rectifying power transmitted to 100 km by 100 km cable then it invert at receiving end for distribution. Here we are calculating reactive power demand for both inverter and converter both, we comparing HVDC transmutation system with HVAC transmission system economically we also coverings the environmental advantages for HVDC system. My focus in this paper is, how to minimize installing charge of HVDC link, how to increase power carrying capacity of HVDC system and how to make it environment friendly. Muhammad Shahid | MD Asif "Techno-Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter-State Interconnection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43760/technoeconomic-analysis-of-hvdc-links-for-interstate-interconnection/muhammad-shahid
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario, renewable energy based applications are increasing due to the global warming issue and increase in the prices of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources RES like sun, biomass, air, water etc. are environmental friendly and have plenty of potential that can be utilized in power generation. However, RES have a problem of intermittent in nature that can be conquered presently by combining RES known as hybrid system that can provide the reliable, economic and environment friendly electricity. The increased penetration of grid connected renewable energy sources has an impact on the grid power quality in particular weak grids. Voltage fluctuation, frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues. Muhammad Shahid | MD Ejaz Ali "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43761/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/muhammad-shahid
Reparation of Inductive Power in Power System by the use of FACTS devicesIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a shunt type FACTS device connected across the load to improve the power flow and
to maintain the reactive power in real data transmission line power system using MiPower software. The
main objective of this work is to maintain the voltage stability of steady-state bus voltages and reactive
power flows in transmission system with and without FACTS controller. FACTS devices are capable of
controlling the active and reactive power flows in a transmission line by controlling its series and shunt
parameters. This paper presents a steady state model of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) controller in the
power system for stability enhancement. Benefits of FACTS controllers to power system are also discussed.
In this work real data system has been considered for load flow analysis and also to incorporate the SVC
controller in the system
Simulation and Control of PV Based Gird Connected Energy Management System Us...IJMTST Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving droop control for a two-stage photovoltaic (PV) system connected to a grid or operating independently. Droop control is commonly used to relate the terminal parameters of distributed generators to their power output. However, most studies have assumed a fixed DC input source and ignored fluctuations from renewable sources like PV. The proposed improved droop scheme uses STATCOM control structure in both grid-connected and island modes to provide reactive power compensation and mitigate harmonics. It also adapts better to internal PV and external grid fluctuations compared to traditional droop control. Simulation results show the proposed scheme allows maximum PV power output while remaining unaffected by power and voltage/frequency disturbances in grid-connected mode.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED MPPT METHODS FOR THE MULTILEVEL INVERTERS TO THE...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a 17-level cascaded multilevel inverter topology using a switched capacitor approach for electric vehicles. It presents modeling of the solar PV array and DC-DC boost converter. A fuzzy logic controller is designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system and compared to a perturb and observe MPPT algorithm. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller in terms of settling time, power loss and operating point stability. The proposed topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified.
The use of a new control method for grid-connected inverters for reducing the output current harmonic distortion in a wide range of grid-connected distributed generation (DG) applications, including wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell (FC) inverters is proposed in this paper. The control method designed to eliminate main harmonics in a microgrid (MG) and between MG and point of common coupling (PCC) and responsible for the correction of the system unbalance. Another advantage of the proposed control method is that it can be easily adopted into the DG control system without the installation of extra hardware. The proposed control method is comprised of the synchronous reference frame method (SRF). Results from the proposed control method are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
A Self-Balancing Switched Capacitor Multilevel Inverter Structure with Six-fo...IRJET Journal
This document describes a novel self-balancing switched capacitor multilevel inverter structure that can generate 13 voltage levels from a single DC supply using 3 capacitors and 14 switches. Key features include its ability to automatically balance capacitor voltages through series and parallel charging and discharging, and its reduction in maximum blocking voltage stress across switches compared to similar topologies. The document outlines the circuit configuration, operating principle with 13 states, capacitor sizing analysis, and modulation scheme. Simulation results validate the performance and viability of the proposed topology, which is well-suited for renewable energy applications due to its reduced switching stresses.
IRJET- Single Switched Capacitor High Gain Boost Quasi-Z Source ConverterIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed single switched capacitor high gain boost quasi-Z source converter. The converter aims to achieve the benefits of both quasi-Z source converters and switched capacitor converters. It maintains low current stress on the switch, low voltage stress on the diodes at the output, and provides high voltage gain across the load using similar components as other step-up DC-DC converters. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the characteristics of the proposed converter, such as achieving maximum efficiencies of 92-94% theoretically and practically.
