Q3L04 - Cognitive Dissonance
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1. Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when a person holds two or more inconsistent cognitions. 2. Leon Festinger's theory proposed that people seek to reduce dissonance by changing their cognitions to make them more consistent. 3. Festinger's 1959 experiment found that students who were paid $1 to lie about a boring task came to believe the task was interesting, while those paid $20 did not, in order to reduce dissonance between their actions and attitudes.
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Cognitive dissonance topic 5 presentation
Cognitive Dissonance Theory proposes that individuals experience discomfort when their beliefs and actions are inconsistent, motivating them to change their beliefs or actions to reduce discomfort. The theory was developed by psychologist Leon Festinger and remains popular among psychologists and communication scholars, though it was initially disputed. While the theory can explain behavior changes, critics argue it does not always accurately predict changes in attitudes or actions.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people experience psychological discomfort from inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors. There are three main hypotheses for reducing dissonance: 1) selective exposure to ideas consistent with existing beliefs, 2) increased justification of decisions after making them, and 3) changing attitudes to align with new behaviors undertaken with effort. Dissonance is caused by psychological need for consistency rather than logical inconsistency. Reducing dissonance can involve denial, forgetfulness, self-affirmation or changing attitudes. Persuaders can bypass dissonance by developing good relationships and providing minimal encouragement for new behaviors.
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- Find positive qualities in the person and focus on those to reduce dissonance between our negative attitude and positive cognition. For example, acknowledging their kindness or work ethic.
- Interact with the person in cooperative ways to experience dissonance from our negative attitude and cooperative behavior. Our attitude may then shift to align with the cooperative behavior.
- Seek to understand the person's perspective through listening to reduce dissonance between an overly negative view of them and understanding their experiences shape them. Greater understanding can lead to more positive attitudes.
- Spend time with the
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Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people experience psychological discomfort from holding contradictory cognitions, or beliefs, and they are motivated to reduce this discomfort through various dissonance reduction strategies. When making decisions between alternatives, people experience more dissonance the more similar the alternatives are. After deciding, dissonance can be reduced by evaluating the chosen alternative more positively and the rejected one less positively. An experiment found that participants who were paid $1 to lie about an activity experienced more dissonance than those paid $20, supporting that justification of one's actions lowers dissonance.
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Cognitive Dissonance
Leon Festinger recognized cognitive dissonance, an inconsistency between one's actions and beliefs, which causes psychological discomfort. To alleviate this dissonance, people will change their belief, change their action, or change their perception of the action. However, salespeople, politicians, and others can manipulate cognitive dissonance to influence behavior, such as charities showing realistic disaster images to increase donations or politicians appealing to post-election party allegiance. While cognitive dissonance theory explains human sensitivity to inconsistencies, some scholars argue it may not reflect how little people consciously think about inconsistencies.
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Cognitive dissonance topic 5 presentation
Cognitive Dissonance Theory proposes that individuals experience discomfort when their beliefs and actions are inconsistent, motivating them to change their beliefs or actions to reduce discomfort. The theory was developed by psychologist Leon Festinger and remains popular among psychologists and communication scholars, though it was initially disputed. While the theory can explain behavior changes, critics argue it does not always accurately predict changes in attitudes or actions.
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Consequences Of Forced Compliance
- Find positive qualities in the person and focus on those to reduce dissonance between our negative attitude and positive cognition. For example, acknowledging their kindness or work ethic.
- Interact with the person in cooperative ways to experience dissonance from our negative attitude and cooperative behavior. Our attitude may then shift to align with the cooperative behavior.
- Seek to understand the person's perspective through listening to reduce dissonance between an overly negative view of them and understanding their experiences shape them. Greater understanding can lead to more positive attitudes.
- Spend time with the
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This document discusses subliminal messaging and advertising. It explains that subliminal messages are hidden messages that influence people's subconscious minds without their conscious awareness. The document notes that while subliminal advertising was common in the mid-20th century, it was banned in the 1970s because people were concerned it could wrongly influence their brains. Subliminal messages can be delivered through various senses like sight, sound, and smell to subtly influence consumer behavior and opinions.
