Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and is spread through inhaling droplets from infected individuals. It is a global health problem that kills over 5,000 people per day. Risk factors include immunocompromised status, drug/alcohol abuse, lack of healthcare, and living in close quarters with an infected individual. Symptoms can include cough, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, skin, blood, and imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-12 months under direct observation to prevent drug resistance.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- Preeti sharmaEducate with smile
COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease and related conditions. it is very helpful presentation to you about information of COPD.
It includes all things that is definition, causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, types, treatment and role of nurses for COPD patient.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete and detail information about tonsillits , that is the inflammation of the tonsils ,present in the oral cavity , disease of oral cavity contains introduction, definition, types, causes, risk factors,pathophysiology , treatment , medical management, nursing management, nurses role, patient teaching sign and symptoms , drug therapy, diet management,
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- Preeti sharmaEducate with smile
COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease and related conditions. it is very helpful presentation to you about information of COPD.
It includes all things that is definition, causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, types, treatment and role of nurses for COPD patient.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete and detail information about tonsillits , that is the inflammation of the tonsils ,present in the oral cavity , disease of oral cavity contains introduction, definition, types, causes, risk factors,pathophysiology , treatment , medical management, nursing management, nurses role, patient teaching sign and symptoms , drug therapy, diet management,
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Intro to TB
epidemiology of TB
Structure of Mycobacterium TB
pathogenesis of TB
Immunosuppression by Mycobacterium TB
types of TB
Clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#prification#largescale,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most
prevalent infections of human beings and
contributes considerably to illness and
death around the world. It is spread by
inhaling tiny droplets of saliva from the
coughs or sneezes of an infected person.it
is a slowly
granulomatous
spreading,
bacterial
chronic,
infection,
characterized by gradual weight loss
11/22/2013Free template from www.brainybetty.com 2
3. the infectiousTuberculosis is
disease primarily affecting lung
parenchyma is most often caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis.it may
spread to any part of the body
including meninges,kidney,bones
and lymphnodes.
11/22/2013 3
6. With the increased incidence of AIDS,
TB has become more a problem in the
U.S., and the world.
It is currently estimated that 1/2 of the
6Free template from www.brainybetty.com
billion) isworld's
infected
population (3.1
with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
killsGlobal Emergency Tuberculosis
5,000 people a day
2.3 million die each year
8. CLOSE CONTACT WITH SOME ONE WHO HAVE
ACTIVE TB.
IMMUNO COMPROMISED STATUS
(ELDERLY,CANCER)
DRUG ABUSE ANDALCOHOLISM
PEOPLE LACKING ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE
PRE EXISTING MEDICAL CONDITIONS (DIABETES
MELLITUS,CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE)
IMMIGRANTS FROM COUNTRIES WITH HIGHER
INCIDENCE OF TB.
INSTITUTIONALISATION(LONG TERM CARE
FACILITIES)
8Free template from www.brainybetty.com
9. LIVING IN SUBSTANDARD CONDITIONS
OCCUPATION(HEALTH CARE WORKERS)
9Free template from www.brainybetty.com
10. CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS
Anorexia
Low grade fever
Night sweats
Fatique
Weight loss
10
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
11.
12. PULMONARYSYMPTOMS
Dyspnea
Non resolving bronchopneumonia
Chest tightness
Non productive cough
Mucopurulent sputum with hemoptpysis
Chest pain
EXTRA PULMONARYSYMPTOMS
Pain
Inflammation
12
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
13. HISTORYCOLLECTION
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Clubbing of the fingers or toes (in people with advanced disease)
Swollen or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas
Fluid around a lung (pleural effusion)
Unusual breath sounds (crackles)
13
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
14. IF MILIARYTB;
A physical exam mayshow:
Swollen liver
Swollen lymph nodes
Swollen spleen
14
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
15. Tests may include:
Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare)
Bronchoscopy
Chest CT scan
Chest x-ray
Interferon-gamma release blood test such as the
QFT-Gold test to test for TB infection
Sputum examination and cultures
Thoracentesis
Tuberculin skin test (also called a PPD test)
15
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
16. QFT-Gold test measures interferon-gamma in
the testee's blood after incubating the blood with
specific antigens from M. Tuberculosis proteins
16
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
17. 0.1 ML OF PPD IS INJECTED FOREARM(SC)
AFTER 48-72 HRS CHECK FOR INDURATION AT
THE SITE
IF INDURATION IS EQUAL TO AND MORE THAN
10MM
POSITIVE
17
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
18.