DG FED MULTILEVEL INVERTER BASED D-STATCOM FOR VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONSIJCI JOURNAL
During the past few decades, power industries have proved that the adverse impacts on the PQ can be
mitigated or avoided by conventional means, and that technique using fast controlled force commutated
power electronics (PE) are even more effective. PQ compensators can be categorized into two main types.
One is shunt connected compensation device that effectively eliminates harmonics. The other is the series
connected device, which has an edge over the shunt type for correcting the distorted system side voltages
and voltage sags caused by power transmission system faults. The STATCOM used in distribution systems
is called DSTACOM (Distribution-STACOM) and its configuration is the same, but with small
modifications. Recent advances in the power-handling capabilities of static switch devices such as 3.3kV,
4.5kV, and 6.5kV Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) with voltage rating commercially available,
have made the use of the voltage source inverters (VSI) feasible for high-power applications. High power
and high-voltage conversion systems have become very important issues for the power electronic industry
handling the large ac drive and electrical power applications at both the transmission and distribution
levels. For these reasons, new families of multilevel inverters have emerged as the solution for working
with higher voltage levels. Multilevel inverters (MLI) include an array of power semiconductors and
capacitor voltage sources, the output of which generate voltages with stepped waveforms. These converter
topologies can generate high-quality voltage waveforms with power semiconductor switches operating at a
frequency near the fundamental. It significantly reduces the harmonics problem with reduced voltage stress
across the switch. This research work is mainly focusing on application of multilevel DSTATCOM for
power quality improvement in distribution system with integration of RES. Matlab/Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are presented.
Power electronic interface has reached a new level in the area of hybrid energy integration nowadays. The existence for the concept of hybrid energy integration is truly questionable without a proper power electronic interface. In this paper, a modified dual input DC-DC converter which is capable of incorporating two distinct V-I characteristic sources such as solar-PV, battery, fuel cell, etc., is proposed. The converter has the ability to operate in both unidirectional and bidirectional mode with buck, buck-boost and boost operation. The software simulation of the proposed converter has been conducted in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a detailed manner and an experimental prototype of the propsed converter has been built to validate the simulation results.
Dynamic model of A DC-DC quasi-Z-source converter (q-ZSC)IJECEIAES
Two quasi-Z-source DC-DC converters (q-ZSCs) with buck-boost converter gain were recently proposed. The converters have advantages of continuous gain curve, higher gain magnitude and buck-boost operation at efficient duty ratio range when compared with existing q-ZSCs. Accurate dynamic models of these converters are needed for global and detailed overview by understanding their operation limits and effects of components sizes. A dynamic model of one of these converters is proposed here by first deriving the gain equation, state equations and state space model. A generalized small signal model was also derived before localizing it to this topology. The transfer functions (TF) were all derived, the poles and zeros analyzed with the boundaries for stable operations presented and discussed. Some of the findings include existence of right-hand plane (RHP) zero in the duty ratio to output capacitor voltage TF. This is common to the Z-source and quasi-Z-source topologies and implies control limitations. Parasitic resistances of the capacitors and inductors affect the nature and positions of the poles and zeros. It was also found and verified that rather than symmetric components, use of carefully selected smaller asymmetric components L1 and C1 produces less parasitic voltage drop, higher output voltage and current under the same conditions, thus better efficiency and performance at reduced cost, size and weight.
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
Parameter estimation and control design of solar maximum power point trackingIJECEIAES
Parameters evaluation, design, and intelligent control of the solar photovoltaic model are presented in this work. The parameters of zeta converters such as a rating of an inductor, capacitor, and switches for a particular load are evaluated its values to compare the trade of the existing model and promoted to research in the proposed area. The zeta converter is pulsed through intelligent controller-based maximum power point tracking (intelligent-MPPT). The intelligent controller is a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) which extracts maximum power from the solar panel using the zeta converter. The performance of evaluated parameters based on the solar system and zeta converter is seen by an intelligent control algorithm. Moreover, evaluated parameters of solar photovoltaic (PV) and zeta converter can be examined the performance of fuzzy based intelligent MPPT under transient and steady-state conditions with different solar insolation. The brushless direct current motor-based water pump is used as the direct control (DC) load of the proposed model. The proposed model can enhance the research and assist to develop a new configuration of the present system.
