India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Prevention o...ijtsrd
Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice toward coronavirus disease COVID 19 Background The World Health Organization declared COVID 19 as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 and declared as a global health emergency. Since then, many efforts are being carried out to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID 19 epidemic in India. The control measures COVID 19 is affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices KAP towards COVID 19. Knowledge attitude and practice of people should be directed towards strict preventive practices in order to prevents the spread of the virus. Materials and Methods The aim of the current electronic cross sectional study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among selected rural community. Structured questionnaire was created in the google forms, the link was generated and distributed among the people though email and other media to participate in the survey. A total 153 subject was enrolled through convenient sampling technique. Collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Results Majority of participant 91.50 were having the adequate information regarding the covid 19 and most of participants, 52.28 were got the information from multimedia included television, radio and newspaper regarding COVID 19. About 52.28 participants were the aware about the online training program by the government .Among 153 participants, 115 had adequate knowledge, 23 had moderately adequate and 15 had inadequate knowledge. Most 75.16 of the participants had adequate knowledge, in 15.03 moderately adequate and in 9.80 inadequate knowledge found regarding prevention of COVID 19. The mean knowledge score was 15.54 with standard deviation of 2.93. Most of the 102 66.66 had most favourable attitude, 31 20.26 had favourable and 20 13.07 had unfavourable attitude . The mean attitude score was 34.76 with standard deviation of 2.86.Majority of the participants, 129 had good practice, 20 had average practice and 4 had bad practice . Most 84.31 of the participants had good practice, in 13.07 average practice and in 2.61 bad practice found regarding prevention of COVID 19. The mean practice score was 25.2 with standard deviation of 2.56. Lalan Kumar "A Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Prevention of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): An Electronic Cross-Sectional Survey among Selected Rural Community" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30657.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30657/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-regarding-prevention-of-novel-coronavirus-covid19-an-electronic-crosssectional-survey-among-selected-rural-community/lalan-kumar
Covid resource india 20th april 2020 reportAkshay Kokala
A quick look at how other countries have tackled it and what we can learn from them.
Do read and share. If you would like to collaborate please write to us at contact@covidresource.in
Presentation to the Norfolk Medical and Surgical Society, January 21st 2022 on the current state of the pandemic worldwide and in the UK and other global and planetary threats to health and how to 'plan for an outbreak of health'
20220125middleton medchi
AIDSTAR-One Report: HIV Treatment in Complex EmergenciesAIDSTAROne
This report uses case studies to review HIV treatment programming during complex emergencies that are both short- and long-term in nature and the result of both natural and man-made disasters. The goal of the report is to identify steps that can be taken before, during, and after an emergency to help ensure the continuity of HIV treatment.
To download: http://j.mp/Ov4hrd
In the intricate tapestry of the global ecosystem, the emergence of infectious diseases has always been a formidable challenge. As we stand on the precipice of the third decade of the 21st century, the specter of emerging infectious diseases looms larger than ever. The world has witnessed the devastating impact of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and the H1N1 influenza, underscoring the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of these complex phenomena. In this blog, we will delve into the realm of emerging infectious diseases, exploring their causes, dynamics, and the collective efforts required to address them.
Defining Emerging Infectious Diseases:
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are those that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing. These diseases can be caused by new or previously unidentified infectious agents, the spread of known agents to new populations, or changes in the environment that facilitate disease emergence.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of the deaths worldwideΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
NCDs are not selective; they affect men and women in all countries and all socioeconomic classes, albeit with notable regional differences that influence intervention strategies and outcomes. Further amplifying the crisis, the high prevalence and chronic nature of NCDs have a direct impact on economies; the total global burden estimated to reach US$47 trillion between 2010 and 2030. Upjohn, a Pfizer division, shares insights on the major causes, trends and methods of intervention against NCDs.
Introduction:
In recent years, the healthcare landscape in India has undergone a significant transformation, and at the forefront of this revolution is the rapidly growing telemedicine market. Telemedicine, the use of technology to provide healthcare remotely, has gained immense popularity, especially in a country as vast and diverse as India. This blog explores the dynamics, drivers, challenges, and future prospects of the India telemedicine market.