19. Bones. Spinal pain and joint destruction may result
from TB that infects your bones(TB spine or potss
spine)
Brain(meningitis)
Liver or kidneys
Heart(cardiac tamponade)
Pleural effusion
Tb pneumonia
Serious reactions to drug therapy(hepato
toxicity;hypersentivity)
19
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
20. PULMONARY TB is treated primarily with
antituberculosis agents for 6 to 12 months.
Pharmacological management
First line antitubercular medications
Streptomycin 15mg/kg
Isoniazid or INH(Nydrazid) 5 mg/kg(300 mg max
perday)
Rifampin 10 mg/kg
Pyrazinamide 15 – 30 mg/kg
Ethambutol(Myambutol) 15 -25 mg/kg daily for 8
weeks and continuing for up to 4 to 7 months
11/22/2013
20
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
21. Second line medications
Capreomycin 12 -15 mg/kg
Ethionamide 15mg/kg
Paraaminosalycilate sodium 200 -
300 mg/kg
Cycloserine 15 mg/kg
Vitamin b(pyridoxine) usually
adminstered with INH
21
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
22. Other drugs that may be useful, but are
not on the WHO list of SLDs:
Rifabutin
Macrolides:e.g.,clarithromycin (CLR)
Linezolid(LZD)
Thioacetazone(T)
Thioridazine
Arginine
22
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
23. DOTS (directly observed treatment, short-course), is the name given
to the World Health Organization-recommended tuberculosis control
strategy that combines five components:
23
1
.
Government commitment (including both political will at all levels, and
establishing a centralized and prioritized system of TB monitoring,
recording and training)
2
.
Case detection by sputum smear microscopy
3
.
Standardized treatment regimen directly observed by a healthcare worker
or community health worker for at least the first two months
4
.
A regular drugsupply
5
.
A standardized recording and reporting system that allows assessment of
treatment results
24. DOT is especially critical for patients with drug-
resistant TB, HIV-infected patients, and those on
intermittent treatment regimens (i.e., 2 or 3 times
weekly).
24
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25.
26.
27. Multiple-drug therapy to treat TB means
taking several different antitubercular
drugs at the same time.
27
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
The standard treatment
isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol,
is to take
and
pyrazinamide for 2 months. Treatment is
then continued for at least 4months with
fewer medicines
28. Assessment
Obtain history of exposure to TB
Assess for symptoms of active disease
Auscultate lungs for crackles
During drug therapy assess for liver
function
28
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
29. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pulmonary
infection and potential for long term scarring with
decreased lung capacity
Interventions
Administer and teach self administration of
medications ordered
Encourage rest and avoidance of exertion
Moniter breath sounds respiratory rates ,sputum
production and dyspnoea
Provide supplymental oxygen as ordered
Encourage increased fluid intake
Instruct about best position to facilitate drainage
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30. Risk for spreading infection related to nature
of disease and patients symptoms
Be aware that TB is transmitted by respiratory
droplets
Use high efficiency particulate masks for high risk
procedures including endoscopy
Educate patient to control the spread of infection
by covering mouth and nose while coughing and
sneezing
Isolation of patient
Instruct about risk of drug resistance if drug
regimen is not strictly and continuosly followed
Carefully moniter vital signs and observe for
temperature changes
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31. Imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirement related to poor appetite ,fatique
and productive cough
Explain the importance of eating nutritious diet to
promote healing and defense against infection
Provide small frequent meals
Moniter weight of the patient
Administer vitamin supplyments as ordered
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32. Non compliance related to lack of motivation
and lack of treatment
Educate patient about etiology transmission and
effects of TB
Review adverse effects of drug therapy
Participate in observation of medicine
taking,weekly pill counts or programmes designed
to increase compliance with the treatment for TB
Explain that TB is a communicable disease and
that taking medications is most effective way of
preventing transmission
Instruct about medications schecule and side
effects
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33. ISOLATION
Ventilate the room
Cover the mouth
Wear mask
Finish entire course of medication
vaccinations
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