The Voltage Fed Series Compensation Based ZVZCS Topology and Its Tuning Metho...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a proposed zero-voltage zero-current switching (ZVZCS) topology and tuning method for a wireless electric vehicle battery charger. Some key points:
- The proposed topology aims to achieve both ZVS and ZCS for all power transfers to improve efficiency for inductive power transfer systems used for wireless EV charging.
- The topology utilizes an existing L-C compensation network along with auxiliary components to achieve ZVS and ZCS. This allows for a constant output voltage even with wide input voltage variations.
- MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the operating principle and show ZVS turn-on for switches S1-S4 and ZCS turn-on for
IRJET- Dynamic Voltage Restorer Frame Work to Improve Power Quality of the Di...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed framework for integrating ultracapacitors (UCAP) with a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to improve power quality on the distribution grid. The DVR compensates for voltage sags and swells by injecting voltage in-phase with the grid. Integrating UCAP provides active power support to handle deeper or longer disturbances without relying solely on the grid. Simulation results show the UCAP-DVR system can maintain constant load voltage during faults by injecting compensating voltage from the UCAP through a bi-directional DC-DC converter and three-phase inverter. This integration improves the DVR's capability to restore voltages during faults on the distribution grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A hybrid algorithm for voltage stability enhancement of distribution systems IJECEIAES
This paper presents a hybrid algorithm by applying a hybrid firefly and particle swarm optimization algorithm (HFPSO) to determine the optimal sizing of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) device. A multi-objective function is employed to enhance the voltage stability, voltage profile, and minimize the total power loss of the radial distribution system (RDS). Firstly, the voltage stability index (VSI) is applied to locate the optimal location of DG and D-STATCOM respectively. Secondly, to overcome the sup-optimal operation of existing algorithms, the HFPSO algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal size of both DG and D-STATCOM. Verification of the proposed algorithm has achieved on the standard IEEE 33-bus and Iraqi 65-bus radial distribution systems through simulation using MATLAB. Comprehensive simulation results of four different cases show that the proposed HFPSO demonstrates significant improvements over other existing algorithms in supporting voltage stability and loss reduction in distribution networks. Furthermore, comparisons have achieved to demonstrate the superiority of HFPSO algorithms over other techniques due to its ability to determine the global optimum solution by easy way and speed converge feature.
IRJET-Study of Three State Switching Cell Based DC-To-DC ConverterIRJET Journal
This document presents a study of a three-state switching cell based DC-to-DC converter. It describes the system configuration including a voltage multiplier and three-state switching cell incorporated into a buck-boost DC-DC converter topology. MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experimental testing of a prototype 1kW converter is performed. Simulation and experimental results demonstrating boost and buck operation with input voltages of 40V and 80V regulating the output to 134V are presented and discussed. The converter achieves high voltage gain with reduced component sizes and voltage stresses on the switches.
A Novel Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Nine-Switc...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
Series Voltage Compensator Modeling and Design for Reduction of Grid-Tie Sola...IRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-tie solar inverter system with a series voltage compensator connected to the DC link to reduce the required capacitance of the DC-link capacitor. The voltage compensator generates an AC voltage that counters the ripple voltage on the output of the boost converter, keeping a stable DC voltage at the input of the grid-tie inverter. This allows the use of smaller, more reliable capacitors for the DC link or extends the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors. Mathematical analysis is presented on the static and dynamic behavior of the system. Experimental results from a 2kW prototype validate the theoretical predictions. The performance and cost of the system using electrolytic capacitors with and without the compensator are compared.
Adaptable D-STATCOM Performance as a Flexible Distributed Generation in Mit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a flexible D-STATCOM (FD-STATCOM) integrated with a super capacitor energy storage system (SCESS) to mitigate power quality issues in a distribution system. The FD-STATCOM can operate in two modes - first, it can mitigate voltage sags caused by line-to-line and double line-to-ground faults. Second, it can operate as a distributed generator by supplying power to sensitive loads when the main utility source is disconnected during an islanding condition. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the FD-STATCOM controller effectively regulates the load voltage during different types of faults and under islanding conditions.
