Quorum sensing allows bacteria to communicate and coordinate behaviors based on cell population density. It involves the release and detection of signaling molecules that increase in concentration as more bacteria are present. This system regulates behaviors like biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and bioluminescence. Many human pathogens use quorum sensing to regulate virulence and form biofilms, which contribute to infection persistence. Understanding quorum sensing mechanisms in different bacteria could help develop new anti-virulence therapies that disrupt communication without killing cells, reducing resistance development.
This presentation elaborates on the process through which bacteria communicate with each other using signalling molecules which they can produce and receive.
this presentation is about reporter gene essay, its types, blue white screening and its application, Antibiotic resistance gene and Herbicide resistance markers
This presentation elaborates on the process through which bacteria communicate with each other using signalling molecules which they can produce and receive.
this presentation is about reporter gene essay, its types, blue white screening and its application, Antibiotic resistance gene and Herbicide resistance markers
This presentation talks about the molecular basis of Quorum sensing in the virulence of bacterial pathogens and the potential of quorum sensing to serve as drug target.
This presentation talks about the molecular basis of Quorum sensing in the virulence of bacterial pathogens and the potential of quorum sensing to serve as drug target.
Bacterial processes such as biofilm formation, virulence factor secretion, bioluminescence, antibiotic production, sporulation, and competence for DNA uptake are often critical for survival
However, these behaviors are seemingly futile if performed by a single bacterium acting alone. Yet, we know that bacteria perform these tasks effectively. How do bacteria manage?
We now understand that, through a process called quorum sensing, bacteria synchronously control gene expression in response to changes in cell density and species complexity.
The Gram-negative A. actinomycetemcomitans is assumed to be the primary etiologic agent of LAgP and has also been implicated in chronic periodontitis and severe non-oral infections.
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
quorum sensing and biofilms
1. 1
QUORUM SENSING AND BIOFILMS
Quorum sensing, a recent and vital discovery in the world of bacteria, is a
system of inter and intra communication between bacteria that allow
bacterial populations to collectively carry out gene expression based on
signaling and response from each other and their environment. The system is
coined “quorum sensing” because the bacteria are able to sense the
accumulation of released molecules from neighboring organisms and
determine how many cells are present around them. Afterwards they can
simultaneously determine if the cell density is substantial to carry out the
release of the wanted protein. The vibrio fischeri bacteria that are found in
the body system of squids are gram negative and use this basic signaling
system.
A single bacterium has a genetic sequence that codes for an autoinducer, or a
signaling molecule that will be released into the environment. This molecule
can vary for different types of bacteria. Gram negative bacteria, which are
typically cocci and have a thick cell wall use acyl-homoserine lactones as a
signaling molecule (AHL). They diffuse easily in and out of a bacterial cells
where they then bind to matching AHL receptors on the surfaces of other
bacteria. Once the molecule reaches a certain threshold concentration it
binds to and activates a regulatory protein. The regulatory protein then binds
to a specific site on the DNA where it initiates the sequence to create a
quorum sensing specific protein as well as more enzymes to make the AHL
molecules necessary to continue the process.
2. 2
In gram positive bacteria the autoinducer are precursor oligopeptides. The
oligopeptides are cleaved into functional signaling molecules of 10-20
amino acids. Unlike AHLs, these autoinducers cannot easily diffuse across
the membrane of the bacteria and must be exported via active transport
proteins. When the amount of oligopeptides autoinducers reach a certain
threshold amount outside of the cell, they are detected by sensors on the
outer membrane of the cell. When the oligopeptide reacts with the sensor
protein, the intracellular part of the sensor becomes phosphorylated. The
phosphate is then transferred to a response regulator protein. The response
regulator protein then allows to bind to a specific site on the DNA. It
becomes a transcription factor as it alters the transcription of target genes. In
this way quorum dependent proteins such as virulence factors are produced.
This is the intra communication system that is used by like bacteria to
establish presence of their own kind. These molecules are released and
reciprocated continuously. Each bacteria is able to send out a signals and
receive one as well. This allows each individual bacteria to count how many
other bacteria there are. Once the bacterium can assess that there is a proper
amount of other bacteria present, it can simultaneously, along with the other
bacteria emit a response such as virulence or bioluminescence
However, there is also the intra species communication system. The
universal molecule used in interspecies communication is called
autoinducer-2 or AI-2.The enzyme LuxS is responsible for creating the Al-2
molecule. The gene encoding the LuxS enzyme has been detected in 35 of
3. 3
89 sequenced bacterial genomes with little variation. The LuxS enzyme uses
the substrate dihydroxy pentanedione to create the AI-2 molecule.
