HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
RMNCH+A approach has been launched in 2013 and it essentially looks to address the major causes of mortality among women and children as well as the delays in accessing and utilizing health care and services. The RMNCH+A strategic approach has been developed to provide an understanding of ‘continuum of care’ to ensure equal focus on various life stages.
The RMNCH+A appropriately directs the States to focus their efforts on the most vulnerable population and disadvantaged groups in the country. It also emphasizes on the need to reinforce efforts in those poor performing districts that have already been identified as the high focus districts.
RMNCH+A approach has been launched in 2013 and it essentially looks to address the major causes of mortality among women and children as well as the delays in accessing and utilizing health care and services. The RMNCH+A strategic approach has been developed to provide an understanding of ‘continuum of care’ to ensure equal focus on various life stages.
The RMNCH+A appropriately directs the States to focus their efforts on the most vulnerable population and disadvantaged groups in the country. It also emphasizes on the need to reinforce efforts in those poor performing districts that have already been identified as the high focus districts.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
National framework for malaria elimination in indiaAparna Chaudhary
outlines India’s strategy for elimination of the disease by 2030. The framework has been developed with a vision to eliminate malaria from the country and contribute to improved health and quality of life and alleviation of poverty.
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
HIV/AIDS among Persons aged 50 years and older
United States Population Boom
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors for Persons aged 50 years and older
Age-related Disparities in HIV/AIDS Prevention Barriers for Older Persons
Major Efforts to Address HIV/AIDS among Older Persons
Next Steps
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
National framework for malaria elimination in indiaAparna Chaudhary
outlines India’s strategy for elimination of the disease by 2030. The framework has been developed with a vision to eliminate malaria from the country and contribute to improved health and quality of life and alleviation of poverty.
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
HIV/AIDS among Persons aged 50 years and older
United States Population Boom
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors for Persons aged 50 years and older
Age-related Disparities in HIV/AIDS Prevention Barriers for Older Persons
Major Efforts to Address HIV/AIDS among Older Persons
Next Steps
info4africa/MRC KZN Community Forum | 15 April 2014 | Adolescent HIV risk an...info4africa
Speaker: Ms Juliet Houghton – Country Director CHIVA South Africa
Risk activities in adolescents are a pervasive and costly problem for all societies, despite many efforts to reduce or prevent these through diverse intervention programmes. This presentation seeks to unpack what the leading adolescent risk behaviours are, why these occur, and what strategies have been successfully tried and tested to mitigate negative behaviours.
Through the examination of strategies to build resilience in young people (historically an educational intervention), Ms Houghton will argue that by shifting our focus from ‘negative’ aspects of risk and focusing on skills development opportunities with young people, young people will be better able to manage their lives, including risk situations.
Examples will be drawn primarily from an HIV/sexual health perspective for the purpose of discussion and debate. Participants will be encouraged to share experiences of successes and challenges.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The research was done in Tanzania and presented at Banaras Hindu University International Conference who also published Complete article in "EDUCATION FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM" by Nutan Publication Chapter 6 ISBN: 978 81 927002 1 2
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
Epidemiology of HIV & AIDS.pptx presentation 2024Motahar Alam
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS encompasses the study of the distribution and determinants of HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses within populations. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterized by a weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to various infections and illnesses.
Key aspects of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS include:
Prevalence and Incidence: Prevalence refers to the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to the rate of new infections occurring within a given period. These measures help understand the burden of the disease and its spread over time.
Demographic Patterns: HIV/AIDS affects different demographic groups differently. Factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical location can influence susceptibility, access to healthcare, and outcomes. For example, in many regions, young adults and certain minority populations may have higher rates of infection.
Transmission Routes: Understanding how HIV is transmitted is crucial for prevention efforts. HIV primarily spreads through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusions (though rare in regions with screening protocols) and occupational exposure.
Risk Factors: Certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of HIV transmission. These include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, using intravenous drugs, lack of access to healthcare, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. Additionally, structural factors such as laws and policies can influence risk behaviors and access to prevention and treatment services.
Global Distribution: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, but its prevalence varies widely between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected, with the highest burden of HIV infections worldwide. However, significant progress has been made in some regions, while new challenges emerge in others, such as Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Progress in Prevention and Treatment: Efforts to combat HIV/AIDS include prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, harm reduction programs for injecting drug users, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and comprehensive sexual education. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic condition for many, reducing mortality and transmission rates.
Challenges and Future Directions: Despite significant progress, challenges remain in the global response to HIV/AIDS. These include disparities in access to healthcare, stigma and discrimination, funding gaps, emergence of drug-resistant strains, and persistent barriers to prevention and treatment in certain populations.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER
1
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Research Paper on HIV and AIDS
Kimberly H. Morgan
EDRC-533: Medical and Psychosocial Aspects
Dr. Michelle L. Priester
April 30, 2018
HIV/AIDS
Abstract
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. The term in full stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus has led to massive deaths globally with many more people being infected as well as being affected by the effects of the virus. In this paper, we shall describe the virus in depth, showing how it gets into a person's body, its causes and symptoms. We shall also discuss its prevalence and how it has affected people's lives. Most importantly, we shall discuss how a person can be treated after being infected with the virus. Finally, we shall study various preventative measures that can be used against the virus.
