Spatial Data Concepts: Introduction to GIS,
Geographically referenced data, Geographic, projected
and planer coordinate system, Map projections, Plane
coordinate systems, Vector data model, Raster data
model
Data Input and Geometric transformation: Existing
GIS data, Metadata, Conversion of existing data,
Creating new data, Geometric transformation, RMS
error and its interpretation, Resampling of pixel
values.
Attribute data input and data display : Attribute data in
GIS, Relational model, Data entry, Manipulation of
fields and attribute data, cartographic symbolization,
types of maps, typography, map design, map
production
Data exploration: Exploration, attribute data query,
spatial data query, raster data query, geographic
visualization
Vector data analysis: Introduction, buffering, map
overlay, Distance measurement and map manipulation.
Raster data analysis: Data analysis environment, local
operations, neighbourhood operations, zonal
operations, Distance measure operations.
Spatial Interpolation: Elements, Global methods, local
methods, Kriging, Comparisons of different methods
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems – Definitions – History of GIS - Components of a GIS – Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods – Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data – Spatial, Attribute data- types of attributes – scales/ levels of measurements.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
Mumbai University, T.Y.B.Sc.(I.T.), Semester VI, Principles of Geographic Information System, USIT604, Discipline Specific Elective Unit 1: Introduction to GIS
Why GIS use is prevalent in natural resource management Evolution of the development of GIS technology and key figures Common spatial data collection techniques and input devices that are available Common GIS output processes that are typical in natural resource management The broad types of GIS software that are available.
The basic intention of this presentation is to help the beginners in GIS to understand what GIS is? It is a simple presentation about GIS, i mean an introductory one. Hope anyone finds it useful.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Spatial Data Concepts: Introduction to GIS,
Geographically referenced data, Geographic, projected
and planer coordinate system, Map projections, Plane
coordinate systems, Vector data model, Raster data
model
Data Input and Geometric transformation: Existing
GIS data, Metadata, Conversion of existing data,
Creating new data, Geometric transformation, RMS
error and its interpretation, Resampling of pixel
values.
Attribute data input and data display : Attribute data in
GIS, Relational model, Data entry, Manipulation of
fields and attribute data, cartographic symbolization,
types of maps, typography, map design, map
production
Data exploration: Exploration, attribute data query,
spatial data query, raster data query, geographic
visualization
Vector data analysis: Introduction, buffering, map
overlay, Distance measurement and map manipulation.
Raster data analysis: Data analysis environment, local
operations, neighbourhood operations, zonal
operations, Distance measure operations.
Spatial Interpolation: Elements, Global methods, local
methods, Kriging, Comparisons of different methods
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems – Definitions – History of GIS - Components of a GIS – Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods – Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data – Spatial, Attribute data- types of attributes – scales/ levels of measurements.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
Mumbai University, T.Y.B.Sc.(I.T.), Semester VI, Principles of Geographic Information System, USIT604, Discipline Specific Elective Unit 1: Introduction to GIS
Why GIS use is prevalent in natural resource management Evolution of the development of GIS technology and key figures Common spatial data collection techniques and input devices that are available Common GIS output processes that are typical in natural resource management The broad types of GIS software that are available.
The basic intention of this presentation is to help the beginners in GIS to understand what GIS is? It is a simple presentation about GIS, i mean an introductory one. Hope anyone finds it useful.
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
Remote sensing and GIS are two interrelated fields of geoinformatics that deal with the collection, analysis, and display of data about the earth's surface. Remote sensing is the science and technique of measuring and recording the properties of objects or phenomena without physical contact, using electromagnetic radiation (EMR) data from aircraft and satellites ¹. GIS is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing the spatial and statistical aspects of the data, using databases and visual representations ¹.