IRJET- A Systematic Approach to Design Single Phase Transformer Less Inve...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new transformerless inverter topology for grid-tied photovoltaic systems that can control reactive power. The topology aims to improve efficiency by utilizing MOSFET switches and maintains a constant common mode voltage to reduce leakage currents. It was tested with a 1 kW prototype and experimental results showed it can inject reactive power into the grid without additional current distortion or leakage. The control scheme for the topology is also analyzed, demonstrating it can effectively respond to changes in active power reference.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF SEVEN LEVEL CASCADED GRID CONNECTED INVERTE...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents the simulation analysis of sev en level cascaded grid connected inverter and also compared with five level inverter for %THD for voltage and current by using level shifted PWM techniques. The proposed system are modeled and simulated through computer software tool using MATLAB /SIMULINK. This paper also presen ts the design and development of the seven level cascaded grid connected inverter.The LC filter is also use in the output side to further reduce the THD values.Seven level inverter is utili se as a power converter to inject power generated from pv source to the grid.Multilevel inv erters have been mainly used in medium- or high-power system applications,such as static reac tive power compensation and adjustable-speed drives. In these applications,due to the limitatio ns of the currently available power semiconductor technology.The term multilevel began with the three-level converter. Subsequently,several multilevel converter topologi es have been developed. However,the elementary concept of a multilevel converter to ach ieve higher power is to use a series of power semiconductor switches with several lowerVoltage dc sources to perform the power conversion by synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform. Capac itors,batteries,and renewable energy voltage sources can be used as the multiple dc volt age sources. The commutation of the power switches aggregate these multiple dc sources in ord er to achieve high voltage at the output;however,the rated voltage of the power semiconduct or switches depends only upon the rating of the dc voltage sources to which they are connected Percentage of THD for R,RL,RLC load taken and simulation results analyse and studied an d comparison made between five level and seven level .
This document summarizes a research paper on using a multilevel converter topology for AC-DC harmonic immunity in VSC HVDC transmission. Key points:
- Voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVDC systems use multilevel converters to achieve high voltage switching capabilities. Cascaded H-bridge converters allow utilization of different DC voltages on individual cells.
- Selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (SHE-PWM) techniques offer the lowest possible number of switching transitions and losses for VSC HVDC. The paper discusses optimized modulation patterns providing controlled harmonic immunity between AC and DC sides for a two-level converter with a rippled DC link voltage.
- Simulation and experimental results presented confirm the
Similar to Reactive Power Compensation in Industrial Grid via High-power Adjustable Speed Drives with Medium Voltage 3L-NPC BtB converters (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
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2. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2017 : 1455 – 1466
1456
MV 3L-NPC BtB converters are most often applied for the HP ASDs in industrial enterprises.
Typical power circuits as an illustration are shown in Figure 1. Because of the toughening of international
standards to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and power quality, multipulse grid connection circuits are
the most promising for both raising energy efficiency and the quality of converted energy. These circuits are
used at one of the world's largest steel producers and a leading Russian metals company Magnitogorsk Iron
and Steel Works, PJSC.
SM
Grid
L
0°
20°
-20°
Grid
SM
Grid
L
L L L L
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1. Power circuits for HP ASDs: a) 5000 mm plate mill, b) 1750 mm hot-strip mill and 2000 mm cold
mill, c) 2000 mm cold mill (MMK Atakas)
2. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND ARTICLE PURPOSES
Currently, power quality and energy efficiency are the most important direction in the enterprise
development to reduce production costs. In practice, our experience indicates that distribution grid companies
penalize industrial plants for high level of consumed reactive power. In such situation, it is profitable to
provide an industrial distribution grid with proper reactive power control. Furthermore, the profound effects
reactive power has on the security, efficiency and transmission capacity of industrial grid are well-known
[15-17].
Reactive power compensation is one of the most effective ways to reduce consumed electric
energy and improve power quality. The examples of how reactive power compensation can improve the
technical-and-economic indexes of an industrial power grid are [18-21]:
a. Reduce cost and generate higher revenue for the customer;
b. Reduce network losses;
c. Avoid penalty charges from utilities for excessive consumption of reactive power;
d. Increase system capacity and save costs on new installations;
e. Improve system power factor;
f. Increase power availability;
g. Improve voltage regulation in the network.
