Mechanism and changes During Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Biosynthesis.
Introduction
Ethylene
Mechanism of ripening
Biosynthesis of ethylene
Role of ethylene in fruit ripening
Changes during ripening
molecular adaptations to psychrophily: insights into omic methodsKumar Purushotam
Habitats for the cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large proportion of the Earth’s area. Much of the oceans, which cover about 70% of Earth’s surface, are at an average temperature of -1 to +5 oC. Various mechanisms of adaptations to cold include cell membrane fluidity, genome plasticity,synthesis of cold shock proteins,and compatible solute accumulation. But these mechanisms of adaptations are not universal because of different ecological groups of psychrophiles and their niches. Recent progress in psychrophilic genomics, metagenomics, proteomics have helped a lot in understanding these adaptive mechanisms.Metagenomic and proteomic analyses have suggested that the cold-adapted enzymes have decreased internal hydrophobicity,H-bonding,proline content but increased surface unpaired charged residues. The genome sequence analysis of Colwellia psychrerthraea 34H has revealed different mechanisms, even for carbon and nutrient cycling. The comparative genome analysis suggested that psychrophilic life style is due to changes in overall genome and aminoacid composition, but, not by a unique set of genes.Cold induced proteins (CIPs) prevent formation of secondary mRNA structures during transcription/ translation coupling phases. Cold adapted enzymes have large conformational flexibility so as to increase KCat.Cold active gene products have a variety of applications in molecular biology,foods,cosmetics,and textiles.
The microbiology of the winemaking process, which includes inoculated strains
of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the lactic acid bacterium, Oenococcus
oeni, is critical to process efficiency and wine quality. In each case these organisms
are required to complete a core conversion (sugar to ethanol or lactate to malate,
respectively) as well as make desirable sensory contributions. These activities
typically occur under extreme conditions which may include high sugar (osmolarity)
and ethanol content and low pH, temperature and nutrient availability. We have used
mutant screening strategies and functional genomic approaches to identify the basis
of superior yeast performance in the face of these challenges. In addition we have
use adaptive evolution to yield yeast with enhance fermentation reliability based on
increase nitrogen efficiency, fructophilicity or general robustness. In parallel work,
we have isolated and heterologously expressed genes from O. oeni which encode
esterases or glucosidases. Characterisation of these gene products has provided
insights into their roles within the cell as well as potential contribution to wine.
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Mechanism and changes During Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Biosynthesis.
Introduction
Ethylene
Mechanism of ripening
Biosynthesis of ethylene
Role of ethylene in fruit ripening
Changes during ripening
molecular adaptations to psychrophily: insights into omic methodsKumar Purushotam
Habitats for the cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large proportion of the Earth’s area. Much of the oceans, which cover about 70% of Earth’s surface, are at an average temperature of -1 to +5 oC. Various mechanisms of adaptations to cold include cell membrane fluidity, genome plasticity,synthesis of cold shock proteins,and compatible solute accumulation. But these mechanisms of adaptations are not universal because of different ecological groups of psychrophiles and their niches. Recent progress in psychrophilic genomics, metagenomics, proteomics have helped a lot in understanding these adaptive mechanisms.Metagenomic and proteomic analyses have suggested that the cold-adapted enzymes have decreased internal hydrophobicity,H-bonding,proline content but increased surface unpaired charged residues. The genome sequence analysis of Colwellia psychrerthraea 34H has revealed different mechanisms, even for carbon and nutrient cycling. The comparative genome analysis suggested that psychrophilic life style is due to changes in overall genome and aminoacid composition, but, not by a unique set of genes.Cold induced proteins (CIPs) prevent formation of secondary mRNA structures during transcription/ translation coupling phases. Cold adapted enzymes have large conformational flexibility so as to increase KCat.Cold active gene products have a variety of applications in molecular biology,foods,cosmetics,and textiles.
The microbiology of the winemaking process, which includes inoculated strains
of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the lactic acid bacterium, Oenococcus
oeni, is critical to process efficiency and wine quality. In each case these organisms
are required to complete a core conversion (sugar to ethanol or lactate to malate,
respectively) as well as make desirable sensory contributions. These activities
typically occur under extreme conditions which may include high sugar (osmolarity)
and ethanol content and low pH, temperature and nutrient availability. We have used
mutant screening strategies and functional genomic approaches to identify the basis
of superior yeast performance in the face of these challenges. In addition we have
use adaptive evolution to yield yeast with enhance fermentation reliability based on
increase nitrogen efficiency, fructophilicity or general robustness. In parallel work,
we have isolated and heterologously expressed genes from O. oeni which encode
esterases or glucosidases. Characterisation of these gene products has provided
insights into their roles within the cell as well as potential contribution to wine.
Overview of the pigment Chlorophyll, its sources, types, structure, photoreceptors, benefits, stability, degradation, preservation during food processing and technologies associated with it.
