The pulp cavity is the central cavity within a tooth and is entirely enclosed by dentin except at apical foramen. It is divided into: 1. Coronal portion pulp chamber 2. Radicular portion root canal PULP CHAMBER ROOF OF PULP CAVITY: consists of dentin covering the pulp chamber occlussaly or incisally. PULP HORN : Accentuation of the roof of pulp chamber directly under a cusp or developmental lobe. FLOOR OF PULP CHAMBER: runs parallel to the roof and consists of dentin bounding the pulp chamber near cervical area of tooth, particularly dentin forming the furcation area. CANAL ORIFICES: openings in the floor of pulp chamber leading to the root canals. ROOT CANALS Portion of the pulp cavity from the canal orifice to the apical foramen Divided into 3 section( for convenience) Coronal third Middle third Apical third The root canal curvature Straight canal extending with minimal apical curvature Gradual curvature of canal with straight apical ending Gradual curvature of entire canal Sharp curvature of canal near the apex Success of negotiating narrow curved canal depends on Degree of curvature Size and constriction of root canal Size and flexibility of endodontic instrument blade Skill of operator Classification based on canal cross-section Round/circular Oval Long oval Flattened(flat/ribbon) Irregular Vertucci’s Classification Weine’s Classification ISTHMUS A narrow passage or anatomic part connecting two larger structures (root canals) APICAL FORAMEN In young incompletely developed teeth the apical foramen is funnel shaped with wider portion extending outward As root develops the apical foramen becomes narrower Apical foramen is not the most constricted part of root apex\apical foramen is not always located at the centre of the root apex LATERAL CANALS AND ACCESSARY FORAMINA Lateral canals frequently occur in apical third of root May occur in areas of bifurcation and trifurcation of multirooted teeth With increasing age, number of accessory foramina reduce due to calcification of contained soft tissue INFLUENCE OF AGING METHODS OF DETERMINING PULP ANATOMY CLINICAL METHODS Anatomy studies Radiographs Explorations High resolution compound tomography Visualisation endogram Fiberoptic endoscope Magnetic resonance imaging IN VITRO METHODS sectioning of teeth use of dyes Contrasting media Scanning electron microscope analysis VARIATIONS IN INTERNAL ANATOMY Variations in development Gemination Fusion Concrescence Taurodontism Talon’s cusp Dilaceration Extra root canal Dens invaginatus Dens evaginatus Maxillary Central Incisor Maxillary Lateral Incisor Maxillary Canine Mandibular Central and Lateral Incisors Mandibular Canine Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar The typical second premolar has one root and one canal and sometimes has an apical distal curvature. The Type I canal form is p

2. MADE BY
ROSHALMARIA THOMAS
IV/II

3.  PULP CAVITY
 The pulp cavity is
the central cavity
within a tooth
and is entirely
enclosed by
dentin except at
apical foramen.
 It is divided into:
1. Coronal portion
pulp chamber
2. Radicular

4.  PULP CHAMBER
 ROOF OF PULP CAVITY: consists of dentin
covering the pulp chamber occlussaly or
incisally.
 PULP HORN : Accentuation of the roof of
pulp chamber directly under a cusp or
developmental lobe.
 FLOOR OF PULP CHAMBER: runs parallel
to the roof and consists of dentin bounding
the pulp chamber near cervical area of
tooth, particularly dentin forming the
furcation area.
 CANAL ORIFICES: openings in the floor of
pulp chamber leading to the root canals.
Floor
Roof

5.  ROOT CANALS
 Portion of the
pulp cavity from
the canal orifice
to the apical
foramen
 Divided into 3
section( for
convenience)
1. Coronal third
2. Middle third
3. Apical third

7.  The root canal
curvature
 Straight canal
extending with
minimal apical
curvature
 Gradual curvature of
canal with straight
apical ending
 Gradual curvature of
entire canal
 Sharp curvature of
canal near the apex

8.  Success of negotiating narrow curved canal
depends on
 Degree of curvature
 Size and constriction of root canal
 Size and flexibility of endodontic instrument blade
 Skill of operator
 Classification based on canal cross-section
 Round/circular
 Oval
 Long oval
 Flattened(flat/ribbon)
 Irregular

9.  Vertucci’s Classification

10.  Weine’s Classification

11.  ISTHMUS
 A narrow passage or anatomic part connecting
two larger structures (root canals)

12.  APICAL FORAMEN
 In young incompletely developed teeth the apical
foramen is funnel shaped with wider portion extending
outward
 As root develops the apical foramen becomes narrower
 Apical foramen is not the most constricted part of root
apexapical foramen is not always located at the centre
of the root apex

13.  LATERAL CANALS AND
ACCESSARY FORAMINA
 Lateral canals frequently occur in apical third of root
 May occur in areas of bifurcation and trifurcation of
multirooted teeth
 With increasing age, number of accessory foramina
reduce due to calcification of contained soft tissue

14.  INFLUENCE OF AGING
Younger individuals Older individuals
Pulp chambers Large Smaller in height rather than width
Pulp Horns Long Recede
Root canals Wide Narrower due to deposition of secondary and
reparative dentin
Apical foramina Broad Deviate from anatomic apex; minor diameter
becomes narrower; major diameter becomes
wider (deposition of dentin and cementum)
Dentinal tubules Wide, regular and
filled with
protoplasmic fluid
Narrower or obliterated y deposition of
peritubular dentin, forming sclerotic dentin/
irregular and torturous