Market Overview:
The telemedicine market in India has witnessed unprecedented growth, fueled by advancements in technology, increasing internet penetration, and the need for accessible and affordable healthcare services. According to various reports, the market is expected to continue its upward trajectory in the coming years.
Drivers of Telemedicine Growth:
Digital Penetration: The widespread availability of smartphones and internet connectivity has opened doors for telemedicine to reach remote and underserved areas. People in rural and urban areas alike can now access healthcare services with just a few clicks on their smartphones.
COVID-19 Pandemic: The global health crisis acted as a catalyst for the adoption of telemedicine. Social distancing norms and the fear of exposure to the virus prompted a surge in virtual consultations, making telemedicine a mainstream healthcare solution.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the potential of telemedicine in improving healthcare accessibility. Initiatives such as the Telemedicine Practice Guidelines and the National Digital Health Mission have laid the foundation for a structured and regulated telehealth ecosystem.
Challenges and Solutions:
Digital Divide: Despite the growth, challenges related to the digital divide persist. Rural areas often face issues such as poor internet connectivity and a lack of digital literacy. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations.
Data Security Concerns: Patient data security is a critical aspect of telemedicine. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures, compliance with data protection laws, and creating awareness among users are essential steps in overcoming these concerns.
Regulatory Framework: While the government has taken steps to regulate telemedicine, ongoing efforts are required to refine and adapt the regulatory framework to the evolving nature of the market. Striking a balance between innovation and patient safety is crucial.
Key Players and Platforms:
Several telemedicine platforms have emerged as key players in the Indian market. From established healthcare providers offering virtual consultations to dedicated telehealth startups, the landscape is diverse. Companies like Practo, Apollo 24/7, and Mfine are among those making significant contributions.
Key Companies working on it includes Lybrate, mFine, myUpchar, vHealth, Zoylo Digihealth Pvt. Ltd., TeleVital, DocOnline, MedCords, 1Mg, M16 Labs, Artem Health,
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Contents
1. Introduction
a) Definition
b) Events considered as Public health emergency
2. Public health emergencies of International concern
3. International health regulation
4. IDSP
5. Case incident
6. List of notifiable disease.
7. References
2
3. Globalization
Living standards
have improved for
some but there is
wider inequality and
lack of balance
between economic,
social and
environmental
policies.
Poverty and inequity
Inequality deepens poverty
and increases gaps in health
outcomes. This calls for new
ways of working among
multiple sectors.
Power
Relative powers of
states, markets, civil
society and social
networks of individuals
have changed; progress
requires significant
collaboration among all
stakeholders.
3
4. WHO Twelfth General Programme Of Work (GPW12)
Rising health care spending
Healthcare spending is rising faster
then GDP in developed countries,
adding pressure to increase efficiency.
Changing burden of disease
63% of all deaths are now caused by
non communicable diseases . . .
But progress is still lagging in
reducing maternal and child deaths,
and turning back the epidemics of
HIV, TB, Malaria and other diseases.
Greater complexity in response to
health needs
A complex landscape, with new
players . . .
Need to work with different sectors
influencing determinants of health.
Need for holistic approach to
emergency risk management,
removing artificial distinctions
between relief and development.
4
5. Definition
A Public Health Emergency is defined as -
“An occurrence or imminent threat of an illness or health condition,
caused by bio terrorism, epidemic or pandemic disease, or (a) novel
and highly fatal infectious agent or biological toxin, that poses a
substantial risk of a significant number of human facilities or
incidents or permanent or long-term disability (WHO/DCD, 2001).
5
6. • India being a developing country with growing population has been
traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
• Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is
built into developmental process.
• Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease,
bioterrorism, etc.
• New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that
seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate
actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and
bioterrorism.
6
7. Events considered as public
health emergencies . . .
