Qualitative psycho social research
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Qualitative psychosocial research aims to understand how people think, feel, and behave in natural settings. It focuses on understanding unique characteristics of individuals and groups and the meanings they attribute to life experiences. This is done through approaches like nomothetic, idiographic, and hermeneutic methods. The research process involves planning studies, collecting data through methods like interviews and observations, analyzing documents and qualitative data, and generating explanations rather than generalizing to populations. The goal is in-depth understanding rather than description.
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This document discusses the treatment of psychiatric disorders through pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and somatic treatments. It focuses on the role of medications in treating various conditions like mood disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety, sleep disorders, substance use disorders, and others. It provides details on specific drug classes and examples used to treat each condition. It also covers electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and discusses what it is, how it works, when it may be used, potential side effects, and the ECT administration and recovery process. Psychotherapies are also mentioned as important treatment options.
Biostatistics ii
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiological measurement including rates, ratios, proportions, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. It defines rates as a measure of risk that expresses the number of events over time in a population. Rates can be crude, specific, or standardized. Ratios compare two quantities, while proportions express a part of a whole as a percentage. Sensitivity measures the ability to correctly identify those with a disease, while specificity measures the ability to correctly identify those without disease. Predictive values reflect the diagnostic accuracy of a test based on its sensitivity, specificity, and disease prevalence.
Mental health issues during global pandemic
This document discusses mental health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that while COVID-19 is highly contagious, it has a relatively low fatality rate. It then identifies groups that are more vulnerable to mental health issues during the pandemic, including healthcare workers, those with pre-existing conditions, and the general population. It lists potential stressors such as lifestyle changes, fear of infection, and lack of treatment. The document recommends increasing physical and emotional reserves, reducing emotional reactions, spreading positive messages, and ensuring adequate rest, diet and activities to cope with mental health challenges during this time.
Ocd ppt
1) Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that are time-consuming and cause distress. Common obsessions include thoughts of contamination, doubts, and forbidden or disturbing images. Common compulsions include cleaning, checking, and rituals.
2) OCD has a lifetime prevalence of 2-3% and typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood. It is chronic without treatment and causes impairment in daily functioning. Neuroimaging studies implicate areas like the orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate, and thalamus.
3) Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy, specifically exposure and response prevention, along with antidepressant
Amisulpride@ use in psychotic illnesses
Amisulpride is an antipsychotic drug introduced in the 1990s to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It works as a partial dopamine agonist at low doses and antagonist at high doses. Studies have found amisulpride to be similarly effective as risperidone and olanzapine for schizophrenia but with less weight gain and metabolic side effects. Network meta-analyses of oral antipsychotics place amisulpride as comparable to other drugs for efficacy but more tolerable in terms of side effects. Amisulpride is recommended for its metabolic benefits when treating negative symptoms, as augmentation for clozapine, and for its low risk of diabetes, dyslipidemia
Online psychotherapy
Online psychotherapy has shown effectiveness that is comparable to in-person psychotherapy. Several studies have found medium effect sizes for online interventions for various psychiatric disorders. While there are challenges like lack of nonverbal cues, benefits include increased accessibility, lower costs, and flexibility. More research is still needed directly comparing online and in-person psychotherapy.
Clock face drawing test
The document discusses the clock face drawing test, which was originally developed in the early 1900s to evaluate soldiers with head injuries. It requires skills such as following directions, language comprehension, visualizing orientation, motor coordination, conceptualization, and number sequencing. Abnormal results on the clock drawing test can indicate issues with fronto-temporo-parietal functioning and constructional apraxia. It is also useful as an early screening test for cognitive impairment and dementia, as sensitivity and specificity rates for detecting dementia range from 36-75% and 72-98%, respectively. There are various scoring systems that can be used to evaluate clock drawings.
Identification of psychiatric disorders in primary care settings
This document provides an overview of psychiatric disorders and their identification in primary care settings. It discusses common psychiatric conditions like mood disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. It outlines factors like biological, psychological, and socio-cultural elements that can contribute to developing a psychiatric disorder. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment in primary care is highlighted. Symptoms of psychiatric disorders that can present in primary care are described. Two case vignettes of patients presenting with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression are then summarized. Key issues from each case are discussed.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms like apathy and anhedonia, as well as cognitive and affective symptoms. It has a prevalence of around 1% globally and typically onset is in young adulthood. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like antipsychotic medications and biological therapies combined with psychological interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy and social skills training. Prognosis depends on factors like comorbidities, with about a third of people experiencing a good response to treatment.