In 1998, Greenberg and his colleagues first described quorum sensing in
Psuedomonas aeruginosa, a gram negative bacteria known for causing fatal
systematic disease under certain conditions. Lung infections with biofilms
including this pathogen are found in patients with cystic fibrosis. Subsequent
studies further show that the quorum-sensing circuits in P. aeruginosa or
chestrate a symphony of several virulence factors.
In Gram-positve bacteria, many virulence factors involved in
staphylococcal infections, including surface-associated adhesins, hemolysin,
toxins and autolysins, are regulated by quorum sensing via
the accessory gene regulator (agr) system.
Observed and Studied Quorum Sensing in Biofilms Examples
Campylobacter jejuni
spiral or spirochete, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria that can cause
gastroenteritis and is commonly associated with foodborne illness. The
production of AHLs has not been established in C. jejuni The enzyme LuxS
was found in C. jejuni, and an AI-2-like product has been demonstrated.
However, chemical characterization of these AI-2-like compounds has not
been done. Utilizing the M129 strain of C. jejuni, scientists demonstrated
that a mutation in the luxS gene led to a decrease in biofilm formation when
compared to the isogenic wild-type strain. Addition from the wild-type strain
M129 led to an increase in biofilm formation.
Aeromonas hydrophila
A. hydrophila is a Gram-negative rod and facultative anaerobe present in all
freshwater environments and in brackish water. Some strains of A.
hydrophila are capable of causing illness in fish and amphibians as well as in
humans, who could acquire infections through open wounds or by ingestion
of a sufficient number of the organisms in food or water. A. hydrophila also
causes infections.
The formation of mature biofilms on stainless steel coupons by A.
hydrophila required the production of C4-HSL since an ahyI (AHL
synthase) mutant lacking the ability to form C4-HSL did not produce a
mature biofilm. A mutation in the ahyR (AHL receptor) gene had no effect
4. 4
on biofilm formation. An unidentified LuxR-like receptor bound the AHL
to produce biofilm in the ahyR mutant. Thus, quorum sensing regulates
biofilm formation, and a number of researchers have shown that mutations
in flagella formation decrease biofilm formation in A. hydrophila. Although
studies have not been reported, it is probable that flagella formation in A.
hydrophila is regulated via quorum sensing.
Bacillus cereus
B. cereus is a rod-shaped facultative aerobic Gram-positive bacterium that
forms endospores and has been associated with foodborne illness. The
quorum sensing system of B. cereus consists of PlcR (the plcR gene
encodes a transcriptional regulator) and PapR (the papR gene encodes a cell-
to-cell signaling peptide) as well as the LuxS/AI-2 system A plcR-negative
mutant produces approximately 4-fold more biofilm than its isogenic wild-
type parent.
Listeria monocytogenes
L. monocytogenes is a facultative pathogenic Gram-positive coccoid rod-
shaped bacterium and the cause of listeriosis. It is associated with foods
such as milk, cheeses, ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat
sausages, raw and ready-to-eat meat and poultry, and raw and smoked fish.
Resistant to the injurious effects of freezing, drying, and heating, it is able to
grow at temperatures as low as 3°C. Biofilm formation by L.
monocytogenes has been demonstrated on polyvinyl chloride plates, glass
slides, stainless steel, polyethylene, teflon coupons, conveyer belt materials
(such as polypropylene, acetal, stainless steel), and floor drains of food
processing facilities.
While L. monocytogenes has a LuxS/AI-2 system, the luxS gene was shown
to repress biofilm formation A mutation in the luxS gene resulted in a 4-fold
thicker biofilm than in the wild type, and the addition of in vitro synthesized
AI-2 to cultures of the mutant did not repress biofilm formation . Therefore,
there is no indication that there is a quorum sensing role for AI-2 in L.
monocytogenes biofilm formation.
Little is known about possible peptide quorum sensing compounds in L.
monocytogenes. However, recent data indicate that L. monocytogenes has an
accessory gene regulator (agr) system.
