Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
Moving of a person into a group results in a loss of individual identity and a gaining of the social identity of the group.
When two groups argue (and crowd problems are often between groups), it is like two people arguing. This loss of individual is called deindividuation.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
Moving of a person into a group results in a loss of individual identity and a gaining of the social identity of the group.
When two groups argue (and crowd problems are often between groups), it is like two people arguing. This loss of individual is called deindividuation.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Social psychologists consider a group to be composed of two or more people who interact and depend on each other in some way. Groups usually have the following features:
Norms that determine appropriate behavior (A)
Roles that are assigned to people that determine what behaviors and responsibilities people should take on(B)
A communication structure that determines who talks to whom within the group ( C)
A power structure that determines how much authority and influence group members have(D)
What causes people to jeopardize their own health and well-being to help other people?
What is it that inspires individuals to give their time, energy, and money to aid in the betterment of others, even when they receive nothing tangible in return?
Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people.
It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons.
Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism, from the person who offers his own seats in a Bus OLD/LADIES to the person who gives money to a Beggar or offering blanket to the shivering person on the street.
Psychological explantion for the same has been discussed
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Social psychologists consider a group to be composed of two or more people who interact and depend on each other in some way. Groups usually have the following features:
Norms that determine appropriate behavior (A)
Roles that are assigned to people that determine what behaviors and responsibilities people should take on(B)
A communication structure that determines who talks to whom within the group ( C)
A power structure that determines how much authority and influence group members have(D)
What causes people to jeopardize their own health and well-being to help other people?
What is it that inspires individuals to give their time, energy, and money to aid in the betterment of others, even when they receive nothing tangible in return?
Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people.
It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons.
Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism, from the person who offers his own seats in a Bus OLD/LADIES to the person who gives money to a Beggar or offering blanket to the shivering person on the street.
Psychological explantion for the same has been discussed
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Introduction
Types of prosocial behaviour
Proactive
Reactive
Altruistic
Examples
Factors affecting proactive behaviour
External factors
Situational factors
Internal factors
Why do people fail to help in emergency
Bystander effect
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1 Course Learning Outco.docxgertrudebellgrove
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
3. Explain how social psychologists study human behavior.
3.1 Compare motivations underlying helping behaviors versus aggressive behaviors.
5. Analyze the conclusions of empirical research in social psychology.
5.1 Identify the circumstances and motivations that influence helping behaviors.
7. Examine how our own biases influence perceptions of various behaviors.
7.1 Describe how behaviors can be perceived as requiring help.
7.2 Discuss the application of the bystander effect to a social situation.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
3.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Chapter 11, pp. 333–339, 342–347, and 351–361
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
7.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
7.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 10, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Unit VI Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 10: Helping and Prosocial Behavior, pp. 303–312, 315–318, and 320–326
Chapter 11: Aggression, pp. 333–339, 342–347, and 351–361
Unit Lesson
Helping and Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior is any act done with the intention of benefiting another person or group (Heinzen &
Goodfriend, 2019). Altruism is the desire to help another person out of selfless concern for his or her well-
being. Researchers who study prosocial behavior and altruism examine whether people are born with these
behaviors or learn them. They are also interested in why people help others, even if it does not benefit them.
What do you think the difference is between prosocial behavior and altruism? Can you determine how
prosocial behavior and altruism are connected?
One explanation as to why people might help others is based on evolutionary psychology. Explaining altruistic
behavior is problematic for the theory of evolution because sometimes people act altruistically, even if it might
decrease the chance of passing their genes on to the next generation. Some people have died while helping
others, but they often do so in order to benefit their family groups more broadly. This, in turn, can ensure that
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Aggression and Prosocial
Behavior
PSY 3140, Social Psychology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
certain familial genetic pools are passed on through reproduction. Could this potentially mean that people
help even if it means they will not get something in return?
Why do you help others? Is it because you expect to be helped in the future? Recall from Chapter 7 that the
norm of reciprocity suggests that we do things to help others with the expectation of an increased likelihood
for them to help us in the future (Heinzen & Goodfriend, 2019). According to this norm, sociobiologi ...
Social psychologists study the circumstances in which people offer help to others.Research shows that people are less likely to offer help to someone in distress if other people are also present and this is called the bystander effect.