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Leon Festinger recognized cognitive dissonance, an inconsistency between one's actions and beliefs, which causes psychological discomfort. To alleviate this dissonance, people will change their belief, change their action, or change their perception of the action. However, salespeople, politicians, and others can manipulate cognitive dissonance to influence behavior, such as charities showing realistic disaster images to increase donations or politicians appealing to post-election party allegiance. While cognitive dissonance theory explains human sensitivity to inconsistencies, some scholars argue it may not reflect how little people consciously think about inconsistencies.
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Charles Berger's uncertainty reduction theory posits that new relationships involve uncertainty and communication aims to reduce this uncertainty. There are different types of uncertainty including behavioral and cognitive uncertainty. Berger outlines eight axioms that can be paired to produce 28 theorems about how communication reduces uncertainty. Some strategies for reducing uncertainty include seeking information from the other person directly or indirectly, choosing an appropriate level of plan complexity, and amending plans over time based on new information. However, some critiques argue that not all the axioms and theorems are valid and that uncertainty reduction may not be the sole driver of early communication between people.
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Rohit Rohan discusses cognitive dissonance theory in psychology. The theory proposes that people seek to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes, beliefs, values or behaviors. When faced with conflicting cognitions, individuals will alter existing beliefs, add new beliefs, or reduce the importance of conflicting beliefs to establish consistency. The document provides examples of cognitive dissonance, criticisms of the theory, and discusses its application to advertising and consumer behavior. It suggests advertising helps reduce dissonance experienced after a purchase by emphasizing product benefits.
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People perceive objects differently due to three perceptual processes: selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention. Selective attention means people only notice stimuli that relate to their current needs, are anticipated, or greatly deviate in size from other stimuli. Selective distortion causes people to interpret ambiguous information in a way that fits their preexisting beliefs. Selective retention means people are more likely to remember information that supports their existing attitudes and forget information about competing products.
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Summarize the key points discussed.
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Opinion leaders are individuals whose ideas and behaviors influence others. They can be politicians, business leaders, celebrities, or others with expertise. Opinion leadership is the process by which opinion leaders informally influence the attitudes and behaviors of opinion seekers. Opinion leaders are seen as credible sources of information that can help reduce search time and risk for opinion receivers. Opinion leaders can influence specific topics or many topics. They are influential because they are knowledgeable and provide both positive and negative product information as advice. Opinion leaders play the roles of authority figures by providing advice and experiences, trend setters by adopting new products, and local opinion leaders by providing advice consistent with their social groups.
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Behavioural approaches believe attitudes are formed through direct experiences like mere exposure, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Attitudes can be measured explicitly through agreement with statements or implicitly through scales, word connotations, physiological responses, and analyses of language, priming effects, and reaction times. Various scales have been developed to measure attitudes, including Thurstone, Likert, Guttman, and Osgood's semantic differential.
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docx
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is referred to as psychology. The chapter presented various theories which touch directly on the human living. These theories have then been explained, and good examples of the same have been given.
Having read some blog postings, my friend at home became very stressed, and deviated from the normal manner in which he carried out some various tasks. He became withdrawn and over time, stopped being talkative. Depression began to creep in, and I could tell that he was going through some issues. Upon inquiring what the issues were, he told me that in most of the blog postings that he read, the main topic addressed was on how the female population preferred the quiet kinds of people to the more talkative kind and therefore, this friend of mine decided to be quiet.
However, having read the chapter, I understand that human beings are social beings and that everyone has a different level of sociality, which is guided by our emotions (Fredrickson, 2001). For this reason, I would use this concept to motivate this friend of mine to continue socializing like he was previously, with more insistence on his friends who like him for his ability to speak openly. In addition, I would motivate him to understand the difference between his emotions, arousal, and personality, as understood from the theories by individuals such as James-Lange, Cannon-Brad, Schachter-Singer and others. Understanding himself along these lines would enable him to better understand his personality, and in a manner that would ensure he does not go through such an episode again. From what I have learned from the chapter, people are different and understanding everyone as a unique person is the first step towards enjoying the kind of life that a person leads (Carducci, 2009).