There are 4 genes, agrB, agrD, agrC, and agrA, in the agr operon. There is
an approximately 62% decrease in the number of cells attached to glass
5. 5
slides with agrA and agrD deletion mutants of L. monocytogenes as
compared to the wild type . In addition, these mutants showed a 33%
decrease in the amount of biofilm formed on polystyrene during the first 24
hours. However, at 48 and 72 h, the amount of biofilm formed by the
mutants and wild type was approximately the same.
Escherichia coli
E. coli is a facultative anaerobic Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that
causes gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections. E. coli can also cause
hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and outbreaks have
been linked to contaminated water and foods such as ground beef, raw milk,
and produce. E. coli strains produce biofilms on the surfaces of glass,
stainless steel, etc. The LuxS/AI-2 system is present in E. coli
Enzymatically synthesized AI-2 increased motility and stimulated the
formation of biofilms when added to wild-type E. coli K-12 strains
Vibrio cholerae
Members of the genus Vibrio are facultative anaerobic Gram-negative
curved rod-shaped bacteria that are associated with foodborne and
waterborne diseases.V. cholerae causes cholera whereas V. vulnificus is
associated with wound infections, enteritis, bacteremia, and death in
immunocompromised individuals. A number of studies have examined
quorum sensing in vibrios. As a wound pathogen, the organism may form
biofilms in human tissue.
Biofilm formation in V. cholerae is tightly regulated and controlled by
multiple quorum sensing systems operating simultaneously to regulate the
transcription of genes involved in the production of exopolysaccharide. The
organism forms biofilms at low (rather than high) cell densities when signal
molecules have accumulated .
Furthermore, exopolysaccharide-over producing variants readily arose
during the time course of the biofilm assay, trapping smooth parental cells
within the biofilm. Mutations in hapR, a transcriptional regulator, were
responsible for enhanced biofilm formation. This suggests that at low cell
densities or early in the infection, it may be advantageous for V. cholerae to
be able to form biofilms and express virulence genes.
Role of Quorum sensing:
Quorum sensing plays an important role in biofilms. Biofilms are groups of
microorganisms that stick to each other and are frequently embedded in
6. 6
extracellular DNA, proteins and polysaccharides. The films can appear on
living or nonliving surfaces, such as a table or someone’s gums. Formation
occurs due to a number of factors including cellular recognition of specific
or non-specific attachment sites on a surface or nutritional cues. When a cell
starts growing in a biofilm, many genes are regulated differently.
Industries:
Biofilms are a major concern for the food and health industry. Human
pathogens form biofilms of food and food contact surfaces thereby
enhancing their ability to survive harsh environments, resists
antimicrobacterial treatments, and persist in the food processing
environment.
Social Interations:
The increases cell density environment of the biofilms favors chemical
signals to communicate for social interactions. Quorum sensing is used to
regulate biofilm formation and its maintenance as well as symbiosis between
species of the biofilm.
Biotechnological Applications of Quorum Quenching
Naturally occurring quorum-quenching processes are being tested as
novel antimicrobial the rapies. Over expression of aiiA in tobacco and
potato plants confers resistance to E.carotovora, which requires AHL-
controlled virulence factor expression to cause disease.
Like wise, co culture of Bacillus thuringiensis decreased
E.carotovora–mediated plant disease in an aiiA-dependent manner.
Mice treated with synthetic antagonists of S.aureus AIPs how
resistance to infection.
Similarly, purified halogenated furanones appear to attenuate
virulence of bacteria in mouse models.
These and other examples predict that inhibition of quorum sensing
which offers an attractive alternative to traditional antibiotics because
these strategies are not bactericidal and the occurrence of bacterial
resistance there fore could be reduced.
Like wise, approaches aimed at promoting bene ficia lquorum sensing
associations may enhance industrial scale production of natural or
engineered bacterial products.
7. 7
INHIBITION OF QUORUM SENSING
Inhibition of quorum sensing has been proved to be very potent
method for bacterial virulence inhibition.
Several QS inhibitors molecules has been discovered.
QS inhibitors have been synthesized and have been isolated from
several Natural extracts such as garlic extract.
QS inhibitors have shown to be potent virulence inhibitor both in in-
vitro and in-vivo, using infection animal models.
Studying the varied mechanisms of quorum sensing in biofilms allows
scientists to develop systems for disrupting the mechanism and preventing
illness and infection.
Prepared by Amjad Khan Afridi Reg:5149
Submitted to Dr. Abdul Rehman
Date: 13th October, 2016