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot containing a known DNA sequence or gene.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot containing a known DNA sequence or gene.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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1. Chilling-induced tomato flavor loss
is associated with altered volatile
synthesis and transient changes in
DNA methylation
Bo Zhanga,b, Denise M. Tiemana, Chen Jiaoc,d, Yimin Xuc,d, Kunsong
Chenb, Zhangjun Feic,d, James J. Giovannonic,d, and Harry J. Kleea,1
2. INTRODUCTION
Tomato flavor is produced by a combination of :
sugar
Acid
Volatiles
flavor-associated volatiles is sensitive to T below 12 °C.
multiple genes are essential for their synthesis of volatiles:
-C6 volatiles are synthesized by :
lipoxygenase
LoxC
hydroperoxide lyase (HPL)
ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE2 (ADH2)
-Volatile esters are synthesized by:
ALCOHOLACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (AAT1)
-volatile apocarotenoids by:
CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE1 (CCD1)
RNAs encoding transcription factors essential for ripening, including
RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN)
NON RIPENING
COLORLESS NONRIPENING
This work provides major insights into the effects of chilling on consumer liking, the flavor metabolome
and transcriptome, as well as DNA methylation status.
3. Materials and Methods
1. Tomato Fruit Treatment.
2. Consumer Tests Analysis.
3. Ethylene Production Analysis.
4. Volatile Analysis.
5. Sugars and Acids Analysis.
6. RNA Isolation and High-Throughput Sequencing
7. DNA Sequencing.
8. DNA Methylation.
9. Statistical Analysis.
4. RESULT:
Cold Storage Influences Flavor-Related Volatiles
1.there were no significant differences
in glucose, fructose, malic acid, and
citric acid (Fig. 1A).
2.Day 0 fruit had the highest volatile
content .Volatiles in 8-d chilled fruits
were decreased by 65% relative to day
0 (Fig. 1B).
indicating that the lower flavor
scores in chilled fruit are a result of
reduced volatile content.
5. Response of the Transcriptome to Chilling.
1..DEGs were classified into six
groups based on their fruit expression
patterns.
•Group A,B,C are less abundant and
group D,E,F are more abundant. (Fig.
2A).
2.(Fig.2B)Expression of CBF genes in
response to cold storage.
Their transcripts were all
significantly higher during chilling,
returning to unchilled.
6. Expression of Genes Related to Volatile Synthesis
Relationships of volatiles and
associated transcripts in response to
chilling
(A) branched-chain amino acids
(B)fatty acid
(C) esters
(D) carotenoids
(E) Expression of ripening-related
TFs
(F) Ethylene production
The results suggest that production
of these volatiles may occur via an
independent pathway, most likely non
enzymatic oxidation of carotenoids.
7. Transcriptional and Hormonal Mediators of
Ripening
Many of the most important regulators of ripening-associated transcription have
been identified.
Reduced low-temperature reduce expression of TFs controlling gene.
Ethylene synthesis was significantly reduced during cold storage with partial
recovery after transfer to 20 °C.
The main contributors to ripening-associated ethylene synthesis are
aminocyclopropane-1carboxylate synthase (ACS2 andACS4) &
aminocyclopropane1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO1)
There were no significant differences in ACS2 or ACO1 transcripts and ACS4
transcript was higher in chilled fruit,
suggesting that ethylene synthesis during chilling is likely post transcriptionally
regulated.
8. DNA Methylation Dynamics in Response to Chilling
• A total of 30,918 differentially
methylated regions (DMRs)
were identified ,9,951 DMRs
were observed in promoter
regions.
• there are multiple DMRs in
certain genes upstream of the
TSS, indicating that some genes
are highly methylated in
response to chilling or removal
from chilling.
•DML2, encoding the DEMETER-
like DNA demethylase, is highly
induced at the onset of fruit
ripening and its repression
resulted in DNA
hypermethylation and
substantially delaying ripening.
DML2 may contribute to both developmental and
chilling-associated changes in fruit DNA
methylation, with corresponding effects on both
overall fruit maturation and specific quality
characteristics, including flavor associated volatiles.
9. Discussion
Chilling did not alter fruit sugar and acid contents. However, significant loss
of flavor volatiles was observed for fruit stored at 5 °C for 8 d.
Because expression of genes encoding essential biosynthetic enzymes is
significantly lower at 5 °C, chilling leads to depletion of important flavor
volatiles and reduced flavor quality.
Functional classes associated with amino acids, fatty acids, and secondary
metabolism were reduced by cold storage.
They concluded that chilling stress causes major changes in the methylation
status of the genome and many of these changes occur in promoters of
genes known to contribute to ripening, quality, and flavor volatile synthesis,
and are altered in response to chilling.
Methylation changes are transient and may contribute to the fidelity of gene
expression required to provide maximal beneficial environmental response
with minimal tangential influence on broader fruit developmental biology.