In conclusion, the above is an outline of how I would motivate the person.
References
Carducci, B. J. (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
· Instinct theory (now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
· Drive-reduction theory focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes.
· Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
· Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of some needs over others.
· How does social networking influence us?
1. As social creatures, we live for connection. Asked what he had learned from studying 238 Harvard University men from the 1930s to the end of their lives, researcher George Vaillant (2009) replied, "The only thing that really matters in life are your relationships to other people." A South African Zulu saying captures the idea: Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu—"a person is a person through other persons."
· The Social Effects of Social Networking
By connecting like-minded people, the Internet serves as a social amplifier. It also functions as an online dating matchmaker. As electronic comm ...
Chapter 14 Groups Today’s OutlineGroupsDeindividua
Chapter 14
Groups
Today’s Outline
Groups
Deindividuation
Social facilitation
Social loafing
The accuracy of group decisions & thinking
Wisdom of crowds
Groupthink
Risky/Stingy Shifts
Leaders and leadership
Toxic and dangerous leaders
Leadership styles and power
What groups are and do
We divide ourselves into many different groups
Sometimes even just two people, a dyad, can count as group
Ideally, people want to have enough in common with a group to feel close to them, but also stand apart in some ways, called optimal distinctiveness
Groups, roles, & selves
Being in groups is double-edged sword
They help us to feel like we belong
Even when the group is complete nonsense (e.g. you were seated at table 1 with other people due to a coin flip), called the minimal group effect from Ch. 13 on prejudice
When our group does well we tend to ‘bask in the reflective glory’ and feel like we have done well also
E.g. when your favorite team wins an important game
Groups, roles, & selves continued
But groups can also have major downsides
We tend to assume there’s less variability within groups than between groups, but it’s the opposite
Deindividuation is a huge problem with groups!
A loss of self-awareness and individual accountability
when in groups (E.g. mob violence)
- Said another way, being anonymous. Often results
in aggression, we’ll come back to this in Ch. 10
Group action – Social Facilitation
If you play or played sports, did you like it when your parents or friends came to watch your games?
Personally I disliked it, felt like it made me play worse, I told them not to come lol
But research shows observers can indeed affect us
Recall back in chapter 1, Triplett’s original social psychology study that found bikers biked faster against people than against the clock
Social facilitation
Since Triplett’s studies, much
more research has been conducted!
One finding showed that if you replaced other bikers with just observers, people still biked harder than with no observers
Thus people called that evaluation apprehension
Concern about how others perceive you and your performance, we want it to be favorable
This can lead to more effort and better performance
But, the presence of others can make people perform worse too and ‘choke’ under pressure
Social facilitation
How do we resolve that discrepancy then?
Do people watching make us perform better or worse?
Zajonc (1965) proposed his social facilitation theory
Based on animal behavior, how the presence of animals of the same species increases an animals arousal and its most common response/behavior
Zajonc’s Social Facilitation Theory
Presence of other people leads
to arousal
Arousal leads to an increase in the
dominant response
Aka most common/typical
response
If that response is correct, you
perform better (social facilitation)
If it’s incorrect, you perform worse,
(social inhibition)
**Put more simply, ...
introducing social psychology
I do not actually have personal interests, development, or presuppositions. I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
Empathy.pptx
Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place oneself in another's position
Good Moral and Right Conduct: Developing concerns for others.pptx
Lesson 3: Developing Concerns for others
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
• describe the concepts of empathy and compassion;
• analyze day-to-day actions involving empathy and compassion;
appraise the synergy of the home and school in developing concern for others and
• demonstrate empathy and compassion within and beyond the family in everyday life.
