Aeromonas spp are ubiquitous Gram negative bacilli, now a day classified within the Aeromonadaceae family. The species of this genus have long been known to cause different type of infections in fish, reptiles and amphibians, and some species mainly, A. hydrophila, A sobria and A. caviae have been described as emergent food borne pathogens implicated in human gastroenteritis ranging from mild diarrhea to chlora-like illness. Aeromonas have been reported in untreated and chlorinated drinking water, fresh food, seawater, milk, vegetable, ice cream, and several meats, including pork, beef and poultry
Aeromonas spp are ubiquitous Gram negative bacilli, now a day classified within the Aeromonadaceae family. The species of this genus have long been known to cause different type of infections in fish, reptiles and amphibians, and some species mainly, A. hydrophila, A sobria and A. caviae have been described as emergent food borne pathogens implicated in human gastroenteritis ranging from mild diarrhea to chlora-like illness. Aeromonas have been reported in untreated and chlorinated drinking water, fresh food, seawater, milk, vegetable, ice cream, and several meats, including pork, beef and poultry
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection of lung that involves the small air alveoli and the tissue around is called pneumonia.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection of lung that involves the small air alveoli and the tissue around is called pneumonia.
This lecture prepared and presented by Ph.D. students : Mohammed Mohsen and Aliaa Hashim
for communication :-
pilotmohammed82@gmail.com
aliaahashim1996@gmail.com
Bacterial pathogenesis is a complicated process. On encountering a host, pathogenic microorganisms must first adapt to life on the host surface and survive long enough to initiate an infection.
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Now a days disease is main problem in aquafarming.
In recent years ,lot of attention is being given to health management using various forms of immunoprophylactic techniques such as vaccination and immunostimulation .
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Through disease process studies ,it is very well known that a pathogen can cause disease only if it can overcome the non specific and specific defense barriers of the host and successfully establish and proliferate
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Introduction:-
Bacteria of the motile Aeromonas group occur widely in fresh and estuarine waters.They cause a
septicaemic infection in fishes and can be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms
Many motile aeromonads are psychrotrophic and such strains are capable of producing
enterotoxin and haemolysin at refrigeration temperatures It has been suggested that ingestion
of preformed toxin in food could induce gastrointestinal illness.
The pathogenic factors associated with Aeromonas are multifactorial and involve structural
components, siderophores, quorum-sensing mechanisms, secretion systems, extracellular
enzymes, and exotoxins.
motile aeromonads have the potential to contribute to their pathogenicity include the production
of endotoxins, extracellular enterotoxins, haemolysins, cytotoxins and proteases; the ability to
adhere to cells; and the possession of certain surface proteins.
3. Pathogenicity???
Pathogenicity refers to the ability of an
organism to cause disease (ie, harm the
host). This ability represents a genetic
component of the pathogen and the overt
damage done to the host is a property of
the host-pathogen interactions.
6. Virulence factors and their modes of action
Aeromonas species produce a range of extracellular proteins including
proteases, nucleases, enterotoxins,haemolysins, and cytotoxins
7.
8. 1)ENTEROTOXINS:-
These are extracellular products which may act on intestinal epithelium
Cytotonic enterotoxins
Cytotonic entertoxins stimulate cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic amp)-mediated
sequences of events in cells. Cytotonic enterotoxin causes rounding of these cells and stimulates
steroidogenesis . A heat-stable, rapidly acting permeability factor was produced by most strains of
A. Hydrophila and A. Sobria. Cytotoxic enterotoxins
Cytotoxic enterotoxins
Cell damage or death, and produce dysentery-like symptoms.. In about 20% of infections with
enterotoxigenic strains of aeromonas there are dysenteric symptoms.
Fluid accumulation due to the action of enterotoxin is considered significant if there is an
intestinal weight : body weight ratio greater than 0.8.
9. 2)Haemolysins:-
Haemolysins are cytolytic extracellular proteins which act by forming holes in cell
membranes by inserting into the lipid bilayer, thus destroying the membrane
permeability barrier.