Nowadays, static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs)
are the most useful to control the dynamic reactive power level in the industrial grid [22-24]. It is important
to note the main difference between STATCOM and 3L-NPC BtB converters is their load sides, but there is
the same connection in the grid side.
The majority of cases reported in the literature relate to the static reactive power compensation
using active front-end (AFE) rectifier. This approach was firstly introduced for the dragline eclectic drives
3. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
Reactive Power Compensation in Industrial Grid via High-power Adjustable... (Radionov A.A.)
1457
case in [25]. In addition, most existing works in this field have been done using either wind or solar electrical
systems [26].
This article will present some experiments showing the potential use of dynamic reactive power
compensation via HP ASDs with medium voltage 3L-NPC BtB converters. A new method of the reactive
power control that has been applied for this problem is described. As a research object, the main HP ASDs of
the plate mill rolling state 5000 (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, PJSC) has been chosen. To investigate
a reactive power compensation mode, it is necessary to perform synthesis of the new control system of the
3L-NPC BtB converter for operating conditions of the main HP ASDs of the plate mill rolling state 5000 by
using a mathematical description.
3. 3L-BTB-NPC CONVERTER AS CONTROLLING OBJECT
The well-known mathematical models of multilevel converters are based on a splitting method. It
allows one to split electrical circuit on sub-electrical circuits and to ensure their interaction. However, such a
way does not provide for the making of convenient mathematical models and development of a control
system [27-29].
The 3L-BtB-NPC converter as shown in Figure 1 contains 24 semiconductor power modules
VT1-VT24, 24 forward diodes VD1-VD24, 12 clamped diodes VDc1-VDc12 and two equivalent capacitors
Сdc1-Сdc2 between which a neutral point 0 is formed [14-16]. The mathematical description method is based
on discrete logic functions γabc, -semiconductor device switching states Sabc12rv for the 3L-BtB-NPC converter
(grid and load side)
1 2 3 4
2 3 1 4
3 4 1 2
1, 1 0
0, 1 0
1, 1 0
abc rv abc rv abc rv abc rv
abcrv abc rv abc rv abc rv abc rv
abc rv abc rv abc rv abc rv
S and S and S and S
S and S and S or S
S and S and S and S
(1)
-load side
1 2 3 4
2 3 1 4
3 4 1 2
1, 1 0
0, 1 0
1, 1 0
abc v abc v abc v abc v
abcv abc v abc v abc v abc v
abc v abc v abc v abc v
S and S and S and S
S and S and S or S
S and S and S and S
(2)
a
VD1
VD2
VD3
VD4
VDc1
VDc2
VT1
VT2
VT3
VT4
CS1
RS1
CS2
RS2
VD5
VD6
VD7
VD8
VDc3
VDc4
VT5
VT6
VT7
VT8
CS3
RS3
CS4
RS4
VD9
VD10
VD11
VD12
VDc5
VDc6
VT9
VT10
VT11
VT12
CS5
RS5
CS6
RS6
0
VD13
VD14
VD15
VD16
VDc7
VDc8
VT13
VT14
VT15
VT16
CS7
RS7
CS8
RS8
VD17
VD18
VD19
VD20
VDc9
VDc10
VT17
VT18
VT19
VT20
CS9
RS9
CS10
RS10
VD12
VD22
VD23
VD24
VDc11
VDc12
VT21
VT22
VT23
VT24
CS11
RS11
CS12
RS12
Cdc1
Cdc2
Zar
Load side
Zal
Zbl
eal
ebl
ecl
a
b
c
iav
ibv
icv
udc1
udc2
b
c
iar
ibr
icr
uav
ubv
ucv
+
-
uar
ubr
ucr
Medium Voltage 3L-NPC BtB converter
Zaf
Zbf
Zcf Zcl
Sc1-4r
Sb1-4r
Sa1-4r Sc1-4v
Sb1-4v
Sa1-4v
ucv
uav
ubv
Zbr
Zcr
eaT
ebT
ecT
Grid side
Control system
Figure 2. Power circuit of 3L-NPC BtB converter
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The discrete logic functions γabc form the states of the switching functions Fabc12rv. The switching
functions Fabc12rv form the logical signals that determine the level of the DC link voltage for each phase of the
3L-BtB-NPC converter
12
1
2
abcrv abcrv
abc rv
F
(3)
According to Kirchhoff's laws, system equation was derived as
. .
