This document discusses quantum cryptography and its advantages over classical cryptography. It introduces the key distribution problem in classical cryptography. Quantum cryptography uses principles of quantum mechanics like quantum bits that cannot be copied and photon polarization to securely distribute keys. The document describes the BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution where Alice and Bob use different polarization bases to generate a random key and detect eavesdropping. While promising, challenges remain in scaling the technology to longer distances and developing affordable devices.
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication. For example, it is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum state changes the state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.
PUT my all effort to make quantum cryptography easily understandable by the help of basics n videos.Its enough to give you better knowledge about quantum cryptography. Its really interesting topic ;).
The role of quantum cryptography in today's world and how it was used in the 2003 fifa world cup and the advances quantum cryptography is making in providing security and showing that how it is next step in the security world.
A brief presentation on Position-Based, Device-Independent and Post Quantum Cryptographies. Detailing Position-Based QC, defining Device-Independent QC and discussing Post Device-Independent.
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication. For example, it is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum state changes the state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.
www.lifein01.com - for more info
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best-known example of quantum cryptography is a quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. The advantage lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication. It is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state.
Quantum Key Distribution Meetup Slides Kirby Linvill
** Note: there is an updated version of the slide deck at https://www.slideshare.net/KirbyLinvill/quantum-key-distribution-meetup-slides-updated. The updates are minor (the bloch sphere in this presentation is incorrectly labelled) and the bulk of the content remains the same **
Slides from a talk on Quantum Key Distribution presented to the Silicon Valley Cyber Security Meetup group. This talk covered a basic intuitive description of the BB84 protocol as well as brief notes on current QKD techniques and vulnerabilities that leave them hackable if not crackable. These slides prioritize conveying intuitive understanding over exact implementation details so some details of the BB84 protocol are different (e.g. using qubit bases rather than polarization bases) or glossed over.
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication. For example, it is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum state changes the state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.
PUT my all effort to make quantum cryptography easily understandable by the help of basics n videos.Its enough to give you better knowledge about quantum cryptography. Its really interesting topic ;).
The role of quantum cryptography in today's world and how it was used in the 2003 fifa world cup and the advances quantum cryptography is making in providing security and showing that how it is next step in the security world.
A brief presentation on Position-Based, Device-Independent and Post Quantum Cryptographies. Detailing Position-Based QC, defining Device-Independent QC and discussing Post Device-Independent.
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. Currently used popular public-key encryption and signature schemes can be broken by quantum adversaries. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication. For example, it is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum state changes the state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.
www.lifein01.com - for more info
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best-known example of quantum cryptography is a quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. The advantage lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical communication. It is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state.
Quantum Key Distribution Meetup Slides Kirby Linvill
** Note: there is an updated version of the slide deck at https://www.slideshare.net/KirbyLinvill/quantum-key-distribution-meetup-slides-updated. The updates are minor (the bloch sphere in this presentation is incorrectly labelled) and the bulk of the content remains the same **
Slides from a talk on Quantum Key Distribution presented to the Silicon Valley Cyber Security Meetup group. This talk covered a basic intuitive description of the BB84 protocol as well as brief notes on current QKD techniques and vulnerabilities that leave them hackable if not crackable. These slides prioritize conveying intuitive understanding over exact implementation details so some details of the BB84 protocol are different (e.g. using qubit bases rather than polarization bases) or glossed over.
Criptografía cuántica - fundamentos, productos y empresasSoftware Guru
La criptografía cuántica es una de las joyas de la corona del cómputo cuántico. Además de conocerse a detalle el fundamento teórico de los protocolos de esta disciplina, se ha hecho investigación experimental por más de dos décadas y, como resultado, existen ya equipos de criptografía cuántica que se pueden comprar e instalar bajo la lógica de cualquier producto comercial.
En esta plática, titulada “Criptografía cuántica - fundamentos, productos y empresas”, el Dr Venegas Andraca dará una introducción concisa a los protocolos de criptografía cuántica BB84 y EK91, describirá las ventajas que estos protocolos tienen respecto de protocolos populares de criptografía convencional, expondrá las restricciones tecnológicas de BB84 y EK91, presentará los equipos de criptografía cuántica disponibles en el mercado y dará un análisis sucinto de las estimaciones de crecimiento comercial de esta disciplina.
