Railway terminology
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This document discusses various railway terminology including: 1. Ballast, which is material placed between crossties and sub-ballast to hold the track in line and grade, and provides structural support, drainage, and load distribution. Common types of ballast include broken stone, gravel, ashes/cinders, and sand. 2. Rails, which are rolled steel sections laid end to end in two parallel lines over sleepers to form the railway track. Common types include double headed, flat footed, and bull headed rails. 3. Sleepers, which are transverse ties that support the rails and transmit wheel loads to the ballast. They can be wooden, metal like cast iron or steel,
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• The gauge should be correct and uniform.
• The rails should be in proper level. In a straight track, two rails must be at the same
level. On curves, the outer rail should have proper super elevation and there should be
proper transition at the junction of a straight and a curve.
• The alignment should be correct i.e., it should be free from irregularities.
• The gradient should be uniform and as gentle as possible. Any change of gradient
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• The track should be resilient and elastic in order to adsorb shocks and vibrations of
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• The radii and super elevation on curves should be properly designed and maintained
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Railway track consists of several key elements to support safe and comfortable train travel. The track is laid on a prepared foundation and supported by ballast and sleepers. Rails are precisely aligned on top to provide a smooth ride. Turnouts allow trains to switch between tracks at junctions. Railway stations are where trains stop to collect and drop off passengers and cargo. Their design and layout must efficiently accommodate passenger and freight movement.
Railway and Airport Engineering
Railway Engineering:
Permanent Way, Rail Gauge, Broad Gauge, Meter Gauge, Narrow Gauge, Choice of Gauge, Uniformity of Gauge, Rails - Double headed, Bull Headed, Flat footed Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Formation, Types of sleepers, Merits and Demerits, Functions of sleepers, Requirements of good sleepers,Spacing of sleepers, Sleeper Density, Characteristics of good ballast, Capacity of a railway track, Track Fixtures and Fastening, Types of fixtures and fastening, Fish Plates, Dog Spikes, Rail Joints, Creep of Rails, Indication of Creep, Disadvantages of creep in rails, Remedies for prevention of creep, Theory of creep, Coning of Wheels, Theory of coning, Adzing of sleepers, Gradients, Grade compensation on curves, Radius and degree of curves, Super-elevation, Negative cant, Cant Deficiency, Equilibrium speed, Maximum permissible speed, Necessity of geometric design, Track defects, Transition curves, Vertical curves, Points and crossings, Types of crossings, Turnouts, Switches, Interlocking, Signalling, Classification and types of Signals, Semaphore type signal, Detonating signals, Dock signals, Shunting Signals, Warner Signals, Reception & Departure Signals, Railway Station, Purpose of a Railway Station, Site selection for Railway Stations, Track Drainage, Why Need of Proper Drainage.
Airport Engineering:
Basic Terms (AAI, ICAO, IATA), Airport System plan, Master plan, Airport Classification, Site Selection, Imaginary Surfaces, Aircraft Characteristics, Important components of Airport Layout, Runway, Runway Configuration, Runway Orientation, Factors affecting Runway Orientation, Wind Direction Indicator, Wind Rose Diagram - Type I & Type II, Basic Runway Length, Corrections for Elevation, Temperature & Gradient, Actual Runway Length, Runway Geometric (ICAO), Taxiways, Exit Taxiways, Location of Exit Taxiways, Holding Aprons, Hanger, Terminal Building, Aircraft Parking, Airport Marking & Lightning.
Railway engineering
Rail transport involves trains running along parallel steel rails called a railway or railroad. The rails are placed on a foundation of concrete or other materials and are held in place by perpendicular sleepers made of timber, concrete, or steel. Indian railways began construction in the 1850s and now consists of multiple zones with different rail gauges. Rail alignment is influenced by terrain and other factors. Rails come in different types but flat footed rails are now most common. Rail joints connect adjacent rails while sleepers support the rails and distribute weight.
