Pyrimidine synthesis begins with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine, CO2, and aspartate. Carbamoyl aspartate is then formed from carbamoyl phosphate catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamoylase. In enteric bacteria, this enzyme represents feedback control and is inhibited by CTP and activated by ATP. Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is produced from UTP by CTP synthetase using glutamine as the nitrogen source. Deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) is formed from dUMP by thymidylate synthase using N5,N10-methylene-THF as the methyl group source. Inhibitors of thymidyl

1. Nucleotide metabolism

3. Pyrimidine synthesis begins with formation of carbamoyl phosphate. The first reaction
committed solely to pyrimidine synthesis is the formation of carbamoyl aspartate from
carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate, catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamoylase, or ATCase.
In enteric bacteria, this enzyme represents an example of feedback control. The enzyme is
inhibited by the end product CTP and activated by ATP.

7. Carbamoyl phosphate synthesis
• The regulated step of this pathway in mammalian
cells is the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from
glutamine and CO2, catalyzed by carbamoyl
phosphate synthetase (CPS) II.
• CPS II is inhibited by uridine triphosphate
• and is activated by PRPP

9. PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS
The sources of the atoms in the pyrimidine
ring are glutamine, CO2, and aspartate

10. UMP  UTP and CTP
Nucleoside monophosphate kinase catalyzes transfer
of Pi to UMP to form UDP; nucleoside diphosphate
kinase catalyzes transfer of Pi from ATP to UDP to
form UTP
CTP formed from UTP via CTP Synthetase driven by
ATP hydrolysis
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is produced by amination of UTP by
CTP synthetase with glutamine providing the nitrogen. Some of
this CTP is dephosphorylated to CDP, which is a substrate for
ribonucleotide reductase. The dCDP product can be
phosphorylated to dCTP for DNA synthesis or dephosphorylated to
dCMP that is deaminated to dUMP.

12. Deoxythymidine monophosphate synthesis
dUMP is converted to deoxythymidine monophosphate
(dTMP) by thymidylate synthase, which uses N5,N10-
methylene-THF as the source of the methyl group
Inhibitors of thymidylate synthase include thymine
analogs such as 5-fluorouracil, which serve as antitumor
agents. 5- Fluorouracil is metabolically converted to 5-
fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP), which
becomes permanently bound to the inactivated
thymidylate synthase, making the drug a suicide
inhibitor

15. Figure 22.11: Catabolic pathways in
pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism.

18. მადლობა ყურადღებისთვის!