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to monitor the
(1) Remote sensing and GIS applications in earth and
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Geo-spatial analysis for effective technology targetingICRISAT
Mapping and monitoring of biophysical and socio economic characteristics of dryland cereals and grain legumes producing areas is key for developing effective targeting strategies, dissemination of new technologies and sustainable crop management and diversification options. This can help in the allocation of limited resources to achieve potential benefits and provide actionable information for decision makers.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Rahul seminar1 for_slideshare
1. GIS and it’s Applications
Name of Supervisors:
Dr. Bholanath Roy
Asst. Prof. ,Department of CSE
MANIT, Bhopal
Presented By:
Rahul Singh
Ph. D Scholar,
Department of CSE, MANIT
2. Outline
• Motivation
• Goal
• What is GIS
• Remote Sensing
• Data in GIS
• Raster Data vs Vector Data
• Types of Vector Data
• Spatial Resolution
• Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI)
• Recent works in Natural Calamities
2
3. Motivation
• According to the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations),
agriculture is the largest source of livelihoods in India. 70 percent of its rural
households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood[6].
• The agriculture sector is one of the most important industries in the Indian
economy, which means it is also a huge employer.
• Approximately 60 percent of the Indian population works in this industry,
contributing about 18 percent to India's GDP [5].
• CMIE(Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy) data from the consumer pyramid
household survey shows the share of agriculture in total employment has gone
up from 35.3% in 2017-18 to 36.1% in 2018-19 and then to 38% in 2019-20.
• Currently most of the monitoring of crops damage due to natural calamities are
manual. If modern agriculture is applied widely in the near future, millions of
farmers will be able to benefit from the acquisition of real-time farm information.3
4. Goal
• Automatic monitoring of crop damage using satellite images and IoT
sensors inputs.
• Farmers need not spend significant amount of time on acquiring farm
data and will have access to disaster warnings and weather
information when a disaster event occurs.
• Even government spends a lot of money for manual monitoring of
crops damage for compensation. and there may be some possibilities
that right persons are not getting benefit due to corruption.
4
5. What is GIS
• GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and
displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
5
6. Breaking it down
• Geographic - place on Earth, Spatial- where something is on earth ?
• Information - data (facts) put together(layering) to make sense as shown in the figure
• System – Interrelated information – Using the data to make it mean something.
6
7. Remote Sensing
• Use of Earth orbiting Satellite to capture information about the surface and atmosphere below.
• Signals transmitted to Earth receiving station where they are transformed for dissemination as digital images.
• It can be done by satellite, Aeroplane, Hot air balloon.
7
8. Data in GIS
Data in
GIS
Spatial
Vector Raster
Grid Image
Non Spatial(Attributes)
8
• Spatial data refers to the shape, size and location of the feature.
• Non- spatial data refers to other attributes associated with the feature such as name,
length, area, volume, population, soil type, etc
10. Raster vs Vector
Raster Vector
Consists matrix of cells organized into rows and
columns in which each cell represents specific
information
Storing data that has discreate boundaries
Continuous data Discrete data
Temperature, air pressure, soil PH, and distance are
some example for raster data
Administrative boarders, linear features, roads and
rivers are some examples for vector data
10
13. Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI)
• It is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyse remote
sensing measurements, and assess whether the target being
observed contains live green vegetation or not.
13
14. Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI)
• Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, absorbs visible light.
• Leaves reflect near-infrared light(NIR); this makes sense
evolutionarily-speaking because plants use only visible light for
photosynthesis.
• This means that a healthy plant with good photosynthesis activity can
be analyzed by comparing NIR with visible red light.
14
15. Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI)
NDVI=
𝑁𝐼𝑅−𝑅𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝐼𝑅+𝑅𝑒𝑑
Where red and NIR stands for
spectral reflectance measurements
acquired in the red(visible) and near
infrared regions respectively. 15
16. Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI)
• NDVI values range between -1 and 1 (due to the normalization
procedure).
• Very low values of NDVI (<0.1) correspond to barren areas of rock,
sand or snow.
• Free standing water tend to be in the very low positive to negative
values
• Soils tend to generate rather small NDVI values(0.1-0.2).
• Sparse vegetation such as shrubs and grasslands may result in
moderate NDVI values (0.2-0.5)
• These are ideal values, but it may vary season to season and location
to location.