Quantum cryptography can, in principle, provide unconditional security guaranteed by the law of physics only. Here, we survey the theory and practice of the subject and highlight some recent developments.
It has long been realized that the mathematical core of Bell's theorem is essentially a classical probabilistic proof that a certain distributed computing task is impossible: namely, the Monte Carlo simulation of certain iconic quantum correlations. I will present a new and simple proof of the theorem using Fourier methods (time series analysis) which should appeal to probabilists and statisticians. I call it Gull's theorem since it was sketched in a conference talk many years ago by astrophysicist Steve Gull, but never published. Indeed, there was a gap in the proof.
The connection with the topic of this session is the following: though a useful quantum computer is perhaps still a dream, many believe that a useful quantum internet is very close indeed. The first application will be: creating shared secret random cryptographic keys which, due to the laws of physics, cannot possibly be known to any other agent. So-called loophole-free Bell experiments have already been used for this purpose.
Like other proofs of Bell's theorem, the proof concerns a thought experiment, and the thought experiment could also in principle be carried out in the lab. This connects to the concept of functional Bell inequalities, whose application in the quantum research lab has not yet been explored. This is again a task for classical statisticians to explore.
R.D. Gill (2022) Gull's theorem revisited, Entropy 2022, 24(5), 679 (11pp.)
https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/24/5/679
https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00719
NB: This is a preliminary version, superceded by my next upload. It has long been realized that the mathematical core of Bell's theorem is essentially a classical probabilistic proof that a certain distributed computing task is impossible: namely, the Monte Carlo simulation of certain iconic quantum correlations. I will present a new and simple proof of the theorem using Fourier methods (time series analysis) which should appeal to probabilists and statisticians. I call it Gull's theorem since it was sketched in a conference talk many years ago by astrophysicist Steve Gull, but never published. Indeed, there was a gap in the proof.
The connection with the topic of this session is the following: though a useful quantum computer is perhaps still a dream, many believe that a useful quantum internet is very close indeed. The first application will be: creating shared secret random cryptographic keys which, due to the laws of physics, cannot possibly be known to any other agent. So-called loophole-free Bell experiments have already been used for this purpose.
Like other proofs of Bell's theorem, the proof concerns a thought experiment, and the thought experiment could also in principle be carried out in the lab. This connects to the concept of functional Bell inequalities, whose application in the quantum research lab has not yet been explored. This is again a task for classical statisticians to explore.
Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Facts and Myths Ahmed Banafa
The biggest danger to Blockchain networks from quantum computing is its ability to break traditional encryption . Google sent shock waves around the internet when it was claimed, had built a quantum computer able to solve formerly impossible mathematical calculations–with some fearing crypto industry could be at risk . Google states that its experiment is the first experimental challenge against the extended Church-Turing thesis — also known as computability thesis — which claims that traditional computers can effectively carry out any “reasonable” model of computation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A SURVEY ON QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION PROTOCOLSijcsa
Quantum cryptography is based on quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It allows two
parties to produce a shared random bit string known only to them. These random bits can be used as a key
to encrypt and decrypt messages. The most important and unique property of quantum cryptography is the
ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of
the key. It is based on fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. By using quantum entanglement or
quantum super positions and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be
implemented which detects eavesdropping. Quantum cryptography is used to produce and distribute a key,
not to transmit any message data. This key along with certain encryption algorithm, is used to encrypt (and
decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. This paper
concentrates on comparison between classical and quantum cryptography as well as survey on various
quantum key distribution protocols used to generate and distribute the key among communicating parties.
2. • Classical Cryptography
• Introduction to Quantum cryptography-
• Classical Cryptography and Key Distribution Problem.
• Quantum Communication .
• Elements of Quantum Theory
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• Quantum Key Distribution .
• Detecting Eavesdropper
• Technical Challenges of QKD
4. Symmetric Algorithm
Usually use same key for encryption and decryption.
Require sender and receiver to agree on a key before
they communicate securely.
Encryption key can be calculated from decryption
key and vice versa
Security lies with the key.
