The document discusses the anatomy of the pulp space, including its components and classifications. It begins with an introduction and objectives. The components of the pulp space are then defined, including the coronal and radicular pulp. Various terminologies used in describing pulp space anatomy are provided. The classifications of pulp space and canal configurations according to different authors are presented. Techniques for visualizing internal anatomy are also mentioned. Details on specific tooth anatomy are then provided. [END SUMMARY]
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Increased flexibility
• Each instrument produces its own 'crown down effect' as larger tapers make way for smaller tapers.
• Protaper files engage a smaller area of dentine reducing torsional loads and file fatigue
Tooth Colored Restorative Materials describes in brief regarding the various materials used as cements and crown for loss of tooth structure either by caries or other factors like trauma, GERD, Abrasion etc
This document discusses provisional restorations, including their definition, purpose, requirements, and fabrication methods. Provisional restorations are interim prostheses used for a limited time after tooth preparation until a permanent restoration can be placed. They protect the prepared tooth, maintain function and aesthetics, and allow the dentist to assess treatment. Ideal provisionals have biologic requirements like pulp protection and positional stability, mechanical requirements like strength and retention, and aesthetic requirements like color matching. They can be custom-made using various resin or metal materials or prefabricated. Direct, indirect, and combined fabrication techniques are described.
what is a working length ?
How to determine working length ?
Ways to measure working lengh.
Clinical applications.
Electronic apex locator
Types of electronic apex locator.
Advantanges & Disadvantages of Apex Locator.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
Colour and Shade Selection in dental practiseSNEHA RATNANI
Shade selection is an extremely important aspect of aesthetic dentistry.One must have thorough knowledge of colour and shade selection before carrying out any restorative procedures in patients mouth. A brief seminar on colour and shade selection has been penned down here. Hope it helps u fetch some information regarding shade selection and colour in dentistry.
The document discusses the history and development of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files for root canal preparation. It describes how ProTaper files were developed in 2001 as a multi-tapered system with various shaping and finishing files to efficiently prepare root canals. The document outlines the characteristics of each ProTaper file and provides the recommended techniques for using them to clean and shape root canals.
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Protaper means progressively taper.
•NiTi
Increased flexibility
• Each instrument produces its own 'crown down effect' as larger tapers make way for smaller tapers.
• Protaper files engage a smaller area of dentine reducing torsional loads and file fatigue
Tooth Colored Restorative Materials describes in brief regarding the various materials used as cements and crown for loss of tooth structure either by caries or other factors like trauma, GERD, Abrasion etc
This document discusses provisional restorations, including their definition, purpose, requirements, and fabrication methods. Provisional restorations are interim prostheses used for a limited time after tooth preparation until a permanent restoration can be placed. They protect the prepared tooth, maintain function and aesthetics, and allow the dentist to assess treatment. Ideal provisionals have biologic requirements like pulp protection and positional stability, mechanical requirements like strength and retention, and aesthetic requirements like color matching. They can be custom-made using various resin or metal materials or prefabricated. Direct, indirect, and combined fabrication techniques are described.
what is a working length ?
How to determine working length ?
Ways to measure working lengh.
Clinical applications.
Electronic apex locator
Types of electronic apex locator.
Advantanges & Disadvantages of Apex Locator.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
Colour and Shade Selection in dental practiseSNEHA RATNANI
Shade selection is an extremely important aspect of aesthetic dentistry.One must have thorough knowledge of colour and shade selection before carrying out any restorative procedures in patients mouth. A brief seminar on colour and shade selection has been penned down here. Hope it helps u fetch some information regarding shade selection and colour in dentistry.
The document discusses the history and development of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files for root canal preparation. It describes how ProTaper files were developed in 2001 as a multi-tapered system with various shaping and finishing files to efficiently prepare root canals. The document outlines the characteristics of each ProTaper file and provides the recommended techniques for using them to clean and shape root canals.
pulpotomy procedures in primary dentitionParth Thakkar
A pulpotomy involves removing the inflamed coronal pulp while leaving the healthy radicular pulp intact. The aim is to relieve pain and allow for root development. Formocresol pulpotomy is commonly used and involves applying formocresol to the exposed pulp stump to fix tissues and eliminate microorganisms. It is performed using either a single-stage or two-stage technique. Other materials used include calcium hydroxide, glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate. Success rates depend on strict case selection and technique.
DR. SWARNEET KAKPURE (DEPT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS)
THE TOPIC PRESENTED IN SEMINAR COVERS ALMOST ALL THE ASPECTS OF COMPLEX AMALGAM RESTORATIONS INCLUDING PIN RETAINED,SLOT RETAINED AMALGAM RESTORATIONS,CEMENTED,FRICTION LOCKED & SELF THREADING PINS, TMS SYSTEM,AMALGAM FOUNDATIONS ALONG WITH TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION AND MATRIX PLACEMENT.
This document provides guidelines for preparing metal-ceramic crown restorations. It describes the indications and contraindications for metal-ceramic crowns as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The preparation involves placing depth grooves, reducing the incisal/occlusal, labial/buccal, and axial surfaces, and finishing the margins. The preparation aims to provide at least 1-2mm of tooth reduction, maintain a continuous 90 degree shoulder, eliminate unsupported enamel, and avoid undercuts.
The document discusses the progression of dental adhesive systems through 8 generations. The 8th generation features improvements like being a single-step system and using nano-sized fillers of 12nm in the bonding agent. This increases bonding strength and penetration compared to previous generations. The 8th generation also offers benefits like longer shelf life and stress absorption. It provides bond strengths comparable to total etching agents without the associated sensitivity.