Besides influences and reason for helping has also been discussed
What is it that moves a person to give up their time, money, and even safety to relieve another person's suffering? Compassion is the key. Human suffering is inevitable, but our ability to understand and sympathize with the plight and circumstances of other people can play a major role in whether we take action to relieve this suffering. Compassion is also a highly valued quality. Religions stress the importance of compassion, while people often list characteristics such as "kind" and "compassionate" as what they look for in a potential partner.
A large no of people volunteer their time to help other people each year as seen in Ram Krishna Mission.
What is it that moves a person to give up their time, money, and even safety to relieve another person's suffering?
Compassion is the key.
Human suffering is inevitable, but our ability to understand and sympathize with the plight and circumstances of other people can play a major role in whether we take action to relieve this suffering.
Compassion is also a highly valued quality.
Religions stress the importance of compassion, while people often list characteristics such as "kind" and "compassionate" as what they look for in a potential partner.
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxHaniJaleel
This ppt provides a brief search about altruism and helping other sensations in psychology. This document can help undergraduate students to improve their academic results.
Week 7 – Grading Rubric for Argumentative EssayContent and Dev.docxmelbruce90096
Week 7 – Grading Rubric for Argumentative Essay
Content and Development – 55 Points
Points Earned – 55/55
All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way. To note:
· The essay is at least 1,000+ words
· The essay is written in the argumentative rhetorical mode
· The essay contains a precise, pertinent, and persuasive thesis
· The essay contains a variety of kinds of evidence/support for its argument
· The essay makes effective use of descriptive language if/when appropriate
· Inter- and intra-paragraph content is effectively organized (spatially, temporally, logically, or by order of importance) and makes use of topic sentences and appropriate transitional expressions
· The introduction and conclusion are engaging, cohesive, and appropriate to their position in the essay
The essay has been submitted to Turnitin.
A paragraph of self-reflection accompanies the essay.
Readability and Style – 10 Points
Points Earned – 10/10
The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment.
Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.
Sentences are well-constructed, with consistently strong, varied syntax.
Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought.
Mechanics – 10 Points
Points Earned – 10/10
Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed.
Mechanics are accurate.
Spelling is correct.
Total – 75 Points
Points Earned – 75/75
Overall Comments:
Week 7: Expository Essay 1 Revision: 65 points
Content and Development – 45 Points
Points Earned – 45/45
Additional Comments:
The revision is substantive and effective. To note:
0. Major revisions (i.e., noticeable changes in content and organization) are evident.
0. The revision remains in line with its assigned rhetorical mode.
0. The revision contains all the elements of a successful essay: a precise, pertinent, and persuasive thesis; effective support for that thesis; and descriptive language where and when appropriate.
0. Inter- and intra-paragraph content is effectively organized (spatially, temporally, logically, or by order of importance) and makes use of topic sentences and appropriate transitional expressions.
0. The introduction and conclusion are engaging, cohesive, and appropriate to their position in the revision.
The revision has been submitted to Turnitin. A paragraph of self-reflection and the original essay accompany the revision.
Readability and Style – 10 Points
Points Earned – 10/10
The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment.
Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.
Sentences are well-constructed, with consistently strong, varied syntax.
Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought.
Mechanics – 10 Points
Points Earned – 10/10
Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed.
Mechanics are accurate.
Spelling is correct.
Total – 65 Points
Points Earned – 65/65
Overall Comments:
Running Head: THE BYSTANDER EFFECT
PAGE
1
THE BYSTANDER EFFECT
The Bystander Effect
Expository Essa.
Welcome to the Program Your Destiny course. In this course, we will be learning the technology of personal transformation, neuroassociative conditioning (NAC) as pioneered by Tony Robbins. NAC is used to deprogram negative neuroassociations that are causing approach avoidance and instead reprogram yourself with positive neuroassociations that lead to being approach automatic. In doing so, you change your destiny, moving towards unlocking the hypersocial self within, the true self free from fear and operating from a place of personal power and love.
4. It is a helpful action that benefits
other people without necessarily
providing any direct benefits to the
person performing the act, and may
even involve a risk for the person
who helps
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. Motives for prosocial behavior:
Unselfish motives
1. It was the right thing to do
2. “That was the way my
parents rised me”
3. “The Lord put me there for
a reason”
Selfish motives
1. Hope for a reward
2. Prospect of being
rewarded by spending all
eternity in heaven
10.