HIV Definition
The term HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is a virus that makes the immune system of a person weak through destruction of vital cells that fight infection and diseases. To date, there is no existence of a cure in the United States nor in other parts of the world. Nevertheless, it is easy to prevent HIV infection through varying control measures. . Depending on different factors, some people are more prone to getting infected than others. Such factors include risky sexual behaviors, sex partners and environment (CDC, 2018).HIV is to a large extent spread through unsafe sex, blood contamination, needles, breastfeeding, and delivery and from a mother to her child during pregnancy.
AIDS Definition
Unlike HIV that is a virus, AIDS is a full-blown disease caused by HIV virus. Once a person's immune system becomes extremely weak, then he\she is said to have AIDS. At this moment, a person's immune system is not able to fight diseases or infection. There are certain illnesses and symptoms that develop as a result of a person contracting AIDS. This can also be described as the last HIV stage since at this moment the infection is highly advanced. If the symptoms of this disease are not controlled or treated, a person ends up losing life (Avert, 2017).
How a Person Get Infected with HIV and HIV Life-cycle
HIV attacks T- helper cells which are also known as CD4 cells. This are some forms of white cells. A person is able to have a strong immune system through CD4 cells being healthy because it's the only way they can be able to fight infections and diseases. It is not possible for HIV to reproduce or grow without being in T-helper cells. HIV makes many copies or reproduces while inside these cells. As a result of the reproduction, the immune system gets damaged which causes it to weak a person's natural immune system. The overall health of a person is the main determinant of how the HIV virus grows. Other determinants of HIV growth is how constant a person takes treatment and how early a person gets diagonalzed. If the antiretroviral treatment is taken correctly, then the immune system remains healthy hence pr.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV TESTING IN USA
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
e632 www.thelancet.comhiv Vol 6 September 2019ViewpoiAlyciaGold776
e632 www.thelancet.com/hiv Vol 6 September 2019
Viewpoint
The disconnect between individual-level and population-level
HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment
Stefan Baral, Amrita Rao, Patrick Sullivan, Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya, Daouda Diouf, Greg Millett, Helgar Musyoki, Elvin Geng, Sharmistha Mishra
In 2019, the HIV pandemic is growing and soon over 40 million people will be living with HIV. Effective population-
based approaches to decrease HIV incidence are as relevant as ever given modest reductions observed over the past
decade. Treatment as prevention is often heralded as the path to improve HIV outcomes and to reduce HIV
incidence. Although treatment of an individual does eliminate onward transmission to serodifferent partners
(unde tectable=untransmittable or U=U), population-level observational and experimental data have not shown a similar
effect with scale-up of treatment on reducing HIV incidence. This disconnect might be the result of little attention given
to heterogeneities of HIV acquisition and transmission risks that exist in people at risk for and living with HIV, even in
the most broadly generalised epidemics. Available data suggest that HIV treatment is treatment, HIV prevention is
prevention, and specificity of HIV treatment approaches towards people at highest risk of onward transmission drives
the intersection between the two. All people living with HIV deserve HIV treatment, but both more accurately estimating
and optimising the potential HIV prevention effects of universal treatment approaches necessitates understanding who
is being supported with treatment rather than a focus on treatment targets such as 90-90-90 or 95-95-95.
Introduction
In 2019, we are at a pivotal time in the global HIV response
in that many people believe that the HIV pandemic is
over given the advances in HIV treatment.1 Yet the HIV
pandemic continues to grow as defined by numbers of
people living with HIV. Specifically, given the encouraging
decreases in overall mortality among people living with
HIV, in the context of universal treat ment as prevention,
approximately 930 000 more people annually (1·7 million
new infections minus 770 000 deaths of people living with
HIV) require anti retroviral therapy (ART) and many more
would need to change ART regimens. At the current rate
of new infections, over 40 million people will be living
with HIV by 2025.2 The global optimism about the HIV
pandemic has not been matched by decreases in new
HIV infections. New infections have declined by less than
2% per year since 2005, which means that between
1·8 and 2·5 million people acquired HIV in 2017.2,3 To
date, just over 60% of the 37·9 million people living with
HIV are on ART; of those 37·9 million, just over half
(20·1 million) are estimated to have achieved viral sup
pression.2 Taken together, these data suggest that an
estimated 18 million people living with HIV require ART
or improved ART regimens giv ...