This fresh lecture explain the basics of antibiotic prescription, and common interactions, clinical use, and dosages. It is written to level of undergraduate mind
This document discusses different types of periodontal instruments and their uses. It describes five main classifications of instruments: periodontal probes, explorers, scaling/root planing/curettage instruments, periodontal endoscopes, and cleansing/polishing instruments. Specific instruments are discussed in detail within each classification, including their parts, designs, uses, and benefits. Gracey curettes, sickle scalers, hoe scalers, files, and ultrasonic instruments are some of the instruments explained in the document.
This document discusses metal ceramic crowns, including their indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages. It provides detailed instructions on preparing teeth for metal ceramic crowns, with separate sections focusing on anterior and posterior tooth preparation. Anterior tooth preparation involves reducing the incisal edge, placing bevels, and creating wing preparations when needed. Posterior tooth preparation involves reducing the occlusal surface, adding depth orientation grooves, and reducing facial, proximal, lingual, and gingival surfaces with axial finishing. The goal is to produce a smooth preparation with rounded line angles and no scratches to support the metal ceramic crown restoration.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal system during endodontic treatment. It describes the objectives and basic principles of root canal preparation, including removing debris and maintaining the original shape of the canal. Several techniques are summarized, such as step-back, crown-down, balanced force, and ultrasonic instrumentation. For each technique, the document outlines the steps and discusses advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the history and development of porcelain jacket crowns (PJCs). The first all-ceramic crown was developed by Land in 1886 and was called a PJC. Originally made of feldspathic porcelain, PJCs are now made of advanced ceramics like aluminum oxide and zirconium. PJCs offer esthetic benefits but require more tooth reduction than metal crowns. They are best for anterior teeth but have limitations for posterior teeth or situations without adequate tooth structure.
1) Rotary cutting instruments called burs are used to abrade and cut tooth structure when attached to a powered handpiece. Burs come in various shapes, sizes, and materials like stainless steel and tungsten carbide.
2) Bur design features like rake angle, clearance angle, and number of blades influence cutting efficiency. Developments in handpieces and burs have improved power and lifespan.
3) Burs are classified by attachment type, material, shape, length, and intended use. Finishing burs smooth surfaces while abrasives like diamonds shape tooth structure without cutting.
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
This lecture present to you the very basics of dental management of asthmatic patient in dental clinics. I kept it short and comprehensive as I can, for more info please refer to the reference mentioned in the lecture
The sandwich technique involves using two restorative materials bonded together to restore a tooth. There are open and closed techniques, with the open technique exposing the underlying material to the mouth. Common materials used are glass ionomer cement or flowable composite as the underlying liner layer, which bonds to tooth structure and the overlying composite. It provides benefits like increased retention, fluoride release to prevent decay, and stress absorption. The technique is indicated for lesions with non-enamel margins or class II composites involving the gingival area. It involves conditioning, placing the liner, etching, bonding, and incrementally placing the overlying composite.
Gingival finish lines in fixed prosthodonticsNAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses different finish line designs used in fixed prosthodontics. It defines a finish line as the junction between prepared and unprepared tooth structure. Common finish line locations are subgingival, equigingival, and supragingival. Common designs include chamfer, shoulder, bevelled shoulder, and knife edge. A chamfer is the preferred design as it provides greater angulation than knife edge but less width than shoulder. Placement depends on factors like esthetics, plaque control, and periodontal health. Subgingival margins are not recommended but may be used when esthetics require. Equigingival placement at the gingival crest is optimal when possible.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Dental Management of patient with Hypertension. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
Internal anatomy of permanent/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Morphology and internal anatomy of root canal systemAkansha Tilokani
The document discusses the morphology and anatomy of root canal systems. It describes the two main components - the pulp chamber located in the crown and the root canal located in the root. It then provides details on the structures within these components such as the roof, floor, canals and foramina. The document also classifies root canal configurations and discusses individual tooth anatomy for maxillary and mandibular teeth, describing their average lengths, pulp chamber and root/canal structures.
pulpotomy procedures in primary dentitionParth Thakkar
A pulpotomy involves removing the inflamed coronal pulp while leaving the healthy radicular pulp intact. The aim is to relieve pain and allow for root development. Formocresol pulpotomy is commonly used and involves applying formocresol to the exposed pulp stump to fix tissues and eliminate microorganisms. It is performed using either a single-stage or two-stage technique. Other materials used include calcium hydroxide, glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate. Success rates depend on strict case selection and technique.
DR. SWARNEET KAKPURE (DEPT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS)
THE TOPIC PRESENTED IN SEMINAR COVERS ALMOST ALL THE ASPECTS OF COMPLEX AMALGAM RESTORATIONS INCLUDING PIN RETAINED,SLOT RETAINED AMALGAM RESTORATIONS,CEMENTED,FRICTION LOCKED & SELF THREADING PINS, TMS SYSTEM,AMALGAM FOUNDATIONS ALONG WITH TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION AND MATRIX PLACEMENT.
This document provides guidelines for preparing metal-ceramic crown restorations. It describes the indications and contraindications for metal-ceramic crowns as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The preparation involves placing depth grooves, reducing the incisal/occlusal, labial/buccal, and axial surfaces, and finishing the margins. The preparation aims to provide at least 1-2mm of tooth reduction, maintain a continuous 90 degree shoulder, eliminate unsupported enamel, and avoid undercuts.
The document discusses the progression of dental adhesive systems through 8 generations. The 8th generation features improvements like being a single-step system and using nano-sized fillers of 12nm in the bonding agent. This increases bonding strength and penetration compared to previous generations. The 8th generation also offers benefits like longer shelf life and stress absorption. It provides bond strengths comparable to total etching agents without the associated sensitivity.
This fresh lecture explain the basics of antibiotic prescription, and common interactions, clinical use, and dosages. It is written to level of undergraduate mind
This document discusses different types of periodontal instruments and their uses. It describes five main classifications of instruments: periodontal probes, explorers, scaling/root planing/curettage instruments, periodontal endoscopes, and cleansing/polishing instruments. Specific instruments are discussed in detail within each classification, including their parts, designs, uses, and benefits. Gracey curettes, sickle scalers, hoe scalers, files, and ultrasonic instruments are some of the instruments explained in the document.