11. EMPATHY-ALTRUISTIC HYPOTHESIS
(BATSON,1991)
There are two main emotional reactions that
occur when we observe someone in distress - personal
distress & empathic concern.
Empathetic Concern- focus upon the other persons
needs and motivated to reduce it.
Personal Distress- Concern with ones own discomfort
If empathic concern is low, reduce distress either by
helping or escaping
If empathic concern is high, only one option - must
help.
12. In this, empathy motivates people to reduce other people’s distress,
as by helping or comforting
Empathy motivates people to reduce other’s distress
13.
14.
15. NEGATIVE-STATE RELIEF
(Cialdini et al., 1981)
In this, people help others in order to relieve their own distress.
We genuinely care about the welfare of another person,we help
because such actions allow us to reduce our own negative ,
unpleasent emotions.
In other words,We do good thing to stop feeling bad.
In this,unhappiness leads to prosocial behavior, and empathy is
not a necessary component.
16. EMPATHETIC JOY
(Smith et al.,1989)
The Empathy Joy hypothesis states that the reason for someone
helping another in need are positive feelings associated with the
altruistic behavior. Helping others is a reward in itself because it
brings a person happiness and joy when they commit a helping
behavior.
When confronted with a situation in which aid is needed a person
is more likely to help if the victim is similar to themselves. The
empathy joy hypothesis attempts to explain another reason why
someone will help another person in need
A helping response is more likely to occur when the helper will
receive positive feedback and reap the rewards of their help.
17. Genetic Determinism Model
(Pinker,1998)
Genetic Determinism: Helping as an Adaptive Response
Genetic Determinism Model —behavior is driven by genetic
attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of
transmitting one’s genes to future generations
Reciprocal Altruism—cooperative behavior among unrelated
individuals that benefits both individuals because when A
helps B, B is motivated to reciprocate at some point by helping
A, which also benefits the larger group to which both A and B
belong
Evolutionary Factors in helping: The “Selfish Gene”: Kinship
selection is the tendency to help genetic relatives
–Strongest when biological stakes are particularly high
18.
19.
20. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY:THE COSTS AND
REWARDS OF HELPING
This theory says that human interactions
are transactions that aim to maximize one’s
rewards and minimize one’s cost.
Persumes that people help only when the
rewards outweigh the cost.
21. SOCIAL NORMS:
A social norm is the accepted behavior that an
individual is expected to conform to in a particular
group, community, or culture. These norms often serve
a useful purpose and create the foundation of correct
behaviors.
Three norms are especially relevant to helping
behaviour : social responsibility , reciprocity , and social
justice.
22. 1. A norm of social responsibility
States that we should help when others are in need
and dependent on us.
Eg:parents are expected to take care of
children,teachers are supposed to help
students,coaches to look after team members,co-
workers to assist eachother…
All societies have norms of responsibility,the
specifics of whom we are expected to help and
when vary from culture to culture.
23. Joan Miller(1994) has systematically compared the beliefs about the
social responsibility of Hindus in India and of the people of U.S.Hindu
culture emphazises the interconnectedness of people and the
obligations of the individual to the social group.In contrast,U.S culture
values individualism and self-reliance.As a result,Miller believes that
people in the U.S tend to view the decision to help others as a matter of
personal choice,whereas Hindus view the same decision to help in
terms of duty and moral obligation.
HINDUS HINDUS HINDUS U.S U.S U.S
PARENT FRIEND STRANGER PARENT FRIEND STRANGER
EXTREME
NEED
99 99 100 100 98 96
MODERATE
NEED
98 100 99 95 78 55
MINOR
NEED
96 97 88 61 59 41
Percentage of subjects saying the person has the obligation to help
24. 2. A norm of reciprocity: According to this principle,
people are likely to help strangers if it is
understood that the recipient is expected to
return the favor at some time in future.
25. Study by Regan(1971)- Laboratory experiment to test
reciprocity
Aim:To test whether participants who had received a favor
from another would be more likely to help this person than if
they had not received a favor.