Also called secret key algorithms, singlekey
algorithms, or one-key algorithms
Example: DES (1977), Triple DES (1998),AES
5.
6. Asymmetric Algorithm
Use different keys for encryption and decryption.
Decryption key cannot be calculated from the
encryption key
Anyone can use the key to encrypt data and send it to
the host; only the host can decrypt the data
Also known as public key algorithms
Example: Diffie-Hellman (1976) RSA (1977)
7.
8. Vulnerabilities/Weakness to the
modern/classical cryptography
There are three main problems with encryption
schemes
-first is key distribution
-the second is key management
-Thirdly as computing power increases, and new
classical computational techniques are developed,
the length of time that a message can be considered
secure will decrease, and numerical keys will no
longer be able to provide acceptable levels of secure
communications
9. Key Distribution Problem
How to communicate the key securely between two
pair of users.
it is not possible to check whether this medium was
intercepted – and its content copied – or not.
Public key cryptography came as a solution to this,
but these too are slow and cannot be used to encrypt
large amount of data
10. Elements of Quantum Theory
Light waves are made up of millions of discrete
quanta called Photons
They are massless and have energy, momentum
and angular momentum called spin.
Spin carries the polarization.
11. Quantum Communication
The Classical World
- Bits either 0 or 1.
- Bits can be copied.
- Bits can be observed without changing them. (So, eavesdropping cannot
be detected in classical cryptosystems.)
Quantum Bits
- A quantum bit (qubit) can be 0 or 1 at the same time.
- It can not be copied (no cloning theorem).
- Its state will collapse if it is observed (measured).
If a qubit can be 0 or 1 at the same time, how many values can n qubits
have at the same time ?
12. Quantum Communication
Quantum cryptography solves the key distribution problem by
allowing the exchange of a cryptographic key between two
remote parties with absolute security, guaranteed by the laws
of physics.
Quantum Communication is based on two features of
Quantum mechanisms and photons.
-State indeterminancy based on Heisenberg principle .
-Entangled based protocols that means two entities can be
defined such that their properties are entangled altering one
effects the value of other.
13. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
For any two observable properties linked together
like mass and momentum
• According to the principle two interrelated properties
cannot be measured individually without affecting the
other.
• Measuring the state of photon will affect it value
18. Detecting Eavesdroppers
To check for the presence of eavesdropping Alice and
Bob now compare a certain subset of their remaining
bit strings.
If any interceptor has gained any information about
the photons polarization, this will have introduced
errors in Bobs' measurements
If more than p bits differ they abort the key and try
again, possibly with a different quantum channel, as
the security of the key cannot be guaranteed.
21. Implementing Quantum
Cryptography(Real Case)
BBN, Harvard, and Boston University built the DARPA quantum network,
the world’s first network that delivers end-to-end network security via
high-speed quantum key distribution, and tested that network against
sophisticated eavesdropping attacks.
For the Bank of Austria, the novel technology was demonstrated by the
group of Professor Anton Zeilinger, Vienna University in collaboration with
the group Quantum Technologies of Seibersdorf research.
The bank transfer was initiated by Vienna’s Mayor Dr. Michael Haupl, and
executed by the director of the Bank Austria Creditanstalt, Dr. Erich.
The information was sent via a glass fiber cable from the Vienna City
Hall to the Bank Austria Creditanstalt branch office “Schottengasse”.
22. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF QKD AND
FUTURE DIRECTION
One of the challenges for the researchers, is distance
limitation.Currently, quantum key distribution
distances are limited to tens of kilometers because of
optical amplification destroys the qubit state.
Also to develop optical device capable of generating,
detecting and guiding single photons; devices that
are affordable within a commercial environment .
Also users need reassurance not only that QKD is
theoretically sound, but also that it has been securely
implemented by the vendors.
23. Summary
Realization of practical quantum information
technologies can not be accomplished without
involvement of the network research community.
The advances in computer processing power and the
threat of limitation for today’s cryptography systems
will remain a driving force in the continued research
and development of quantum cryptography.
The technology has the potential to make a valuable
contribution to the network security among
government, businesses, and academic environment.
24. Future Prospects
Ground-to-satellite, satellite-to-satellite links
General improvement with evolving qubit-handling
techniques, new detector technologies