Among the biological activities associated with purified aerolysin are elicitation
of vascular permeability at the site of injury, oedema, and necrotic and lethal
activities
the ability of haemolysin-producing bacteria to release inflammatory mediators
from various cells. The release of these inflammatory mediators may be
responsible for the increased vascular permeability and oedema formation
associated with haemolysin, and aerolysin.
10. Proteases , Haemagglutinins &
endotoxin:-
3)Proteases may contribute to pathogenicity by causing direct tissue damage or enhanced invasiveness.They
may also have an indirect effect in A. hydrophila by bringing about the proteolytic activation of the aerolysin (B-
haemolysin) precursor.
4)Haemagglutinins are the surface features on bacterial cells which permit their attachment to receptor groups
on erythrocytes, Erythrocytes from different species may be used in this technique, and information on the
nature and specificity of the receptors on the eukaryotic cell surface can be obtained by testing various sugars
for their ability to inhibit haemagglutination
5)Endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of the cell, which, in many Gram-
negative pathogens, is toxic to man and animals. Endotoxin may play an important role in infections by
opportunistic pathogens like aeromonas spp,Endotoxin is much more heat-stable than protein toxins, and
consists of polysaccharide side chains, core polysaccharide, and lipid A, which is the component which confers
toxicity to the complex.
11. Commomn features of pathogenicity:-
40 Aeromonas strains from fishes showed that most of them were haemolytic.
Most of the strains studied produced haemolysin, protease, lecithinase, lipase and DNase.
Combinations of the inhibition patterns, thermostabilities and serological characteristics of the
proteases of motile Aeromonas species and of A. salmonicida were compared. Two distinct types
of extracellular proteases were found:
1. thermostable metallo-protease (TSMP), sensitive to EDTA and stable on heating at 56°C for 30
min, and
2. thermolabile serine protease (TLSP), sensitive to PMSF and to heating at 56°C for 30 min
Of 47 strains tested, 27 produced both proteases, 19 produced only TSMP, and one produced
only TLSP (which is the major protease in A. salmonicida)
12. The role of attachment in pathogenesis:-
The ability to attach to host cells allows for the maximum effect of any toxins that an organism
may produce, and is a prerequisite for successful invasion. Where bacteria produce enterotoxins
which cause excessive secretion of water and electrolytes from the mucosa of the small bowel,
colonization factor antigens (CFAs) which permit specific adhesion of pathogens to target cells,
are equally important virulence factors.
Ability of bacteria to agglutinate erythrocytes is a simple method of detecting whether bacteria
can attach to cells of potential host species. Found evidence for a variety of attachment
mechanisms in Aeromonas strains.
13. Type iii secretion system:-
strains possess a type III secretion system (T3SS), which enables many pathogenic gram-negative
81 bacteria to secrete and inject pathogenicity proteins (effectors) into the cytosol of eukaryotic
cells via 82 needle-like structures called needle complexes or inject isomes. T3SS was first
identified in pathogenic 83 strains of Yersinia spp. (Michiels et al. 1990). In Aeromonas T3SS has
been identified in A. 84 salmonicida, A. caviae, A. veronii bv. Sobria and A. hydrophila . Since this
mechanism correlates with bacterial pathogenicity, its presence is used as a general 86 indicator
of bacterial virulence.
14.
15.
16. Pathogenecity of A. hydrophila:-
A. hydrophila strains with enhanced virulence for fish showed serum resistance, autoaggregation, and
serotypic properties suggesting that their surface structure, especially the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
differed from that of other strains. These strains had distinct morphological and antigenic properties ,
ECPs of two A. hydrophila strains: one virulent, and one weakly virulent for fish. The less virulent strain
showed 20-fold greater production of haemolysin and eight-fold greater production of enterotoxin than
the virulent strain, while both produced equal amounts of a dermonecrotic factor. Purified haemolysin was
found to be non-toxic for fish. virulence to fish in vivo indicated that 8-haemolysin, though toxic, does not
play a role in the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila infection.