Bridges, Collection by Dr. Aziz I. Abdulla
Dridge Type, history, and design criteria
Collection
By Prof. Dr. Aziz I. Abdulla
Tikrit University
CHENAB BRIDGE
The Chenab Bridge is an arch bridge under construction in India that will span the Chenab River between Bakkal and Kauri in Jammu and Kashmir. When completed, it will be 1,315 meters long with a 480 meter arch span that is 359 meters above the Chenab River. The bridge uses a large steel arch structure with approach viaducts on both sides. It is being designed and constructed to withstand heavy wind forces, seismic activity, and even blasts due to its location in a sensitive area. The Chenab Bridge will be the tallest rail bridge in India once finished.
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- 1. G. H. RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING SUBJECT:- Basic of Transportation And Its TOPIC:- Railway Terminology
- 2. RAILWAY ENGINEERING • THE BRANCH OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WHICH DEALS WITH THE DESIGN , CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE RAILWAY TRACKS FOR SAFE AND EFFICIENT MOVEMENTS OF TRAIN IS CALLED RAILWAY ENGINEERING.
- 3. RAILWAY TERMINOLOGY 1. BALLAST 2. RAILS 3. SLEEPERS 4. POINTS OF CROSSING
- 4. BALLAST • BALLAST IN RAILROAD TERMINOLOGY IS DURABLE GRANULAR MATERIAL PLACED BETWEEN THE CROSSTIE AND THE SUB BALLAST TO HOLD THE TRACK IN LINE AND GRADE. • THE PRIMARY PURPOSES OF BALLAST ARE: To provide structural support for the track, holding it in good line and surface To distribute the load evenly to the ballast and subgrade and thus help to provide stability Provide for drainage
- 5. TYPES OF BALLAST • BROKEN STONE • GRAVEL OR RIVER PEBBLES OR SHINGLE • ASHES OR CINDERS • SAND • MOORAM • KANKAR • BRICK BALLAST • BLAST FURNACE SLAG • SELECTED EARTH
- 6. BALLAST SIZE • FOR WOODEN SLEEPERS = 5.1 CM • FOR STEEL SLEEPERS = 3.8 CM • FOR UNDER SWITCHES & CROSSINGS = 2.54 CM
- 7. DOUBLE HEADED RAILS (D.H. RAIL) FLAT FOOTED RAILS (EE RAIL) BULL HEADED RAILS (B.H. RAIL) RAILS •The rolled steel sections laid end to end in two parallel lines over sleepers to form a railway track are known as rails.
- 8. 1. DOUBLE HEADED RAIL • THE RAILS HAVING THEIR FOOT OF THE SAME DIMENSIOINS ARE KNOWN AS DOUBLE HEADED RAIL (D.H).
- 9. 2. FLAT FOOTED RAILS • THE RAILS SECTION HAVING THEIR FOOT ROLLED TO A FLAT ARE KNOWN AS FLAT FOOTED RAILS.
- 10. 2. BULL HEADED RAILS • THE RAILS SECTION HAVING THEIR HEAD OF MORE DIMENSION THEN THAT OF THEIR FOOT ARE KNOWN AS BULL HEADED RAILS (B.H.).
- 11. RAIL JOINTS • FISH PLATE JOINT • FASTENERS JOINT • SLIDE CHAIRS JOINT • JUNCTION PLATE JOINT • BEARING PLATE JOINT • CHAIRS
- 12. FISH PLATE FASTEST JOINT SLIDE CHAIR JOINT JUNCTION PLATE JOINT
- 14. SLEEPERS • SLEEPERS ARE THE TRANSVERSE TIES THAT ARE LAID TO SUPPORT THE RAILS. THEY TRANSMIT WHEEL LOAD FROM THE RAILS TO THE BALLAST.
- 15. CLASSIFICATION OF SLEEPERS • WOODEN SLEEPER • METAL SLEEPER • CONCRETE SLEEPER CAST IRON SLEEPER STEEL SLEEPER REINFORCED CONCRETE SLEEPER (R.C.C) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SLEEPER
- 16. WOODEN SLEEPER METAL SLEEPER CONCRETE SLEEPER
- 17. CROSSING • A CROSSING IS A DEVICE WHICH PROVIDES TWO FLANGE WAYS THROUGH WHICH THE WHEELS OF THE FLANGES WILL MOVE, WHEN TWO RAILS INTERSECT EACH OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLE.
- 18. ACUTE ANGLE CROSSING DIAMOND CROSSING SQUARE CROSSING
- 19. THANK YOU