1 1 1 2 2 2
. .
1 1 1 2 2 2
1
1
1 1
3 3
1 1
3 3
abcT abcr abcr abcr
abcl abcv abcv abcf abcl
b c b c
abcr dc abc r n r dc abc r n r
n a n a
b c b c
abcv dc abc v n v dc abc v n v
n a n a
a
dc
u u i Z
u u i Z Z
u u F F u F F
u u F F u F F
F
u
1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1
3
r ar b r br c r cr a v av b v bv c v cv
dc
a r ar b r br c r cr a v av b v bv c v cv
dc
dc
r aT ar bT br cT cr
r abT cr bcT ar caT br
i F i F i F i F i F i
p C
F i F i F i F i F i F i
u
p C
P u i u i u i
Q u i u i u i
(4)
where iabcr and iabcv – grid and load side phase currents, A; Zabcr and Zabcv – grid and load side complex
impedance, Ohm; uabcT and uabcl – grid and load side phase voltages, V; uabcr and uabcv – grid and load side 3L-
NPC BtB converter voltages, V; udc12 – DC voltages, V; Pr and Qr – grid side active and reactive power, W,
VAR; p – operator of differentiation.
Then, the system Equation (4) was transformed into a rotating coordinate system dq using the Park
transformation. The voltage grid orientation for the grid side and load voltage orientation for the load side
were used. After applying the transformation, the system (4) has the following view
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
1
3
2
dT dr dr dr T qr qr
qT qr qr qr T dr dr
dl dv dv df dl l qf ql qv
ql qv qv qf ql l df dl dv
dqr dc dq r dc dq r
dqv dc dq v dc dq v
d r dr q r qr d
dc
u u i Z Z i
u u i Z Z i
u u i Z Z Z Z i
u u i Z Z Z Z i
u u F u F
u u F u F
F i F i F
u
1 1
1
2 2 2 2
2
2
3
2
v dv q v qv
dc
d r dr q r qr d v dv q v qv
dc
dc
r dT dr qT qr
r qT dr dT qr
i F i
C p
F i F i F i F i
u
C p
P u i u i
Q u i u i
(5)
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where idqr and idqv – grid and load side dq phase currents, A; Zdqr and Zdqv – grid and load side dq complex
impedance, Ohm; udqT and udql – grid and load side dq phase voltages, V; udqr and udqv – grid and load dq side
3L-NPC BtB converter voltages, V; Fabc12rv – dq switching functions; ωt and ωl – grid and load side dq
angular frequencies. In our case, for the system (5) active id and reactive iq currents of the 3L-BtB-NPC
converter are regulated by the VOC which functional diagram is shown in Figure 3.
Т
А В С
iabcrmeg
Grid
PLL
uabcTmeg
iqrmeg
idrmeg PIdr
PIqr
udcmeg
idrref
udcref
PIdc
udrref
uqrref
iqrref
R-L-E
Load Side
{Sr}
{Sv}
dq/abc
dq/abc
a b c
θv
dq/abc
uabcv
iabcv
udqvref
idqvmeg
idqvref
PIdqv
CCC
CCC
udqrmeg
dq/abc
udqvmeg
θv
θr
PWM
PWM
θr
PLL
Load
Control System
Reactive
Power Control
R-L-E
Grid Side
Figure 3. Functional diagram of the control system
The control system is two-loop and consists of two-channel current control systems and the
external DC voltage control loop, reactive power control loop and a load control system. It allows for a
separate regulating of the active id and reactive iq current components. To realize this linear control method,
the abc/dq transformation for the measured phase current iabcmeg to idqmeg has been applied. Deviations from
the difference between the reference current signals idqref and measured current signals idqmeg are processed by
PI current controllers. Additional signals from cross-coupling compensation (CCC) blocks are the summed
outputs of PI current controllers and fed to the PWM units. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are used to calculate
grid and load voltage angles θrv. The active current loop of the grid side is subordinated to the external DC
voltage control loop. Deviations from the difference between the reference DC voltage signal udcref and
measured DC voltage signals udcmeg are processed by a DC voltage controller. The internal reactive current
loop iqr is subordinated to the external reactive power control system.