This document discusses metal ceramic crowns, including their indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages. It provides detailed instructions on preparing teeth for metal ceramic crowns, with separate sections focusing on anterior and posterior tooth preparation. Anterior tooth preparation involves reducing the incisal edge, placing bevels, and creating wing preparations when needed. Posterior tooth preparation involves reducing the occlusal surface, adding depth orientation grooves, and reducing facial, proximal, lingual, and gingival surfaces with axial finishing. The goal is to produce a smooth preparation with rounded line angles and no scratches to support the metal ceramic crown restoration.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal system during endodontic treatment. It describes the objectives and basic principles of root canal preparation, including removing debris and maintaining the original shape of the canal. Several techniques are summarized, such as step-back, crown-down, balanced force, and ultrasonic instrumentation. For each technique, the document outlines the steps and discusses advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the history and development of porcelain jacket crowns (PJCs). The first all-ceramic crown was developed by Land in 1886 and was called a PJC. Originally made of feldspathic porcelain, PJCs are now made of advanced ceramics like aluminum oxide and zirconium. PJCs offer esthetic benefits but require more tooth reduction than metal crowns. They are best for anterior teeth but have limitations for posterior teeth or situations without adequate tooth structure.
1) Rotary cutting instruments called burs are used to abrade and cut tooth structure when attached to a powered handpiece. Burs come in various shapes, sizes, and materials like stainless steel and tungsten carbide.
2) Bur design features like rake angle, clearance angle, and number of blades influence cutting efficiency. Developments in handpieces and burs have improved power and lifespan.
3) Burs are classified by attachment type, material, shape, length, and intended use. Finishing burs smooth surfaces while abrasives like diamonds shape tooth structure without cutting.
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
This lecture present to you the very basics of dental management of asthmatic patient in dental clinics. I kept it short and comprehensive as I can, for more info please refer to the reference mentioned in the lecture
The sandwich technique involves using two restorative materials bonded together to restore a tooth. There are open and closed techniques, with the open technique exposing the underlying material to the mouth. Common materials used are glass ionomer cement or flowable composite as the underlying liner layer, which bonds to tooth structure and the overlying composite. It provides benefits like increased retention, fluoride release to prevent decay, and stress absorption. The technique is indicated for lesions with non-enamel margins or class II composites involving the gingival area. It involves conditioning, placing the liner, etching, bonding, and incrementally placing the overlying composite.
Gingival finish lines in fixed prosthodonticsNAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses different finish line designs used in fixed prosthodontics. It defines a finish line as the junction between prepared and unprepared tooth structure. Common finish line locations are subgingival, equigingival, and supragingival. Common designs include chamfer, shoulder, bevelled shoulder, and knife edge. A chamfer is the preferred design as it provides greater angulation than knife edge but less width than shoulder. Placement depends on factors like esthetics, plaque control, and periodontal health. Subgingival margins are not recommended but may be used when esthetics require. Equigingival placement at the gingival crest is optimal when possible.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Dental Management of patient with Hypertension. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
Internal anatomy of permanent/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Morphology and internal anatomy of root canal systemAkansha Tilokani
The document discusses the morphology and anatomy of root canal systems. It describes the two main components - the pulp chamber located in the crown and the root canal located in the root. It then provides details on the structures within these components such as the roof, floor, canals and foramina. The document also classifies root canal configurations and discusses individual tooth anatomy for maxillary and mandibular teeth, describing their average lengths, pulp chamber and root/canal structures.
The pulp cavity is the central cavity within a tooth and is entirely enclosed by dentin except at apical foramen.
It is divided into:
1. Coronal portion pulp chamber
2. Radicular portion root canal
PULP CHAMBER
ROOF OF PULP CAVITY: consists of dentin covering the pulp chamber occlussaly or incisally.
PULP HORN : Accentuation of the roof of pulp chamber directly under a cusp or developmental lobe.
FLOOR OF PULP CHAMBER: runs parallel to the roof and consists of dentin bounding the pulp chamber near cervical area of tooth, particularly dentin forming the furcation area.
CANAL ORIFICES: openings in the floor of pulp chamber leading to the root canals.
ROOT CANALS
Portion of the pulp cavity from the canal orifice to the apical foramen
Divided into 3 section( for convenience)
Coronal third
Middle third
Apical third
The root canal curvature
Straight canal extending with minimal apical curvature
Gradual curvature of canal with straight apical ending
Gradual curvature of entire canal
Sharp curvature of canal near the apex
Success of negotiating narrow curved canal depends on
Degree of curvature
Size and constriction of root canal
Size and flexibility of endodontic instrument blade
Skill of operator
Classification based on canal cross-section
Round/circular
Oval
Long oval
Flattened(flat/ribbon)
Irregular
Vertucci’s Classification
Weine’s Classification
ISTHMUS
A narrow passage or anatomic part connecting two larger structures (root canals)
APICAL FORAMEN
In young incompletely developed teeth the apical foramen is funnel shaped with wider portion extending outward
As root develops the apical foramen becomes narrower
Apical foramen is not the most constricted part of root apex\apical foramen is not always located at the centre of the root apex
LATERAL CANALS AND ACCESSARY FORAMINA
Lateral canals frequently occur in apical third of root
May occur in areas of bifurcation and trifurcation of multirooted teeth
With increasing age, number of accessory foramina reduce due to calcification of contained soft tissue
INFLUENCE OF AGING
METHODS OF DETERMINING PULP ANATOMY
CLINICAL METHODS
Anatomy studies
Radiographs
Explorations
High resolution compound tomography
Visualisation endogram
Fiberoptic endoscope
Magnetic resonance imaging
IN VITRO METHODS
sectioning of teeth
use of dyes
Contrasting media
Scanning electron microscope analysis
VARIATIONS IN INTERNAL ANATOMY
Variations in development
Gemination
Fusion
Concrescence
Taurodontism
Talon’s cusp
Dilaceration
Extra root canal
Dens invaginatus
Dens evaginatus
Maxillary Central Incisor
Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Maxillary Canine
Mandibular Central and Lateral Incisors
Mandibular Canine
Maxillary First Premolar
Maxillary Second Premolar
The typical second premolar has one
root and one canal and sometimes
has an apical distal curvature.