Contagious disease,
Life-threatening disease,
Natural disasters,
Chemical contamination of the environment
Release of radiation.
7
8. Public Health Emergency Of
International Concern
The IHR define a “public health emergency
of international concern” as an
extraordinary event that is determined to
“constitute a public health risk to other
States through the international spread of
disease and to potentially require a
coordinated international response”.
8
9. The IHR identifies two categories
of reportable events:
First category
Is the public health impact of the event
serious?
Is the event unusual or unexpected?
Is there any significant risk of
international spread?
Is there any significant risk of
international travel or trade
restrictions?
Second category
Smallpox;
Severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS);
Human influenza caused by a
new subtype;
Poliomyelitis due to wild-type
poliovirus.
9
10. Event notification and
determination (IHR 2005)
• The purpose of the IHR is to prevent and manage
the public health risks arising from the international
spread of disease, while avoiding “unnecessary
interference with international traffic and trade”
10
11. Critical features of the IHR
include:
Notify WHO of events
Develop, Strengthen and Maintain National capacities
to Detect, Assess, Report and Respond effectively.
Recommendations
11
12. Decision instrument
Is the public health impact of the event serious?
Is the event unusual or unexpected?
Is there a significant risk of international spread?
Is there a significant risk of international travel or trade
restrictions?
12
13. A. Is the event serious?
Morbidity and mortality
Does the event have potential for high impact?
• Population at risk
• Cases in health staff; highly infectious
• Factors affecting response
Immediate or potential need for external assistance
13
14. B. Is the event unexpected?
Is the cause of the event unknown?
Are the circumstances unusual?
• Cases worse than usual
• Treatment failures
• Event unusual for place/season
• Caused by eliminated/eradicated agent
Suspected or known intentional or accidental release of
chemical, biological or radiological agent
14
15. C. Is the event likely to spread internationally?
Similar cases in other countries where it was
unexpected?
Factors alerting to cross-border implications?
• Caused by epidemic-prone organism
• Source suspected/ known to be related to food import/export
• Index case with international travel history
• In area with international tourism/ traffic, person or goods
• In border areas with limited capacity for control
15
16. D. Is event likely to result in international travel and trade
restrictions?
Similar events previously led to restriction on travel/ trade?
Source known or suspected food product/ goods known to be
imported or exported?
In area with international tourism?
Attracted media attention?
16
17. Combinations of answers requiring
notification
Serious and unexpected
Serious and risk for international spread
Serious and risk for international restrictions
Unexpected and risk for international spread
Unexpected and risk for international restrictions
17
18. Is the event unexpected?
Could it (or has it) spread
internationally?
Risk for international
sanctions?
Not
notified
at this
stage.
No
Notify the event under the International Health Regulations
YesNo
No
No
Is the event unexpected?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Could it (or has it) spread
internationally?Yes
No
Is the event serious?
Events detected by national surveillance system
18
19. Event notification and determination
under IHR (2005)
WHO DG
Various disease &
event surveillance
systems within a country
National IHR
Focal Points
WHO IHR
Contact Points
Emergency
Committee
Other competent
Organizations
Detect and report
any urgent or
unexpected events
Consult events or
notify WHO of any
events that may
constitute a PHEIC
Receive, assess and
respond to events
notified
Ministries/
Sectors
Concerned
Determine whether
an event constitutes a
PHEIC and
recommend measures
External
advice
Coordinate
Communicate
Report
19
22. Integrated disease surveillance project
• Launched by Government of India in November 2004
• Continues in 12th plan as IDS programme under NHM for all states
and union territories.
• A central surveillance unit at Delhi
• State surveillance unit at all state/ union territory headquarters
• District surveillance units at all districts in the country.
22
23. • Objectives –
• To maintain decentralized lab based disease surveillance
system,
• To monitor epidemic-prone disease trends, and
• To detect and respond to outbreaks early through trained
Rapid response teams.
23
24. Programme components
• Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities.