INTRODUCTION
Michael Jackson popularized the song "Heal the World" and some lines run like this:
“Heal the world
Make it a better place For you and for me
And the entire human race
There are people dying
If you care enough for the living
Make it a better place For you and for me....”
The world needs people who are willing to help their fellowmen and heal the world especially in this time of the pandemic. Imagine a world without Mother Teresa, St. Francis of Assisi, Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Efren Peñaflorida, Jr., Randy Halasan, and so many others.
Imagine a world without the frontliners, during pandemic. Imagine a world without the countless individuals who risked heir own lives to save others during wartime. Imagine a world without those who've run into burning buildings or executed other heroic feats of rescue during times of trauma. It's unthinkable.
Empathy and Compassion are very "in" concepts as the world becomes more and more technologically advanced. People may have the tendency to engage in solitary activities and be highly individualistic. These are not things of the past, instead they are relevant in modern everyday life. After all, they have the power to inspire courageous deeds and can also encourage all sorts of positive behaviors that have both individual and societal benefits.
ABSTRACTION
Evolutionary biologists have shown that human beings are social animals who have naturally evolved to care for each other. Psychology, as well, points out that we are primed for empathy by strong attachment relationships in the first two years of life. As we grow older we learn to be sensitive to the presence and needs of other people. We nurture relationships but there are times that we only look within our immediate sphere like our families but not easily beyond such.
The discussion will focus on empathy and compassion which are important to be responsive to the needs of other people and become concerned of other people's plights.
10 012
This document summarizes research on the relationship between charitable giving and happiness. It finds that happier people tend to give more to charity. Experimental studies show that inducing positive mood increases helping behavior. Additionally, giving to charity itself seems to increase happiness. Brain imaging research shows giving activates reward centers in the brain. While correlations show volunteering is linked to higher well-being, experiments provide causal evidence that spending money on others increases happiness more than spending on oneself. However, advertising the self-interested benefits of giving to increase donations could undermine intrinsic motivations to give.
Similar to Q3L04 - Cognitive Dissonance (14)
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docx
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docx
Chapter 14 Groups Today’s OutlineGroupsDeindividua
Chapter 14 Groups Today’s OutlineGroupsDeindividua
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Good Moral and Right Conduct: Developing concerns for others.pptx
More from Dickson College
Apl08 reducing prejudice
There are several strategies for counteracting prejudice discussed in the document. The contact hypothesis proposed by Allport argues that intergroup contact can reduce prejudice when there is equal status, cooperation, personal acquaintance, and support. Studies have found support for the contact hypothesis. Different models of contact include decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Spotlighting value conflicts and cognitive strategies aim to reduce inconsistencies and recognize one's own prejudices. Establishing superordinate goals that require cooperation can also help reduce prejudice by bringing groups together around a common cause. Planned experiences of discrimination are meant to increase empathy by exposing majority group members to minority experiences.
Apl07 causes of prejudice
The document discusses several theories of prejudice:
1) Frustration-aggression hypothesis argues that frustration leads to aggression, which is often displaced onto a scapegoat if the original source is unavailable or too powerful.
2) Adorno's authoritarian personality theory proposed that authoritarian child-rearing practices can lead to clusters of prejudices from childhood to adulthood, though situational factors are also important.
3) Social identity theory views prejudice as a way to maintain positive social identity and self-esteem by favoring the in-group over out-groups.
Apl06 prejudice and discrimination
Prejudice refers to unfavorable attitudes towards social groups, while discrimination involves harmful actions directed at those groups. A 1934 study found that while a Chinese-American couple faced little prejudice during visits to establishments, 92% of those places later said they would not accept Chinese guests. Prejudice can take the form of sexism, racism, ageism, and discrimination against homosexuals. It exists on a scale from antilocution to extermination. Prejudice leads to effects like stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies.