Control system designing with a reactive control loop was synthesized on the basis of the system
"3L-NPC BtB converter – industrial grid" shown in Figure 4. This system consists of voltage EBtB, equivalent
inductance L2, equivalent resistance R2, transformer T, grid voltage Eg, transformer secondary winding
voltage ET, equivalent inductance L1, and equivalent resistance R1.
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L2
Eg EBtB
R2 I
R1 L1
Grid A B
ET
C
T
Figure 4. System "3L-NPC BtB converter – industrial grid"
The power flow from the point B to the point C can be calculated based on the following Equations [23-27]
2
ВtВ 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
T T
BC
E E R X E R
P
R X
(6)
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
T BtB T
BC
E E X R E X
Q
R X
(7)
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 cos
T BtB BtB T T
BC
E E E E E
S
R X
(8)
where PBC = f(EBtB, α), QBC = f(EBtB, α), SBC = f(EBtB, α) - active, reactive and apparent power functions in the
system "3L-NPC BtB converter- industrial grid"; ET - secondary voltage transformer; α-shift angle between
ET and EBtB. The apparent power function SBC = f(EBtB, α) has been applied to reactive power control by the
shift angle α and the voltage EBtB. As shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Apparent power function in the system "3L-NPC BtB converter – industrial grid"
A limitation level of supplying reactive power QBClim is calculated offline for each reference DC voltage by
the following Equation
2 2
lim
BC BC BC
Q S P
(9)
The Equations (6-9) were used to define maximum apparent and reactive power in the connection
point of the industrial grid and the ASDs with the 3L-NPC BtB converters. Using calculated results, it
allowed compensating a share of the static or dynamic excess reactive power in the grid via the ASDs. It is
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noted that a range of the shift angle between the transformer secondary winding voltage and the 3L-NPC BtB
voltage is low. It indicates that the reactive power control system have to provide high accuracy and
performance reliability in all operation conditions of the ASDs with the 3L-NPC BtB converters [30-32].
A functional scheme of the proposed reactive power control method is shown in Figure 6. The
scheme provides a real-time measurement of the reactive power at the secondary control level and produce a
reactive power reference signal at the local control level of the 3L-NPC BtB converter. If in the connection
point of substation and the ASDs there is a requirement to increase or reduce the reactive power level, the
3L-NPC BTB converters will be able to generate or consume a shape of reference reactive power. An
important advantage of the new method is that specialized equipment is not necessary for the
implementation.
Transformer
А
В
С
Controllers
uаr
ubr
ucr
iаr ibr icr
3L-BtB NPC converter
Substation
Information, energy
management and power
distribution servers
Plant Network
Control Network
Qref
Qref
Qmeg
Measurement
Qmeg
Fieldbus Network
Qref
Local Control Level
XL
R
Load
Side
Grid
Q
iqref
Figure 6. Functional diagram of the reactive power control system
4. RESEARCH OBJECT
The main HP ASDs of the plate mill rolling state 5000 (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works,
PJSC) was used as a study object. The drive comprises two synchronous motors (SMs) for each work roll, six
3L-NPC BtB converters, 18-pulse connection based converters on three power transformers with the voltages
phase shifts 20°, 0°, and -20° of the secondary windings. Basic technical information of the SMs, 3L-NPC
BtB converters and the power transformers is presented in Table 1. The 3L-NPC BtB converters of the
considered HP ASDs are able to convert 30 MVA instantaneous peak apparent power. It is a maximum
power Smax ≈ Pmax at the unit power factor. Furthermore, the 3L-NPC BtB converters can provide the
power factor ±0.8, i.e. generate or consume about 20 MVAR reactive power.
Table 1. SM Technical Information
Prat, [MW] Urat, [V] Irat, [А] frat, [Hz] cos(φ)
12 3300 2460 10 1
3L-NPC BTB Converter Technical Information
Prat, [MW] Urat, [V] Irat, [А] fsw, [Hz] Udcrat, [V]
8.4 3300 800 500 5020
Power Transformer Technical Information
Srat, [MVA] U1, [kV] U2, [kV] I1, [A] I2, [A] Usc, [%]
3300 10 3.3 329 997 16
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Figure 7 shows the developed reactive power control system for the main HP ASDs of the plate
mill rolling state 5000 (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, PJSC). The industrial grid is based on Smart
Grid technology in which the HP ASDs with the 3L-NPC BtB converters operate in parallel with the
nonlinear and reactive load. The load can be the not ASDs or ASDs with unidirectional and bidirectional AC-
DC converters using diode or thyristor rectifiers.