The Type I canal form is p
The document discusses root canal anatomy, terminology, morphology, and access cavity preparation for anterior teeth. It describes the typical root canal configuration starting at the orifice and ending at the foramen, as well as common variations. Key steps for access cavity preparation include understanding internal anatomy, evaluating the cementoenamel junction and occlusal anatomy, removing caries and defective restorations, and achieving straight-line access to locate all
This document discusses guidelines for access cavity preparation in endodontic treatment, including in special situations. It begins by outlining the objectives of achieving straight line access to canals and removing caries/defective restorations. Principles of access preparation include following the internal anatomy and removing remaining caries. Specific guidelines are provided for various tooth types, and locating additional canals like the MB2 in maxillary molars is discussed. Aids like microscopes and ultrasonic tips can help in complex cases.
This document provides guidance on accessing tooth canals during root canal treatment. It discusses locating all canals, removing pulp tissue while conserving tooth structure. Access openings should be made under rubber dam isolation using high-speed instruments with good illumination. Tooth anatomy and pre-operative x-rays are used to determine the number and location of canals. Care must be taken to locate extra canals which may be present, especially in teeth with complex anatomy.
The document discusses the internal anatomy of the pulp, including its classification, morphology, and factors that affect its structure. It describes the pulp cavity and root canals of different maxillary teeth in detail. Key variations are noted, such as additional canals, curves, and connections between canals. Understanding pulp anatomy is important for successful root canal procedures.
Anatomy of pulp cavity of maxillary teeth (2)Humaira Tamanna
This document discusses the anatomy of the pulp cavity of maxillary teeth. It describes the typical pulp chamber and root canal morphology of different maxillary teeth. The maxillary central incisor typically has a single root canal that is straight or curved distally. The lateral incisor commonly has a single curved canal as well, though it may occasionally have two canals. Factors like age, pathology, and developmental anomalies can influence the shape of the pulp cavity. Understanding normal dental anatomy helps ensure safe and effective root canal treatment.
MAZEN DOUMANI Access cavity and morphologymazen doumani
This document discusses tooth morphology and root canal anatomy. It describes the components of the root canal system and various pulp canal configurations that can occur. It provides guidelines for access cavity preparation, including objectives, evaluation of tooth anatomy, use of magnification and burs, orifice location and flaring. Morphology and specific preparation techniques are outlined for individual tooth types from anterior to posterior in both arches. Care must be taken during access preparation to locate all canals and avoid perforations.
The document discusses the anatomy and terminology related to the pulp space within teeth. It describes the different components that make up the pulp space, including the pulp chamber, pulp horns, root canal, lateral canals, apical foramen and others. It also discusses variations in root canal morphology, histology of the pulp, and functions of the pulp tissue.
This document describes the internal anatomy of anterior teeth, including the shapes of root canals and variations. It discusses the average length, number of roots, root curvatures, and most common canal configurations of maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. For each tooth, it details the pulp chamber, root canal shape, common variations, and prevalence of lateral canals. The document emphasizes that root canal anatomy is complex and can feature branches, divisions, and accessory canals. A thorough understanding of pulp cavity morphology is important for endodontic treatment success.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses the anatomy of root canals and related structures. It begins with an introduction and overview, then discusses topics like pulp chamber anatomy, root canal classification systems, the apical foramen, accessory foramina, apical constriction, isthmuses, C-shaped canals, and anatomy of individual teeth. It also touches on developmental disturbances and references other research. The overall document provides an in-depth look at root canal anatomy, variations, related structures, and classification systems.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document provides details on the anatomy and root canal morphology of various maxillary and mandibular teeth, as well as guidelines for accessing the pulp chamber during root canal treatment. For maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars, it describes the average tooth length, pulp chamber shape, most common root and canal configurations, and recommended access opening technique. Specific anatomical features are highlighted, such as the narrow mesiodistal width but wide buccolingual width of the mandibular first premolar pulp chamber. Guidelines emphasize removing the roof of the pulp chamber without cutting into the floor or exposing just the pulp horn tips. References are provided for further information.
Stainless steel crowns are semi-permanent restorations used for primary and young permanent teeth. They provide superior longevity compared to other restorative materials. Stainless steel crowns require minimal tooth preparation and can be placed in a single appointment, making them efficient. They are indicated for restoring teeth with extensive decay, following pulpotomies, in patients with poor oral hygiene, and as a space maintainer. Proper tooth preparation, crown adaptation, cementation, and follow up are important for success.
Restorative materials in pediatric dentistry classMINDS MAHE
This document discusses various restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry, including their properties and applications. It covers both preventive materials like fluoride and sealants, as well as direct restorative materials like amalgam, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol, composite resins, and newer "smart materials". For each material, it discusses classifications, properties, indications, contraindications, composition and recent advancements. It provides detailed information on dental amalgam, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol, composite resins and their various types and modifications that have been developed.