15. METHODS OF DETERMINING PULP
ANATOMY
1. CLINICAL METHODS
I. Anatomy studies
II. Radiographs
III. Explorations
IV. High resolution compound tomography
V. Visualisation endogram
VI. Fiberoptic endoscope
VII. Magnetic resonance imaging

16. Anatomic Studies
Radigraphs
Exploration
Micro CT

17. 2. IN VITRO METHODS
i. sectioning of teeth
ii. use of dyes
iii. Contrasting media
iv. Scanning electron microscope analysis

18.  VARIATIONS IN
INTERNAL ANATOMY
 Variations in development
i. Gemination
ii. Fusion
iii. Concrescence
iv. Taurodontism
v. Talon’s cusp
vi. Dilaceration
vii. Extra root canal
viii. Dens invaginatus
ix. Dens evaginatus

20. 20Maxillary Central Incisor
 Central incisor are large and on an average of
23 mm.
 It has a single canal and a single apical foramen.
 The canal form is usually Type I.
 The pulp in young patients normally has 3 pulp
horns.
 The pulp chambers is noticeably wider in the
faciolingual direction than in the mesiodistal.
All upper anterior teeth
have one root and one
canal.

21. 21
Maxillary Lateral Incisor
It is shorter than central incisor.
Average length of 21- 22 mm.
It has a single canal and a single apical
foramen.
The canal form is usually Type I.
In young patients have two only pulp horn and is
wider in labiopalatal dimension.
The canal is tapered and the apex is often
curved generally in distal direction.

22. 22
Maxillary Canine
It is the longest tooth (26.5 mm)
Seldom has more than one canal
The pulp chamber is quite narrow M- D,
and there is one pulp horn pointed to the
incisal angle.
The pulp space is much wider labiopalatally
and the pulp space follows this outline.
Oval Type I root canal.
The root apex is often tapered and very
thin.
The canal is usually straight but may show
a distal apical curvature.

23. 23
Mandibular Central and Lateral Incisors
CENTRAL
LATERAL
Average length is 21 mm, but the
central incisor may be shorter than the
lateral.
The root canal morphology may be
place into 1 or 3 configurations. Type I
canal form is most prevalent, Types II
and III are less prevalent.
The pulp chamber is smaller replica
of the upper incisors.
When the tooth has a single root canal
it is normally straight but may curve to
the distal.

24. 24
Mandibular Canine
• Smaller than the maxillary canine.
• The average length is 22.5 mm.
• Type I canal form is most
prevalent.
Rarely has 2 roots, but fewer of mandibular canine display
the Type IV canal form with 2 separates apical formina.

25. Maxillary First
Premolar
Generally has 2 root with 2
canals, but in the case of 1
root has 2 canals which
open in a common apical
foramen.
Many types of canal
configurations.
Average length 21.5 mm.
The pulp chamber is wide
B-P with 2 distinct pulp horn.
M-D, the pulp chamber
is much narrower.

26. Maxillary Second Premolar
 The typical second premolar has one
root and one canal and sometimes
has an apical distal curvature.
 The Type I canal form is prevalent with
a frequency of 48%, approximately the same
as types II and IV-VII combined.
 The pulp chamber is wider B-P and narrower M-
D and has 2 well define pulp horns.
 The canal orifice is directly in the centre of the
tooth.
 Average length: 21 mm.

27. Mandibular Premolars
Usually has a single delicate root
with a mesial concavity, but
occasionally present a division of
the root in the apical half.
As a rule, both teeth have a single canal.
The coronal pulp is wide B-L with a large buccal horn
and a small lingual horn.
The shape of the canal is similar in first and second
premolars.
Its buccolingual extension is broad until the
middle third of the canal, but is very narrow in
the apical third.
Average Length: 22mm

28. Maxillary First Molars
 Generally three rooted with 3 canals. Additional canal is
located in the MB root.
 Large pulp chamber, triangular in shape, with the
base toward the buccal and the apex toward the lingual
surface.
 Slightly curved buccal roots.
 DP curvature of the MB root.
 Apical-buccal curvature of the
palatal root (55%)
 Average Length:
MB: 20mm
DB: 19.5mm
P: 20.5mm

29. It has 3 or 4 pulp horn, the MB is the longest.
The floor of the pulp chamber is normally just apical to
the cervix and is rounded and convex to the occlusal.
The MB canal opening is closer to the buccal
wall than is the DB orifice.
The DB canal is closer to the middle of the tooth than
to the distal wall, and is the shorter and finest
of the 3 canals.
Maxillary First Molars

30. Maxillary Second Molar
It is similar of the first molar:
Large pulp chamber.
Mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal
roots, each with one canal.
Gradual curvature of all three canals.
“Flattened” triangular outline form.
The DB canal orifice is
nearer the centre of the
cavity floor.

31. Mandibular First Molar
 Usually has 2 roots one mesial
and one distal.
 The Distal root is smoller and vertical.
 Distal curvature of the mesial root (84% of the time) which has two
canals.
 The distal canal is larger and more oval.
 The MB is the most difficult canal to instrument because its tortuous
path.
 The cavity is primarily within the mesial half of the tooth but is
extensive enough to allow positioning of instruments and filling
materials.
 Triangular outline form reflects the anatomy of the pulp chamber,
with the base toward mesialand the apex toward the distal surface.
 Average Length: 21 mm

32. Mandibular Second Molar
It is smaller version of the first molar
with an average length of 20mm.
The mesial root has 2 canals and the
distal one.
The mesial canals tend to fuse in the
apical third to give rise to one main
apical foramen.
Commonly has fused roots.