5. RESEARCH RESULTS
Transition processes were obtained by using the ibaAnalyzer software at the sample frequency 500
Hz. The operation conditions of the main HP ASD of the plate mill rolling state 5000 in the range of
roughing and finishing rolling for the difficult-to-form steel grade are shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. These
experiments were carried out without reactive power consuming and generating. The following nomenclature
was taken: wm – SM angular speed, s-1
; Mm – SM torque, MNm; Pg, Sg – consumed active and apparent power
in the grid connection, MW and MVA; t – time, s.
Figure 9 shows that the main HP ASD of the plate mill rolling state 5000 has a maximum load at
finish rolling and there is no possibility to generate additional reactive power. But in Figure 8 it is clearly
seen that at roughing there is an underutilization of the apparent power.
Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the main HP ASD of the plate mill rolling
state 5000 can be applied as a static or dynamic reactive power compensator in the range of roughing. Using
the designed reactive power control (Chapter III. B), it was possible to achieve 6.4 MVAR reactive power
generation in all the roughing range of the main HP ASD of the plate mill rolling state 5000 (Magnitogorsk
Iron and Steel Works, PJSC). It is clearly seen in Figure 10.
SM
0°
20°
-20°
12 MW SM
0°
20°
-20°
12 MW
Grid 10 kV
Primary
control level
Calculation
reactive power
Secondary
control level
Industrial
Smart Grid
Qmeg
Qref
iqref
Nonlinear and
reactive load
Reactive power
Q Q Q Q Q
Q Q
Q
Rate Power – 12 MVA
Voltage – 3.3 kV
Power modules – IEGT
Front-End – AFE
Control – VOC and FOC
Modulation – SHE and SV
Connection – 18-pulse
Rate Power – 12 MVA
Voltage – 3.3 kV
Power modules – IEGT
Front-End – AFE
Control – VOC and FOC
Modulation – SHE and SV
Connection – 18-pulse
Figure 7. Research object
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Figure 8. Operation condition at roughing
Figure 9. Operation condition at finish rolling
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Figure 10. Reactive power generation at the roughing
6. CONCLUSION
The new reactive power compensation method in the industrial grid via high-power adjustable
speed drives with the medium voltage 3L-NPC BtB converters has been proposed. It can be recommended to
correct a power factor or compensate static or dynamic reactive power. A level of compensated reactive
power should be calculated in accordance with load impedance diagrams and parameters of the grid side and
3L-NPC BtB converters.
An important advantage of the new method is that specialized equipment is not necessary for the
implementation. The analysis of experimental research shows that the developed reactive power
compensation method has been successfully applied for the main HP ASD of the plate mill rolling state 5000
(Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, PJSC).
The huge prospects of HP ASDs with 3L-NPC BtB converters to integrate them into Smart Grid
systems have been determined. It is a good solution as they are able to provide a high power flow and control
a reactive power flow by the control system of 3L-NPC BtB converters. It can reduce a share of the
consumed reactive power from the grid and improve power quality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract №
02.A03.21.0011.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
1997 – Diploma of an engineer, Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Russia; 2000-PhD
(technical science), Moscow State Technical University (MEI), Russia; 2009-Dr. Sc.(techn.),
Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Russia; 2014 to present-Vice-Rector for Education
Affairs, South Ural State University, Russia. His research interests include the field of power
electronics, motor drive systems and mechatronics.
2007 – Diploma of an engineer, Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Russia; 2012-PhD
(technical science), Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Russia; 2014 to present-Head of
the Department “Mechatronics and automation”, South Ural State University, Russia. His
research interests include the field of mechatronics and motor drive systems.
12. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2017 : 1455 – 1466
1466
2013 – Diploma of an engineer, Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Russia; 2017-PhD
(technical science), South Ural State University, Russia; 2015 to present-Lecturer of the
Department “Mechatronics and automation”, South Ural State University, Russia. His research
interests include the field of power electronics and motor drive systems.
2015 – Diploma of an engineer, Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Russia; 2017-
master's degree (technical science), South Ural State University, Russia; 2017 to present-
Lecturer of the Department “Mechatronics and automation”, South Ural State University, Russia.
Her research interests include the field of automation and control systems.