Children with disabilities and special health care needs present unique challenges for dental care. They often experience poorer oral health than others due to limited access to care, difficulties with home care, and disability-related factors. Providing care requires special preparation and modifications including protective stabilization, treatment plan alterations, desensitization to dental equipment, and management of anxiety. Common conditions discussed that impact oral health are intellectual disabilities, Down syndrome, autism, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
This document discusses early childhood caries (ECC), providing definitions, classifications, risk factors, prevention strategies, and management approaches. It defines ECC as the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces in a child younger than 72 months. Key risk factors include dental plaque, mutans streptococci bacteria, prolonged bottle or breastfeeding, and frequent sugar consumption. Prevention strategies focus on educating parents and caregivers, supervised toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste, applying fluoride varnishes, and increasing access to dental care. Treatment involves restoring carious primary teeth with materials like composite resin or stainless steel crowns.
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT ( Dr SHARATH CHANDRASHEKHARAN)MINDS MAHE
This document discusses child abuse and neglect. It defines the different types of abuse, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It provides prevalence data showing that the majority of child maltreatment cases involve neglect. The document then discusses physical abuse in more detail, outlining common physical findings seen in abused children such as bruises, burns, fractures, and bite marks. It also discusses shaken baby syndrome and battered child syndrome. The document concludes by discussing risk factors for abuse and the importance of healthcare professionals in identifying and reporting suspected cases of child abuse and neglect.
Dr. Shakunthala G K's presentation covered several topics related to salivary glands including their anatomy, physiology, functions, and disorders. Key points included classifications of salivary gland disorders such as developmental abnormalities, obstructive lesions like sialolithiasis, inflammatory lesions, sialadenitis, immune conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, and functional disorders including xerostomia and hypersalivation. Diagnosis and management of common salivary gland conditions such as sialolithiasis, mucocele, ranula, and sialadenitis were discussed.
Normal anatomical variations( Dr MEGHA B)MINDS MAHE
This document summarizes several normal anatomical variations that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes variations that can be seen on the buccal mucosa such as leukedema and Fordyce's granules. Variations of the gingiva, tongue, and lips are also discussed including physiologic pigmentation, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, and commissural lip pits. Finally, some common radiographic variations like idiopathic osteosclerosis and Stafne bone defects are mentioned. For each variation, the document discusses epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and differentiation from pathologic conditions.
Interpretation of caries_and_periodontitis (Dr RAJ AC)MINDS MAHE
This document discusses the radiographic appearance and diagnosis of dental caries. It states that bitewing radiography is best for diagnosing caries. It describes the radiographic appearance of incipient, moderate, advanced, and severe caries in occlusal, proximal, buccal, lingual, root surface, and other areas. Factors like overlapping structures, lesion depth and proximity to pulp need to be considered. Radiographs help determine bone loss and periapical pathology but have limitations as a 2D image. Clinical examination is important for diagnosis.
This document discusses dental considerations for patients with endocrine diseases. It covers hormone excess, deficiency, and resistance related to the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. Key points include increased risk of infections for patients on high-dose steroids (Cushing's); need for IV glucocorticoids before dental work in Addison's disease; risks of aspiration and bleeding in hypothyroidism; increased caries and mobility in hyperparathyroidism; and increased infections and delayed healing in diabetes. Systemic treatment needs and dental management strategies are provided for each condition.
This document outlines the process for taking and documenting a patient's case history. It begins with collecting personal information like name, age, sex, address, and occupation. The chief complaint is then documented. The history of present illness details the onset and progression of symptoms. Past dental and medical histories are obtained. A family, social, and medication history is also taken. A physical exam including extraoral and intraoral assessments is performed. Investigations may be done. A provisional diagnosis is made, followed by a differential diagnosis, further investigations if needed, and a final diagnosis. A treatment plan and physician referral if required are then outlined before concluding the case history. The goal is to obtain all relevant health information to arrive at an accurate
This document provides an overview of hematological disorders and diseases of the blood. It begins with an introduction to blood components and hematopoiesis. It then discusses specific blood disorders like anemia, leukemias, and hemolytic anemias. For each disorder, it covers causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, classifications, and treatment approaches. The document aims to comprehensively describe common blood disorders and diseases at a high level.
This document discusses fluid and haemodynamic disorders. It covers body fluid compartments, water and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, fluid exchange, and disturbances that can occur like edema, dehydration, and overhydration. It also discusses specific types of edema like pulmonary, renal, cardiac, cerebral, hepatic and nutritional edema. Hemodynamic disturbances covered include active hyperemia, passive hyperemia/venous congestion, and hemorrhage. Specific organ changes seen with chronic venous congestion of the lung, liver, spleen, and kidney are also summarized.
Embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by foreign particles carried in the bloodstream called emboli. The majority of emboli are thromboemboli originating from thrombi or blood clots that detach from vessel walls. Common types of emboli include solid materials like thrombi or tumors, liquid materials like fat or amniotic fluid, and gaseous materials like air. Pulmonary embolism is a potentially fatal condition caused by emboli blocking the pulmonary arteries, which can lead to sudden death or pulmonary infarction and complications like pulmonary hypertension. Other clinical manifestations of embolism include infarction of organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, liver, and spleen due to impaired blood flow.
This document discusses disorders of hemostasis, including primary and secondary hemostasis, the coagulation cascade, and fibrinolysis. It describes platelet function and von Willebrand factor in primary hemostasis and how platelet aggregation initiates secondary hemostasis through the coagulation cascade. Testing of the hemostatic system includes complete blood count, platelet count, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and assessment of specific coagulation factor deficiencies. Causes of thrombocytopenia like decreased production, splenic sequestration, and increased destruction are outlined.
1. The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growth of cells) and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors.
2. It describes how tumors are classified based on cell of origin, biological behavior, appearance and other features. Examples of different tumor types are provided.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion of surrounding tissue, metastasis, and differentiation of cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow and spread more rapidly.