Procedure:One participant and a confederate of the
experimenter were asked to rate paintings. In the
experimental condition the confederate left the experiment
and returned after a few minutes with two bottles of coca
cola. He had bought one for himself and one for the
participant. In the control condition, the participant did not
receive a coke.
26. When all the paintings had been rated the experimenter left
the room again. The confederate told the naive participant
that he was selling raffle tickets for a new car and that the
one who sold the most tickets could win $50. He then asked
the participant if he would buy some tickets and said that
even a small amount would help
Results:The participants in the experimental condition bought
twice as many raffle tickets than participants in the control
condition who had not received a favor first.
Evaluation:This was a laboratory experiment with a high
degree of control. It was possible to establish cause-effect
relationships between “receiving a favor” and “returning a
favor”. This supports the principle of reciprocity. There may
be issues of artificiality in the experiment as well as sample
bias. This limits the possibility of generalization. The findings
have been supported by observations in real life.
27. 3.Norms of social justice: This norm states that
people should be helped by others only if they
deserve to be helped.
In a study,one member of a team was given more money
than his partner.This overbenefited person tended to give
some of the money to the partner in order to make their
rewards more equitable(Schmitt & Marwell,1972). In
addition , the overrewarded partner often chose to play a
different game when assured that this would result in a
more equal division of the rewards.In other words,not only
did he give away some of his own money to produce an
equitable division,but he also changed the situation to
avoid producing more inequity in the future.
28. These three norms are common in human societies.
They provide cultural basis for prosocial behaviour.
Research showing that people are more likely to help
relatives and friends than other people can be explained in
terms of social norms:We feel greater responsibility for those
we are close to and we assume that they will help us if a need
crises(Dovidio,Piliavin,Gaertner,Schroeder,& Clark,1991)
29. Research has documented the importance of several situational factors,
Including the presence of other people, the nature of physical
environment and the pressures of limited time.
i. Presence of others:The bystander effectoccurs when the presence
of others discourages an individual from intervening in an
emergency situation. Social psychologists Bibb Latané and John
Darley popularized the concept following the infamous 1964 Kitty
Genovese murder in New York City. Genovese was stabbed to death
outside her apartment while bystanders who observed the crime
did not step in to assist or call the police. Latané and Darley
attributed the bystander effect to the perceived diffusion of
responsibility (onlookers are more likely to intervene if there are
few or no other witnesses) and social influence (individuals in a
group monitor the behavior of those around them to determine
how to act). In Genovese's case, each onlooker concluded from their
neighbours' inaction that their own personal help was not needed.
30. A decision making analysis of prosocial behaviour suggests several
explanations.
1. Diffusion of responsibility: refers to the decreased responsibility of
action each member of a group feels when he or she is part of a
group. For example, in emergency situations, individuals feel less
responsibility to respond or call for help if they know that there are
others also watching the situation - if they know they are a part of
the group of witnesses. In other group settings (in which a group is
appointed to complete a task or reach a certain goal), the diffusion
of responsibility manifests itself as the decreased responsibility each
member feels to contribute and work hard towards accomplishing
the task or goal. The diffusion of responsibility is present in almost
all groups, but to varying degrees, and can be mitigated by reducing
group size, defining clear expectations, and increasing accountability.
31.
32. 2. A second explanation for the bystander effect: concerns ambiguity in
the interpretation of the situation.Potential helpers are sometimes
uncertain whether a particular situation is actually an emergency.The
behaviour of other bystanders can influence how we define a situation
and react to it.If others ignore a situatuion, or act as if nothing is
happening,we too may assume that no emergency exists.The impact of
bystanders on interpreting a situation was demonstrated by Latane and
Darley(1970).
In this experiment,college men sat filling out a questionnaire.After a few
minutes,smoke began to enter the room through an air vent.Soon the
smoke was too thick that it was difficult to see and to bfreathe
normally.When the subjects were alone,they usually walked around the
room to investigate the smoke and 75% reported the smoke to the
researcher within 4minutes.In a condition were the real subject was in a
room with 2 confederates who deliberately ignored the smoke,only 10%
reported the noxious smoke.
33. 3.Evaluation apprehension: describes the anxiety felt by an individual
who is performing a task in front of others or being judged by others.
The anxiousness arises from the thought of being negatively rated or
not receiving positive feedback.