A. hydrophila produces and exports haemolysin in an inactive form which it is processed extracellularly by
protease to the active form. Another role is to facilitate the access of other enzymes to their targets. Thus
mutations in protease activity may affect the activity of haemolysin and other toxins and may indirectly
affect virulence determinations.
17. Surface layer:-
The surface array matrix i.e, surface structure of A. hydrophila influence the interaction between
bacterial cell and its environment.
Adhesins
Pathogen shows chemotaxis towards gut (mucus) and the pathogen has the ability to attch
selected host cell like erythrocytes, and tissue proteins like collagen, fibronectin, glycoprotein
and serum proteins by action of adhesins. (43kDa) shown to have high homology to two OMPs
appear to be extremely selective, recognising D-mannose & L-fructose side chain on polymers
located on the surface of eukaryotic cell.this seems to be important in invasion of epithelial cells
invitro.
Extracellular products(ecp)
Enzymes – hemolysin, protease, 64kDa serine protease, metallo protease , acetylcholinesterase
(15.5 kDapp) Isolates with aerolysins(aerA), cytotoxic enterotoxins (alt) and serine protease
genes were most frequently virulent with LD50.
18. Aerolysin:-
Aerolysin is a soluble, hydrophilic protein which is exported from A. hydrophila as an inactive protoxin
which is subsequently reactivated by the removal of 25 amino acids
This small domain apparently prevents aggregation of the aerolysin molecules. There are at least
three stages in the disruption of erythrocytes by aerolysin.
1. Binding-both the protoxin and aerolysin can bind to receptors on the cell surface. The receptor for
aerolysin in the rat RBC membrane is glycophorin, a glycoprotein which spans the RBC membrane and
has an internal hydrophobic end which reacts with membrane lipids, and an external nhydrophilic end
exposed to the external environment. It has attached oligosaccharides at the outer surface of the
membrane.
2. Aggregation of toxin-after binding the active form can aggregate rapidly to form discrete holes 2
nm in diameter.
3. The state which results in cell disruption. This stage is still somewhat unclear. The aggregation may
be necessary to ‘generate a conformation or expose a domain’ which will allow penetration of the
lipid bilayer
19. Pathogenicity of a. jandeii:-
Possible ecp activity which was equated with production of caseinase, collagenase, elastase,
protease, lipase and haemolysins.
Pathogenicity of A. sorbia
Role of caseinase, haemolysins and cytotoxins, enterotoxins, haemaggultinins, etc
20. Pathogeneicity of A. salamonicida:-
Possesion of an extra cellular (A) layer, a type III secretion system and production of ECP.
A layer
A layer is thought to be product of single chromosomal gene invivo. With a virulence array
protein gene A (vap A) . A layer have an insulin binding capacity may confer protection against
phagocytosis thus destruction by macrophages.
It also constitute a macromolecular refractive protein barrier essential for virulence.
Hydrophobic A layer provides an affinity to bind fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.
A layer constitute first line defence defence for A.salmonicida .
21. Outer membrane proteins:-
76 unique proteins identified including dominant S layer Vap proteins , 10 porins ,
phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase and receptors involved in nutrient acquisition.
Capsule formation which help in adherence to the host.
Haemeaggultinins
Adhesins
22. Extracellular products:-
ADP ribosyltransferase toxin(AexT) acetylcholinoestearase, several protease like two
metalloprotease i,e 37kDa leucine aminopeptidase and 30kDa metalloprotease 3.
70kDa serine protease, 56kDa haemolysins and 100kDa unidentified proteins in the ECP.
Metallo caseinase (AsaP1 ) linled with lethal toxicity of A. salmonicida.
LPS free phospholipase help in injection
23. Scavenging for iron
It successfully scavenge for iron in iron limited condition there is an evidence of production of
IROMP
A layer were capable of sequestering iron. As it has a iron uptake mechanism from host cell,
being a binding site of porphyrins.