Embolism occurs when a solid, liquid, or gas becomes lodged in a blood vessel blocking blood flow. The most common type is thromboembolism from detached blood clots. Emboli can lodge in lungs (pulmonary embolism) or other organs (systemic embolism) cutting off blood supply and causing tissue death (infarction). Ischemia is a lack of blood flow, which if sustained leads to infarction. Shock is a state of low blood flow (hypoperfusion) that can be distributive, cardiogenic, or hypovolemic in origin, and progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages impacting organ function if not corrected.
1. The document discusses various hemodynamic and circulatory disorders that can disrupt homeostasis, including fluid imbalances and disturbances that can lead to hemorrhage, hyperemia, congestion, edema, thrombosis, and embolism.
2. It defines different types of hemorrhage and edema, and explains the pathophysiology of thrombosis, noting key factors like endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
3. The morphology and locations of arterial thrombi, venous thrombi, and thrombi on heart valves are described, along with various underlying causes.
The document summarizes key principles of periodontal instrumentation. It discusses:
- Proper positioning of patient and operator for accessibility and visibility
- Importance of sharp instruments, illumination, and retraction
- Instrument stabilization techniques like finger rests and grasps
- Types of strokes for exploration, scaling, and root planing
- Classes of instruments including probes, explorers, scalers, and curettes
- Design and uses of specific instruments like sickle scalers, Gracey curettes, and probes
This document discusses halitosis (bad breath), including its definition, classification, causes, diagnosis and treatment. Halitosis can originate from oral or non-oral sources, with the vast majority stemming from conditions in the oral cavity like gingivitis, periodontitis and tongue coating. Diagnosis involves history, examination, and objective tests like organoleptic measurement and gas chromatography. Treatment focuses on reducing oral bacteria and volatile compounds through mechanical cleaning, chemical agents, masking malodor, and addressing underlying conditions. Prevention prioritizes regular dental visits and proper oral hygiene.
This document provides information on dental implants including definitions, fundamental science, classifications, components, and surgical procedures. It defines dental implants as alloplastic or biologic materials surgically placed in the oral cavity for function or cosmetic purposes. Key points include that osseointegration directly connects implant surfaces to bone, and implant success requires factors like stable crestal bone levels and an absence of pain or mobility. The document also classifies implants based on design, materials, surface features, and intended placement site in the jaw. It describes the standard components of an implant system and important tools used in surgical procedures.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
3. ANATOMY OF PULP SPACE
Dr. Sona Joseph
READER
Dept. Of Conservative Dentistry And Endodontics
MAHE INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES & HOSPITAL
4. Introduction
Objectives
Components of pulp space – terminology
Classification of pulp space
Techniques for visualization of internal
anatomy
contents
5. Detailed study of internal anatomy of permanent tooth
Comparative study of deciduous and permanent tooth
structure
Variation in normal pulpal structure and its significance
Physiological
Pathological
Development
Conclusion
References
10. COMPOSITION OF THE PULP
Cells Fibers Ground substance
Odontoblasts
Fibroblasts
Undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells
Macrophages
Immunocompetent cells
Collagen – Type I
Type III
Oxytalan
Water
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
14. Coronal pulp
Located centrally with pulp horns
Six surfaces
Dentinal maps are present in the floor
Pulp horns- these are the
projections/prolongations of roof of the pulp
corresponding to major cusps or lobes
15. Radicular pulp
Radicular pulp is that pulp extending from
cervical region of the crown to root apex
Canal configurations
Accessory canals ,
lateral canals ,
apical delta
Furcation canal
Isthmus
16. Terminologies:
Root canal system:
The entire space in the dentine where the pulp
is housed is called the root canal system.
Pulp chamber:
It is the part of the root canal system located in
the anatomic crown of the tooth.
Pulp canal :
It is the part of the root canal system located in the anatomic root of the
tooth.
Pulp horn:
It is an accentuation of the roof of the pulp chamber directly under the
cusp or the development lobe
Canal orifices:
They are openings in the floor of the pulp chamber
leading into the root canals or pulp space.
17. Accessory canals:
They are minute canals that extend in a horizontal ,
lateral ,or vertical direction from the pulp to the
periodontium.
Furcation canals :
Accessory canals seen in the bifurcation or
trifurcation of the multirooted teeth are called
furcation canals.
Apical foramen: ( Major apical diameter)
It is an aperture at or near the apex of the root through which the blood
vessels and nerves enter or leave the pulp cavity. (Grossman)
It is the circumference or rounded edge, like a funnel or crater that
differentiates the termination of the cemental canal from the exterior surface
of the root. (Cohen)
Apical constriction: (Minor apical diameter)
It is the part of the root canal with the smallest apical diameter; it also is the
reference point the clinician use most often as the apical termination for
cleaning shaping and obturation.
18. CDJ:
It is a point in the canal where cementum meets dentine; it
is a point where the pulp tissue ends and periodontal tissue
begins. (Approximately 1mm from the apical foramen).
Isthmus:
It is a narrow ribbon shaped communication between two
root canals that contain pulp or pulpally derived tissue.
19. Anatomy of apical root
Apical constriction
Cementodentinaljuncti
on
Apical foramen
20. Classification of canal configurations :
According to Gross man :
One canal existing as one canal
Two canal exiting as one canal
Two canals exiting as two canals
One canal exiting as two canals
According to Wiene :
Type I:One canal exiting at one foramina
Type II :Two canals exiting at one foramina
Type III:Two canals exiting into two foramina
Type IV:One canal exiting at two foramina.
21. According to Vertucci (1984)
One canal at apex
Type I : Single canal extending from pulp chamber to the apex.
Type II : Two canals leave the pulp chamber and joins short of the apex
to form one canal.
Type III: One canal leaves the pulp chamber, divides into two, within
the root and then merges to unite as one canal.
22. Two Canals at apex
Type IV : Two separate canals from chamber to apex.