For example, evaluation apprehension occurs in research participants
who are being rated or observed by researchers. This can cause issues in
research because the evaluation apprehension can cause the
participants to not respond in a manner that they normally would.
34. ii) Environmental conditions:The physical setting also influences
helpfullness.Much research has documented the impact on
helping of environmental conditions such as weather , noise level ,
and city size.
1.The effects of weather were investigated in two field studies by
Cunningham(1979). In one study,pedestians were approached
outdoors and were asked to help the researcher by completing a
questionnaire.People were significantly more likely to help when
the day was sunny and when the temperature was comfort.In 2nd
study conducted in a climate-controlled restaurant,Cunningham
found the costomers left more generous tips when the sun was
shining.Other researchers found that people are more likely to
help in sunny rather than rainy weather(Ahmed,1979) and during
the day rather than at night(Skolnick,1977).In short,weather makes
a difference.
35. 2.Noise:Several studies foundout that noisy conditions reduce the
likelihood of helping a stranger in distress.
In one lab study,for eg,it was found that noise decreased the likelihood
that students would help a person who had dropped some papers on
the floor(Mathews & Canon,1975).When only regular room noise was
present,72% of students helped,compared to only 37% when very loud
noise was present.
3.People in rural areas are helpful:Research shows that the size of the
hometown in which a person grew up is not related to helping,what
matters is the current environmental setting in which the need for help
occurs.
36. iii) Time pressures:
Good Samaritan Study
(Darley & Batson ,1973)
Seminary students walking across campus to give talk on the
Good Samaritan (or career)
Late for talk or plenty of time
Passed man in doorway groaning & coughing
If plenty of time: > 60% offered help
If running late: ~10% help
situational forces have a strong influence on whether people help
others
Following:
–Samaritan parable: 53% helped;
–Career message: 29% helped;
(but not a significant difference).
37. TIME PRESSURE
People in a hurry, helpless–Even when thinking
about helping
The more time people had, the more likely they were to help
38. Personal determinants of helping
Personality - most personality variables are weak
predictors of helping.
Competence - those high in appropriate skills more
likely to help.
Attributions - influence whether help is given
The self & personal norms - personal norms for
helping based on personal values (e.g., religious
beliefs)
39. Emotion and helping
+ve feelings INCREASE helping
-ve emotions INCREASE or DECREASE helping
–Focus on self vs. the victim
Mood
Mood - people in good moods more likely to help.
Why?
Desire to maintain good mood
Focus on positive things
Positive expectation about helping (e.g., will be rewarded)
40. When does good mood not lead to helping?
Costs of helping are high(e.g., if helping will good mood)
Positive thoughts about other activities that conflict with helping
(e.g., on way to a party)
Bad moods - likely to help. Why?
Self-focussed
Blame others for bad mood
Think of personal values that don’t promote helping (put self first)
When does bad mood lead to helping?
If feeling guilty
41. Interpersonal determinants of helping
Females are more likely to receive help.
Beautiful victims.
Attractiveness - more likely to help attractive others.
Similarity – increases attractiveness & empathy.
Closeness - more likely to help those we know.
Deservingness - help those we judge as deserving our help.
Gender
42. Gender
Males
More helpful in broader public sphere, toward strangers and in
emergencies.
Help women more than men.
Females
More likely to help in the family sphere, in close relationships, and in
situations that require repeated contact.
More likely to receive help.
43. Attraction
People are more likely to help attractive individuals than unattractive
individuals
Study done at FSU. Attractive vs. unattractive female victim, asked for
money, needed for student health.
44. Attractiveness Study
Conclusions
Real donations were much smaller than hypothetical
– People claim to be more generous and helpful than they really are
Attractiveness influenced actual helping but not hypothetical helping
Severe victims get more help
Pretty women get more help when need is big
46. How can we increase helping?
distractions
pluralistic ignorance
diffusion of responsibility
concerns about competence to help
audience inhibitions
uncertainties of obstacles
Educate about bystander indifference
Model helpfulness
Teach moral inclusion
47. Increasing helping behaviour
Reduce ambiguity, increase responsibility - reduce anonymity
Guilt & concern for self-image - use of compliance tactics
Attributing helpful behaviour to altruistic motives - overjustification
Effect
Learning about altruism