Apl04 persuasion
The document summarizes key concepts from research on persuasion and compliance conducted at Yale University in the 1950s. It outlines four steps to persuasion: attention, comprehension, acceptance, and retention. Persuasion is influenced by characteristics of the communicator, message content, and the audience. Tactics to increase compliance include intimidation, exemplification, supplication, self-promotion, and ingratiation. Multiple request techniques like foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face use an initial request to set up a subsequent, larger request to increase compliance. Central and peripheral routes of persuasion target message recipients' thinking styles.
Apl02 attitude formation and measurement
Attitudes can be formed through direct experiences and observations based on behavioral theories. They can be measured explicitly through questionnaires and scales, or implicitly through physiological responses, language usage, priming techniques, and implicit association tests. Common scales include Likert, Thurstone, Guttman and Osgood's semantic differential which assess attitudes through agreement levels or connotative meanings. Physiological methods analyze facial expressions and brain activity, while covert measures evaluate biases in language, reaction times to primed concepts, and implicit associations.
Apl01
The document defines attitudes as an overall evaluation of an object based on cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Attitudes involve thoughts, feelings, and past behaviors toward the object. They serve functions such as helping understand the world, achieving goals, protecting self-image, and expressing values. The components are related but not always aligned in valence. Attitudes are influenced by beliefs, attributes, and experiences with the object.
Apl03 interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication involves a sender encoding messages using verbal, vocal, and visual elements that the receiver decodes based on their own experiences and perspectives. Effective communication requires overcoming potential roadblocks like differing perspectives or reactions that judge or avoid discussion. Active listening is key and includes acknowledging, asking questions, paraphrasing, and mirroring feelings. Nonverbal elements of communication include paralanguage, gestures, touch, and proxemics which examines personal space through intimate, personal, social and public distances.
Not Such A Trivial Pursuit Scoreboard
The document shows the rankings of 31 film teams from a competition. The Mexican Hombres came in first place with a total of 100.5 points. Team Starkid came in second with 95 total points. McNugget (Nek Minnuet) came in third with 82.5 total points. The rankings include each team's name, their individual round scores, total points, and alphabetical ranking.
12 global citizenship
This document describes a study that examined factors related to global citizenship. It found that global awareness and normative support from friends and family predicted stronger identification as a global citizen. In turn, stronger global citizen identity predicted greater endorsement of prosocial values like empathy, diversity, social justice, sustainability, helping others globally, and responsibility. The document concludes that promoting awareness of a shared identity as global citizens can encourage prosocial attitudes and behaviors across borders.
11 prosocial behaviour
Prosocial behavior is defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person. It includes helpful and altruistic acts according to social norms. Research on bystander intervention in emergencies found that the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping (the bystander effect). Latane and Darley identified five decision points people go through when deciding whether to help: noticing the emergency, defining it as such, taking responsibility, planning a response, and acting. Factors like ambiguity, mood, gender, attractiveness, and weather influence bystander intervention.
10 emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence refers to both traits like optimism and self-esteem, as well as cognitive abilities. People with higher emotional intelligence tend to have better social skills and relationships. They are also viewed as more sensitive. Studies show teenagers and others with lower emotional intelligence are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like drug and alcohol abuse. Mayer and Salovey's model of emotional intelligence outlines four branches - perceiving, facilitating, understanding, and managing emotions - that develop with increasing maturity. Gender stereotypes suggest women express and experience emotions more than men, and research generally finds this is accurate based on self-reports and observations of emotional behavior.
09 positive relationships2
Positive relationships and quality friendships contribute greatly to children's well-being and resilience according to research. Relationships are the foundation for building resilience from childhood through adulthood. Having at least one close mutual friendship in childhood is linked to lower rates of loneliness, anxiety, and bullying. First impressions are formed quickly, within a few seconds, and take many encounters to change, so it is important to be aware of body language, tone of voice, appearance, and other non-verbal cues when managing a first impression. Active and constructive listening helps strengthen relationships while passive or destructive styles can damage them.