16
17. Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI)
Ecosystem Typical NDVI values Location References
Boreal forest 0.6-0.8 Alaska Parent and verbyla,
2010
Alpine pastures 0-0.35 Italy Pettorelli et al., 2007
Temperate forest 0.3-0.7 France Pattorelli et al., 2006
Annual grassland 0.15-0.45 California Gamon et al., 1995
Coastal rainforest 0.88-0.92 Solomon Islands Garonna et al., 2009
Desert 0.06-0.12 Sinai, Egypt Dall’Olmo and
Karnieli, 2002
17
18. 10 free Sources of GIS Data
• Esri Open Data Hub.
• Natural Earth Data.
• USGS Earth Explorer.
• OpenStreetMap.
• NASA's Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)
• Open Topography.
• UNEP Environmental Data Explorer.
• NASA Earth Observations (NEO)
• Sentinel Satellite Data
• Terra Populus
18
19. Recent works in hailstone
• Title: Evaluation of Approaches to Identifying Hail Damage to
Crop Vegetation Using Satellite Imagery [1]
• examines an automated approach to detecting areas of hail damage in
satellite imagery and Remove the manual examination of normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI)
• Two techniques are evaluated:
• (i) use of an NDVI change threshold and
• (ii) detection of anomalies that occur in both daily NDVI and land
surface temperature imagery.
• The NDVI threshold performed well in the two August case studies
with a final probability of detection (POD) ranging from 0.497 to 0.647,
whereas the anomaly detection for these two case studies had a lower
POD of 0.317 to 0.587.
19
20. Recent works in hailstone
• Title: Mapping hailstorm damaged crop area using multispectral
satellite data [2]
• Using NDVI difference of pre and post-hailstorm events.
• Crop classification within hail streak was performed using a high resolution
LISSIV satellite data from IRS-Resourcesat-2.
• Changes in NDVI profile of different crops in the study area was recorded, and a
model was developed for estimating changes in NDVI due to hail damage.
• Inputs from remote sensing platforms in the event of weather extremes will not
only help in improving yield loss estimations, but also aid settlement of claims for
crop insurance.
• Data Source: LISSIV satellite data from IRS-Resourcesat-2
20
21. Recent works in hailstone
• Title: GIS-based multicriteria approach for flood risk assessment
in Sigus city, east Algeria[3].
• The proposed methodology is based on the combination of geographical
information systems (GIS) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP).
• The results show that the major part of the city is located in low-risk zones,
which are far from the main stream.
• Using ArcGIS software, the criteria weights were transformed into maps
and overlaid to produce a final map which is scaled by 05 levels of flood
vulnerability.
• Data source: large data for Sigus city, east Algeria were collected.
21
22. Recent works in hailstone
• Title: Flood disaster risk assessment based on random forest
algorithm[4]
• used ArcGIS10.1 to analyze and integrate each hazard factor into the flood
disaster report index model.
• random forest algorithm is used as the weight of each parameter of the flood
disaster index model.
• In the experimental part, this research uses layer overlay to determine the
number and types of affected areas.
• The research results show that the combination of random forest algorithm and
GIS technology is convenient for analyzing the spatial pattern and internal laws of
flood risk, and has good applicability
• Data Source: Remote sensing data mainly includes land use data, which is
obtained by unsupervised classification and interpretation of Landsat remote
sensing images in 2000 using EDRAS software
22
23. References
• [1] Bell, J. R., and A. L. Molthan, 2016: Evaluation of approaches to identifying hail damage to crop
vegetation using satellite imagery. J. Operational Meteor., 4 (11), 142 159
• [2] Mathyam Prabhakar, K.A. Gopinath , A.G.K. Reddy , M. Thirupathi , Ch. Srinivasa Rao, 2019:
“Mapping hailstorm damaged crop area using multispectral satellite data”, The Egyptian Journal of
Remote Sensing and Space Sciences.
• [3] Wail Faregh & Abdelkader Benkhaled, 2021:“GIS-based multicriteria approach for flood risk
assessment in Sigus city, east Algeria”, Arabian Journal of Geosciences.
• [4] Zijiang Zhu, Yu Zhang, 2021: “Flood disaster risk assessment based on random forest
algorithm”, Neural Computing and Applications.
• [5] https://www.statista.com/topics/4868/agricultural-sector-in-india/
• [6] https://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-a-glance/en/
23