Approach to a case of personality disorder
Dr. Sujit Kumar Kar discusses the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders. He notes that personality disorders involve enduring and inflexible patterns of inner experiences and behaviors that deviate from cultural expectations. These patterns manifest in at least two of four domains - cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control. Assessment involves collecting information from the individual, family, friends, and other sources to evaluate functioning in these domains. The enduring patterns must cause clinically significant distress or impairment and be stable over time to meet the criteria for a personality disorder diagnosis.
Emerging trends in brain stimulation
The document discusses various newer neuromodulation methods for treating psychiatric disorders such as magnetic seizure therapy, transcranial alternating current stimulation, transcranial random noise stimulation, optogenetics, thermal stimulation, auricular stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, transcranial ultrasound, and chemical stimulation. It provides details on the mechanisms of each method and reviews evidence from human and animal studies. Applications for several of these newer neuromodulation methods in clinical settings like depression, schizophrenia, cognitive enhancement, pain, and epilepsy are also mentioned.
Understanding personality disorders
The document discusses personality disorders and their assessment and management. It defines personality disorders as enduring patterns of inner experiences and behaviors that deviate from cultural expectations. It outlines structural and topographic theories of personality and psycho-sexual development. Factors influencing personality include biological, psychological, and socio-cultural elements. The document describes features of personality disorders including inflexible patterns across life domains that cause distress and impairment. Assessment involves history, clinical interviews, and projective tests. Management can include limited pharmacological interventions for specific symptoms, as well as various psychotherapies.
EEG basics for mental health professionals
EEG basics for Mental Health Professionals provides an overview of EEG (electroencephalography). Some key points covered include:
- Hans Berger invented EEG in 1924 to study how the brain and mind interact with the outside world.
- EEG involves recording the spontaneous electrical activity generated by cortical neurons via electrodes placed on the scalp. These detect extracellular electrical fields from action potentials and synaptic activity.
- The international 10-20 system is commonly used for electrode placement. It allows recording of brain activity from different regions.
- EEG is used to examine background brainwave activity, symmetry between brain hemispheres, abnormal electrical discharges, and artifacts. This can provide information relevant to conditions like epilepsy,
Neuroimaging basics
The document discusses the history and development of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It notes that Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan McLeod Cormack independently developed the first CT scanner and won the Nobel Prize in 1979 for this work. CT scans use X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body, and results are measured using Hounsfield units. MRI uses radio waves and strong magnetic fields to form images, and was pioneered by Paul Lauterbur. Both CT and MRI are important medical imaging techniques that can detect various brain abnormalities.
National mental health program
The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) was introduced in India in 1982 to provide mental healthcare across hospital, rehabilitation, and community settings. It aimed to prevent and treat mental disorders, apply mental health principles to improve overall health, and ensure minimum mental healthcare is available to all. Key factors leading to its development included WHO recommendations and community mental health projects demonstrating the feasibility of integrating services. The District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) was added in 1996 to decentralize services and provide basic mental healthcare in communities to reduce stigma and the burden on hospitals. It has now expanded to over 240 districts across India.
Disaster & mental health
This document discusses the types and impacts of natural and man-made disasters, who they affect, and the roles of first responders. Disasters can be sudden, intense events that disrupt infrastructure and diminish resources for individuals, families, communities and larger regions. They pose both short and long-term health risks, especially for vulnerable groups like children and under-resourced communities. First responders come from various government and non-government organizations who work to prepare for, respond to, and aid in long-term recovery from disasters through services, assessment, referral and rebuilding coordination over time.