08 stress, coping, trauma, resilience
The document discusses different types of stress including frustration, conflict, change, and pressure and their physical and psychological symptoms. It also covers strategies for coping with stress such as cognitive restructuring, seeking social support, behavior changes, and physical coping methods. The Penn Resilience Program teaches skills for mental toughness, leading with strengths, and social skills to build resilience and prevent issues like PTSD.
07 self and self efficacy
The document discusses three models that aim to help people become the best version of themselves: self-actualization, the ideal and real self, and self-efficacy. Self-actualization refers to Maslow's concept of fulfilling one's potential. Rogers' ideal and real self model examines how individuals can match their actual self with their ideal self. Self-efficacy refers to one's beliefs about their ability to succeed and is shaped by mastery experiences, social modeling, social persuasion, and emotional states. Developing a strong sense of self-efficacy involves gaining experiences that demonstrate capabilities.
05 parfit
Derek Parfit outlines three theories of self-interest and well-being:
1) Hedonic well-being - Happiness comes from pleasure and lack of pain regardless of external facts
2) Desire fulfillment - Well-being comes from fulfilling one's desires about subjective states and objective facts
3) Objective list - Certain objective things are good/bad for people like knowledge, relationships, regardless of desires/feelings
Each theory is criticized - Hedonism ignores facts, Desire fulfillment ignores bad preferences, the Objective list is unclear on what makes the list.
04 lyubomirsky pdf
The document discusses theories of happiness and presents a new model called the construal model of happiness. The key points are:
1) Traditional theories view happiness as determined either by life circumstances (bottom-up) or temperament (top-down), but the construal model integrates both by proposing that objective circumstances only impact happiness through subjective construals and interpretations.
2) The construal model holds that people are happier when they interpret their life circumstances in an optimistic way, regardless of the actual circumstances. Subjective appraisals correlate more strongly with well-being than objective factors.
3) While temperament contributes to happiness, the document argues that intervention studies show unhappy people can increase their happiness
03 broaden and build
1) Barbara Fredrickson proposes the broaden-and-build theory, which argues that positive emotions broaden people's thought-action repertoires and build their personal resources.
2) Positive emotions broaden people's scopes of attention, cognition, and potential actions. This expanded state is proposed to improve coping and survival odds by building physical, intellectual, and social resources over time.
3) Fredrickson has conducted experiments providing evidence that positive emotions undo the effects of cardiovascular reactivity caused by negative emotions, and that increasing positive emotions leads to benefits in health and well-being over time by building various resources.
02 seligman
Martin Seligman introduced positive psychology, which focuses on human strengths and well-being rather than just weakness and illness. He developed the Authentic Happiness Theory, which defined three types of happy lives: pleasant, engaged, and meaningful. This led to his Well-Being Theory, which defines five elements of well-being: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. The goal is to increase these elements and achieve a state of flourishing. Seligman's research uses surveys to measure strengths and well-being in order to study positive psychology interventions.
01 emotional brain
1. The document summarizes research on the neural correlates of different emotions. Anger is associated with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Sadness involves the limbic system near the face, amygdala, and left prefrontal cortex, which shows less activity in depression. Happiness decreases activity in the temporal-parietal and right prefrontal cortex, while the amygdala shows some changes.
2. Research on emotion recognition suggests both left and right hemispheres play a role, though some studies link the right hemisphere more to negative emotions and the left to positive emotions. Evidence from brain damaged patients and chimeric faces studies provides mixed support for the
Autistic spectrum disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. The spectrum ranges from mild to severe and includes autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder. ASD is more prevalent in boys than girls, affecting about 1 in 160 Australians. Diagnosis involves observations and assessments of the individual and family to identify early indicators and rule out other potential causes, as there is no single known cause of ASD. Treatments focus on educational and behavioral therapies as well as medications to manage symptoms.
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Q3L04 - Cognitive Dissonance
- 1. QUICK SURVEY
- 2. Questions Rate the following statements on a Likert scale (1) strongly disagree(2) disagree(3) neither agree or disagree(4) agree(5) strongly agree
- 3. 1. World hunger is a serious problem that needs attention.