Type V : Leaves pulp chamber as one and divides short of the apex into 2
separate apical foramina.
Type VI: Two separate canals leave the pulp chamber and merge in the
middle body of the root then re-divides short of the apex.
Type VII: One canal leaves the pulp chamber divides and then rejoins
within the canal and finally re-divides into 2 distinct canals short of the
apex.
Three canal at apex.
Type VIII: Three separate and distinct canals extend
from pulp chamber to the apex.
23. Maxillary central incisor
Average tooth length-22.8 mm
Pulp chamber
centre of the tooth
wider mesiodistally than
labiolingually widest part
incisaly
3 pulp horns
Chamber continuous with the
root canal
24. Root canal
Cross section
Clinical significance
The labial surface of the root lies under the
labial cortical plate of maxilla
Relationship to nasal floor
75% straight, 17% curve labially or palatally
25. Access opening
Internal anatomy dictates the Access
cavity – refer diagnostic radiograph
Slightly triangular with base towards
incisal aspect
Outline of access cavity changes to
more oval shape as tooth matures
and pulp horns recede
26. Maxillary lateral incisor
Average tooth length-
22.5mm
Pulp chamber
The outline chamber is
similar to central except
it is smaller.
Two or no pulp horns
27. Root
Cross section
Anatomic relationship in situ
The labial surface of root of the
maxillary lateral under the cortical plate
of maxilla
Palatal inclination
28. Clinical significance
Distal and palatal curvature
In cases of Dens invaginatus, peg lateral,
Talons cusp require modification in access
opening.
Two or three canals have been reported
29. Maxillary canine
Average tooth length-26 mm
Pulp chamber
are largest of any single
rooted teeth
wider labiolingually than
mesiodistally
One or No pulp horns
30. Root –wider labiopalatally
Straight 39%, distal curvature 32%
Cross sections
Anatomic relationship in situ
An abscess usually perforates labial
cortical plate.
If below the insertion of levatormuscle –
Buccal vestibule.
It above the insertion – canine space
cellulitis.
31. Clinical significance
Longest tooth, canine eminence
Apical curettage may be difficult.
Buccal bone over canine eminence
disintegrates leading to fenestration.
32. Mandibular central incisor
Average tooth length-20.8mm
Pulp chamber:
Smallest tooth in the arch.
flat mesiodistally.
Pulp horns-The three distinct
pulp horns present in recently
erupted tooth, disappear later
33. Roots
The mandibular central incisor has 1 root
flat and narrow mesiodistaly but wide
labiolingually.
1 canal :70%,2 canals : 41%, 1*2*1 :22%
Straight 60%
Cross sections
Anatomic relationship in situ
The roots of the anterior teeth are broad
labiolingually occupy most of the alveolar
process
34. Clinical significance
Because of small size and internal anatomy
may be most difficult tooth for access
opening.( smaller)
Avoid overpreparation
Complete removal of lingual shoulder critical,
often the second canal is present. For this
one should extend preparation lingually
35. Mandibular lateral incisor
Average tooth length-22.6 mm
Pulp chamber-
configuration similar to mandibular central
except larger dimensions
Roots also show similarity but with increased
dimensions
36. Root curvature – Straight (Majority)
Distal (sharper)
Clinical significance :
2nd canal
Gemination and fusion are common in
mandibular anterior teeth.
37. Mandibular canine
Average tooth length -25.mm
Pulp chamber-
resembles maxillary canine but
it is smaller in dimensions
labiolingually chamber narrows
to a point in the incisal third of
crown but it is wide in the
cervical third
38. Roots
usually has a single root and canal (78%)
it may have two roots (2.3%) and two canals
(14%). These canals are narrow
mesiodistally wider labiolingually
Straight 68%, distal curvature 20%
Cross sections
39. Clinical significance
Lingual shoulder must be removed to gain
access to second canal / lingual wall.
Incisal extension can approach incisal edge
for straighten access
40. Maxillary first premolar
Average tooth length-
21.5 mm
Pulp chamber
wider bucco lingually
and narrow
mesiodistally.
two pulp horns
buccal>palatal
41. Roots 2 roots in 54.6% cases.
separated (21.9%)
partially fused(32.7%)
Irrespective or whether it has one root / two root it has 2
canals at the apex in 69% cases.
The palatal canal is larger of the two and is directly
under palatal cusp and its orifice can be penetrated by
following the palatal wall of pulp chamber.
buccal canal is under the buccal cusp
42. Cross sections
Anatomic relations in situ
Relationship of the socket with alveolar
process varies with the number of roots.
If one root then the socket is in close
relationship to buccal cortical plate.
If two roots buccal is close to buccal
cortical plate and palatal is centrally located
sinus.
concavity
43. Clinical significance
The outline form of cavity preparation
varies with the number of canals.
(2/3)
straight or distally curved (38%:36% )
Radiograph with angle (SLOB )
Prone to mesio distal fracture so full
coverage restoration is required after root
canal treatment.
44. Maxillary second premolar
Average tooth length-21.6mm
Pulp chamber
more wider buccopalatally
than the first premolar.
if one root canal present
then the canal orifice may be
indistinct but if two canals are
present the two orifices will
be visible.
45. Root canals
Single root – 90.3% (1/2 canals)
2 well developed roots – 2%
Partially fused 2 roots – 7.7%.
CROSS SECTION :
Cervical – Ovoid and narrow
Middle 1/3 – Ovoid (1 canal); round (2 canal)
Apical 1/3 – Round.
Anatomical relations in situ
close relationship with maxillary sinus
46. Clinical significance
Depending on the number of canals the
external outline form varies.
One canal : Buccolingual width corresponds to width
between buccal and palatal pulp horns.
Two canals : Access preparation is nearly identical to
first premolar.
Three canals : The access outline form is same
triangular shape.