Understanding stress
Stress occurs due to events beyond our control like frustrations, other people's behavior, work, health issues, and misunderstandings. The severity of the anxiety and emotional response to stress depends on how severe the stress is and an individual's ability to handle stress. Psychological interventions target stress through rational thinking and being flexible. The response to stress involves changes in neurophysiology and hormones like cortisol. There are three components to the psychological response to stress: an emotional response with physical symptoms, a coping strategy, and defense mechanisms. Coping strategies like problem solving or reducing emotions can be healthy or maladaptive like substance abuse. Defense mechanisms are unconscious responses used in stressful situations like repression, denial, or projection. Stress can lead
rTMS in OCD
This document discusses repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a potential treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It summarizes that rTMS targeting areas of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, which is hyperactive in OCD patients, shows promise in reducing symptoms. Specifically, low-frequency rTMS of the orbitofrontal cortex and supplementary motor area, as well as high-frequency rTMS of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex may produce response rates of 35-50% according to clinical studies. The document provides guidance on localizing and stimulating the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as one region that shows reduced connectivity
Depression
Dr. Sujit Kumar Kar discusses depression, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points include:
- Depression is one of the most common psychiatric illnesses worldwide, affecting people of all ages, races and genders. It causes significant psychological distress and reduces quality of life.
- Symptoms include sadness, loss of interest, low energy, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating and recurrent thoughts of death.
- Depression has biological causes like changes in brain chemistry and genetics, as well as psychosocial factors like stressful life events, substance abuse and medical illnesses.
- Treatment involves medication like antidepressants, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Proper treatment
Cognitive behavior therapy - basics
Psychological distress is caused by the way people interpret, make sense of, and react to situations. The cognitive-behavioral model introduced by Aaron Beck in 1976 views psychological distress as stemming from negative biases in thinking and behavior. Cognitive-behavioral interventions aim to correct these negative biases at different cognitive levels, from core beliefs and assumptions to automatic thoughts, in order to improve thoughts, feelings, physical sensations, and behavior.
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Qualitative psycho social research
- 1. QUALITATIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH Sujit Kumar Kar Associate Professor of Psychiatry King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
- 2. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY: AIMS To scrutinize how people think, feel or behave To find out factors that influence people’s thinking, feeling and behaviour Exploring what meanings people attribute to things Examining, how ideas, events and things are presented in language and made sense Consequences of how people think, feel or behave
- 3. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Asking questions or making predictions about how things work • Research questions & hypothesis • Theories • Selection of research methods according to research questions Gathering evidences in the form of data • Numerical or quantitative data • Qualitative data Generating and evaluating explanations of how things work
- 4. Data – evidences we gather to answer the research questions Hypothesis – predictions that we make about the possible answer to the research questions Theories – reasons which generate certain research questions and also predict certain answers Theories are the explanation of things that we are researching
- 5. TYPES OF RESEARCH Three broad research paradigms Quantitative research Qualitative research Mixed research – (both qualitative and quantitative)
- 7. PSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH Psychosocial research is the resultant of the blending between the research dimensions Psychological aspects Social aspects
- 8. DESIGNING PSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH: STEPS Planning the experiment Observational studies / questionnaire studies/ psychometrics/ interviews/ case studies and ethnography Analyzing the documents Gathering the data Analysis of the data
- 9. Approaches of conducting psychosocial research Nomothetic method Idiographic method Hermeneutic method Hayes (2000) “Doing Psychological Research: Gathering and Analyzing Data
- 10. NOMOTHETIC APPROACH The focus is on large group of people sharing or following a common law and having a unique pattern of characteristics, that is applicable for each individual entities of the group Derived from the Greek word “Nomos” means laws
- 11. IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH The focus is on detailed evaluation of the unique characteristics of the individuals Derived from Greek word “Idios” means private or personal
- 12. HERMENEUTIC APPROACH It focuses upon the meanings In this approach, meanings of life experience, meaning at different levels of consciousness of mind, meanings of different social or political or cultural phenomenon are evaluated
- 13. WHAT IT MEANS TO YOU?
- 18. QUALITATIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH The characteristic features about qualitative psychosocial research are – It is naturalistic – the psychosocial domains to studied in a natural setting, inductive – non-evaluative and holistic. The focus of understanding is – the unique characteristics of groups or individuals and the meanings that they attribute to different life experiences or events. Qualitative research also aims at understanding the study population, rather than generalizing it. Qualitative research is less descriptive and more intense than quantitative research.
- 20. REFERENCES Doing qualitative research in psychology- A practical guide. Editor- Forrester, M. 2010. Sage Publications.