- 4. 2. Our country needs to address the growing number of homeless.
- 5. 3. Sleep, exercise and a healthy diet is key for one’s well-being.
- 6. 4. Green bags at grocery stores will help the environment in the long run
- 7. 5. Our government should spend more money on more buses and routes in Canberra
- 8. 6. The public needs better understanding of mental health issues in order to reduce stigma
- 9. Answer Yes/No for the following questions 1. Do you personally do anything to lessen world hunger (e.g., donate money or food)? 2. Do you personally do anything to help the homeless (e.g., volunteer at a homeless shelter or donate money)? 3. Do you ensure that you have the required hours of sleep each night, exercise regularly and maintain a healthy diet? 4. Do you bring your own green bag or shopping bag when you go shopping? 5. Do you personally convey your feelings to the government (e.g., by writing your representative or by participating in protests/marches)? 6. Do you personally do anything to help promote community understanding of mental health issues (e.g. volunteer for Lifeline, etc)
- 10. How did these inconsistencies make you feel??
- 12. Definition An unpleasant state of psychological tension generated when a person has two or more cognitions (thoughts, attitudes, beliefs or states of awareness of behaviour) that are inconsistent or do not fit together. E.g. If a person believes that monogamy is an important feature of marriage and yet is having an affair, he/she may experience a measure of guilt and discomfort (dissonance)
- 13. Leon Festinger Proposed that we seek harmony in our attitudes, beliefs and behaviour and that we try to reduce tension from inconsistency between these elements. Theory holds that people will try to reduce dissonance by changing one or more of the inconsistent cognitions by looking for additional evidence to support one side or the other, or by derogating the source of one of the cognitions. Dissonance has physiological consequences – changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin that can be detected by a polygraph
- 14. The greater the dissonance, the stronger the attempts to reduce it
- 15. Festinger’s 1959 experiment Induced compliance – a special case of cognitive dissonance: inconsistency is experienced when a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude 1) Students were given a very boring task (turning wooden pegs round and round) 2) Then bribed them $1, $20 or $0 to go and persuade another student that the task had been really interesting and to be on call to help again at some time in the future. He then got the students to rate how interesting they thought the task had been.
- 16. Results Those in the $1 group rated the task as interesting, but those in the $20 group reported it as boring ($0 group even more so). This can be explained by cognitive dissonance because lying to the other student created dissonance ("I am truthful" vs "I just told a lie") The $1 students managed to persuade themselves that they hadn't lied and the task had been interesting, just to get rid of the dissonance. i.e. $20 person could explain their lie with the thought ‘I did it for the $20’. It must have been a lousy task indeed.’ = no dissonance $1 person had the dilemma: ‘I’ve done a really boring task, then told someone else that it is interesting, and even agreed to come back and do it again for a measly $1???
- 18. Effort Justification Inconsistency is experienced when a person makes a considerable effort to achieve a modest goal. Aronson and Mills (1959) study – Female students volunteered for a group discussion about sex. Told they must pass a screening process for their capacity to speak frankly (except control group). One group – given obscenities and explicit sexual descriptions to read aloud. Other group – milder words (‘petting’ and ‘prostitution’. After initiation, they listened to a group discussion believing they would join in the following week. Discussion was tame, boring, mumbled and incoherent.
- 19. Results The group given obscenities rated the group discussion and the other group members as more interesting than those in the mild or control conditions. WHY? Hypothesis was that the act of volunteering for embarrassment should cause dissonance. The liking for the chosen option should increase because the choice entailed suffering.
- 20. In Sum Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant state of psychological tension generated when a person has two or more cognitions that are inconsistent or do not fit together. Leon Festingerproposed that we seek harmony between the differences by changing one or more of the inconsistent cognitions Induced compliance – a special case of cognitive dissonance when a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude Effort Justification - Inconsistency is experienced when a person makes a considerable effort to achieve a modest goal.