Presence of isthmus
47. Mandibular first premolar
Average tooth
length-21.9mm
It is a transitional
tooth between
anterior and
posterior
Buccal pulp horn
48. Enigma to endodontist
Root canals :
The mandibular first
premolar has a short
conical root.
A single root canal may
divide in apical third
into 2 or 3 root canals.
Straight (48%)
49. 1*1 : 70%
1*2 : 24%
2*2 : 1.5%
1*2*1 : 4%
3*3 : 0.5%
Cross sections
Anatomic relationship insitu
mental canal and foramen close to root
apex . radiographic appearance may
suggest periapical pathoses.
50. Mandibular second premolar
Average tooth length-
22.3mm
Pulp chamber
similar to 1st premolar
except the lingual horn
is more prominent
under a well developed
lingual cusp
51. Root
usually 1 canal exists in 1apical foramen
in 97.5%
In 2.5% cases a single canal may
bifurcate exiting in 2 foramina.
Straight or distally curved (39%;40%)
Cross section
Anatomic relationship in situ
Mandibular second premolar is in closer
relationship to mental foramen.
52. Clinical significance
crown has less lingual inclination---- less
extension up the buccal cusp
lingual half well developed---- access
extension is halfway up the lingual cusp
incline.
53. Maxillary first molar
Average tooth length-
21.3mm
Pulp chamber 4 pulp
horn
Largest in the arch
Roof– rhomboidal
floor triangular in cross
section
54. Orifices
Palatal-largest round
Mesiobuccal-under the
mesiobuccal cusp
long buccopalatally
Distobuccal- distal and
to palatal mesiobucal
orifice
55. Dilema of mb2 (84%)
generally present
mesial to or directly on
a line joining MB – 1
and palates orifice
.
20 distal eccentric
angulation be used
56. Roots
Palatal-largest, flat ribbon like wider
mesiodistaly, 40%straight
Distobuccal-small, narrow,flattenned
mesiodistally
Mesiobuccal –narrowest ,flattened in
mesiodistal direction at orifice ,but round in
apical 3rd
57. Anatomical relationship in situ
Close proximity to maxillary sinus
Clinical significance
Pulp stones may be present
concavity exists on the distal aspect or
mesiobuccal root
58. Maxillary second molar
Average tooth length-
21.7 mm
Pulp chamber
Similar to maxillary first
molar except it is
narrower mesiodistally
59. Root
maxillary second molar has 3 roots which are
closely grouped.
fourth canal is less frequent
If the buccal roots fuse -2 canals (1 buccal, 1
palatal).
A tooth with only 1 root -1 conical root canal
Anatomic relationship in situ
60. Clinical significance
Access cavity varies number of canals
Four – Rhomboidal
Three – Triangular
Two – Ovoid widest in buccopalatal direction
Mesial marginal ridge should not be involved.
To enhance radiographic visibility especially
when interferences arises from malar process
61. Maxillary third molar
Tooth length – 17.1 mm
Pulp chamber : anatomically resembles the
second molar.
The pulp chamber may vary greatly. This may
have odd shaped chamber with four or five
root canal orifices or a conical chamber with
only on root canal.
62. Mandibular first molar
Average tooth length-
21.9mm
Pulp chamber -
Pulp horns - four
Roof –rectangular
Floor- trapezoidal
/rhomboidal
63. Roots
Usually 2 well differentiated roots with 3
canals
wide and flat buccolingually
a depression in the middle of the root
buccolingually
64. Distal -is oval in shape with the
widest diameter buccolingually. The
opening is generally located distal to
the buccal groove.
Mesiobuccal -under the
mesiobuccal cusp.
long shank starlite D-11 explorer
is inserted in mesiobucco apical
inclination
mesiolingual- a depression
formed by mesial and lingual wall
66. Mandibular second molar
Average tooth length-
20.4mm
Pulp chamber
The pulp chamber is
smaller than that or
mandibular first molar
and the root canal
orifices are smaller and
closer together.
67. Roots
Majority of mandibular second
molars have
2 roots (71%)
1 root (27%)
3 roots (2%)
Three root canals are usually
present in mandibular second
molars.
Cross section
Anatomic relationship in situ
68. Clinical significance
This tooth very close to mandibular canal
The clinician must take care not to allow
instruments or filling material to invade this
space because paresthesia may result.
C shaped canal
69. C shaped canals
The C-shaped canal
was first reported in
1979
mandibular second
molar.
cross sectional
morphology of their
roots and root canals is
a single ribbon orifice
with an arc of 180 or
more.
71. Mandibular third molar
Average tooth length-
18.5mm
Pulp chamber-
resembles the pulp
chamber of mandibular
first and second molar
. possess many
anomalous
configuration
80. GEMINATION (Twinning)
Attempt at division of a single tooth germ
by invagination resulting in incomplete
formation of two teeth.
Two completely or incompletely formed
crown with single root canal.
Differentiate gemination with fusion
81. FUSION
By levitas
Fusion of two separate tooth germs
It may be complete or incomplete
depending on stage of development
Caused due to physical force or
pressure
Separate or fused root canal
It may fuse with supernumerary tooth
83. DILACERATION
Angulation, sharp bend, or
curve in the root
It depends on the stage of
root formation
Common with maxillary
lateral incisor and maxillary
first molar
84. Open apex (Incomplete Rhizogenesis)
Refers to the absence of sufficient root development to provide a
conical taper to the canal and is referred to as a blunderbuss canal (This
means that the canal is wider toward the apex than near the cervical area)
85. Introduction
Objectives
Development, histology of pulp
Components of pulp space – terminology
Classification of pulp space
Techniques for visualization of internal
anatomy
summary
86. Detailed study of internal anatomy of permanent tooth
Comparative study of deciduous and permanent tooth
structure
Variation in normal pulpal structure and its significance
Physiological
Pathological
Development
Conclusion
References