• Human resource development
• Use of information communication technology
• Strengthening of public health laboratories
• Inter sectoral Co-Ordination
24
25. Data management
• Epidemic prone disease
• Weekly basis
• S-P-L reporting formats
• Rapid response teams
• Data analysis – Surveillance Units
• June 2016 – 94% Districts have reported weekly disease
surveillance data from districts.
25
26. Outbreak surveillance and response
• Outbreak reports
• CSU, IDSP
• Media scanning
• Early warning signals
• Verification
26
27. • Media scanning and verification cell : ICT Network
• Data centre : national informatics centre
• Training centre : e-learning.nic.in/Ims
ISRO
• www.idsp.nic.in
• Training :
• Member Training
Surveillance officers and
RRT members
National level institute
Medical officers and district
lab technicians
State level
Health workers and lab
technicians/ assistants
District level
27
29. Chikungunya in India
Viral illness that is spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Characterized by severe, persistent, joint pain (arthiritis), as
well as fever and rash.
Chikungunya occurs in Africa, India and Southeast Asia . It is
primarily found in urban /peri-urban areas.
There is no specific treatment for chikungunya.
Prevention - avoiding mosquito bites and by eliminating
mosquito breeding sites.
30
30. Clinically Supected Chikungunya
Fever Cases Since 2010
Cases 2015 2016
Total in India 27553 58136
Karnataka 20763 13506
Telangana 2067 611
West Bengal 1013 1071
Delhi 64 12221
Maharashtra 391 7354
Haryana 1 5336
Punjab 180 4314
Gujarat 406 2920
Uttar Pradesh 0 2299
Madhya Pradesh 67 2215 31
31. Investigation of outbreak of Chikungunya
in district Alappuzha, Kerala.
A central team constituted by the Dte.GHS
visited district Alappuzha in Kerala :
• To investigate the outbreak of acute febrile illness,
• Identify the causes of deaths suspected to be due to
Chikungunya and
• To suggest measures for containment of outbreak.
32
32. Team composed of :
Experts from World Health Organization,
National Institute of Virology (ICMR),
Epidemiologists
Entomologist and
Senior physician.
33
34. Prepare and implement a micro plan
having six major components –
•Disease management,
•Integrated vector management,
•Behaviour change communication,
•Intersectoral convergence,
•Supervision and monitoring, and
•An effective media strategy.
36
35. List of notifiable diseases
Four diseases (a single case is notifiable):
• Smallpox, Poliomyelitis, human influenza (caused by a
new subtype), SARS
Utilization of the decision instrument:
• Cholera, plague, viral haemorrhagic fevers, yellow
fever
Diseases of regional concern:
• dengue fever, meningococcal diseases
37
36. The National Health Policy
Emergency response system,
Universal access number
Network of emergency care
- Life Support Ambulances,
- Trauma Management Centers
39
37. Publichealthemergency.Gov portal by the U.S. Department of
health and human services
Serve as a single point of entry for access to public health risk,
and situational awareness information.
Portal for residents in the U.S. and worldwide to obtain
information regarding public health emergency, a medical
disaster or the public health aspects of a natural or man-made
disaster.
40
38. References
1. WHO Definitions [Internet] visited on 12 april 2017; Available from:
http://www.who.int/hac/about/definitions/en/
2. [Internet visited on 12 april 2017]; Available from :
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/health-ministry-bill-to-tackle-public-health-
emergencies/1/889745.html
3. [Internet visited on 12 april 2017]; Available from : http://www.who.int/ihr/about/en/
4. International health regulations 2014 pdf
5. Conceptualizing and Defining Public Health Emergency PreparednessSupplement 1,
2007, Vol 97, No. S1 | American Journal of Public Health
6. [Internet visited on 12 april 2017]; Available from : Chapter 11: Public health
emergencies Advancing the right to health: the vital role of law
7. India report pdf- disaster management in India; Government of India Ministry of
Home Affairs
8. International health regulations (2005) 3rd edition; WHO
9. WHO [Internet visited on 12 april 2017]; Available from : IHR brief 1-3.
41