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
Infection progressive deterioration of the immune system breaking down the body's ability to fight out infections & diseases by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. A Basic Understanding of HIV SurveillanceReferenceSOURCEUNAIDS/WHO Dr Rajeev Kashyap B.Sc., B.D.S ., M.Sc. (DPH)U.K C.C.R.A., P.M.I., C.R.A.A(Canada)
2. Impact of the HIV/AIDS worldwide epidemic Every day, over 6,800 persons become infected with HIV. Every day, over 5,700 persons die from AIDS, mostly because of lack of access to HIV prevention and treatment services. (Source: UNAIDS/WHO 2007)
5. Macrophages As the number of these cells is depleted because of the virus, patients become immunodeficient, meaning their immune systems are insufficient to ward off infections. They develop opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
7. How HIV Is Transmitted Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are transmitted in the same ways: The predominant route of transmission is through Unprotected heterosexual intercourse or Homosexual intercourse between men. HIV is also transmitted through blood, blood products, and donated organs (also referred to as parenteral transmission). HIV may be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus or infant during pregnancy, delivery or when breastfeeding (also referred to as perinatal transmission).
8.
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12. Factors that Affect HIV/AIDS Prevalence High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Limited access to STI management Limited access to, or social non-acceptance of, condoms War and civil disturbance Cultural/ethnic practices Women’s low status Low literacy rates Increasing urbanization, migration, and mobilization Low level of political commitment Exposure to blood from unsafe medical practices and/or traditional practices
13. The two main factors driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Asia are injection drug use and commercial sex.
14.
15. Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission A short-course antiretroviral regimen given to the mother and the newborn baby can substantially reduce the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV during pregnancy and childbirth.
16. HIV-Positive Mothers HIV-positive mothers can avoid the risk of transmission through infected breast milk by using breast milk substitutes. However, significant health risks are associated with this practice: Malnutrition Exposure to other infections For this reason, WHO/UNICEF/UNAIDS have developed several documents that address HIV and breastfeeding.
18. Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat HIV infection. In the past, the high cost of these drugs made them rarely used in most developing countries. Several agencies are now making funds available for antiretroviral and other therapies. These organizations includeThe Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Bank Multi-sectoral AIDS Plan (MAP) and The United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
19. ARV Therapy ARV therapy has reduced the rate of progressing to AIDS in areas where these drugs are accessible. It has also been associated with changes in the types of opportunistic infections that appear with AIDS.
20. Classes of antiretroviral drugs There are three classes of antiretroviral drugs: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nNRTIs) Protease inhibitors (Pis)
21. WHO recommends the following antiretroviral therapy strategy First line drugs: 2 NRTI + 1 NNRTI Second line drugs: 2 NRTI + PI Surveillance is an important tool to monitor drug resistance in populations on treatment.
22. Preventing & Treating Opportunistic Infections In addition to antiretroviral drugs, the treatment of HIV infection includes diagnosis, prophylaxis, andtreatment of selected opportunistic infections. Anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs extend the lives of patients with both HIV and TB. Cotrimoxazoleprophylaxis has been used successfully to prevent the onset of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Vaccines are available for some potential opportunistic infections, such as pneumococcal disease
23. Main Components of Public Health Surveillance The main components of surveillance include: The systematic collection, analysis, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant data Timely and regular distribution of information about the trends and patterns of disease to those who need to know Use of the information for disease prevention and control measures An important part of the definition is that surveillance systems involve ongoing collection and use of health data
24. SomeProblems -disease surveillance systems Duplication of effort Delay in reporting Inadequate data collection, analysis, use and dissemination Lack of integrated training Lack of evaluation Lack of laboratory involvement and coordination Lack of supervision
36. Relationship between disease and case definition is described in definitions below Sensitivity - The ability of a case definition or laboratory test to predict true disease (a/(a+c)). Specificity - The ability of a case definition or laboratory test to predict absence of true disease (d/(b+d)). Positive predictive value - The proportion of persons meeting a case definition, having a positive laboratory test that have true disease (a/(a+b)). Negative predictive value - The proportion of persons not meeting a case definition, having a negative laboratory test that do not have true disease (d/(c+d)).
37. Purpose of HIV/AIDS Surveillance Epidemiologic surveillance is to detect trends in disease incidence and prevalenceover time Providing an accurate assessment of the distribution of disease by person, place and time Providing information on changes or trends in disease distribution by geographic, socio-demographic or exposure parameters Identifying groups or geographical areas for targeted intervention efforts Providing information to evaluate effectiveness of intervention efforts Providing data for prevention program management (such as for voluntary counselling and testing, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and sexually transmitted infection management) Providing data for development and implementation of research efforts
38. Prevalence and Incidence Prevalence measures the level of HIV infection in a population. It is measured as a unitless proportion, such as the percent infected or the number of infections per thousand persons tested. Prevalence is influenced by both the rate of new infections (incidence) and the rate that infected people leave the population by death, cure or migration. Incidence is the rate at which new HIV infections occur in a population in a given period of time. Because it is a rate, its unit of measurement always has time in the denominator
39. Core Elements HIV case reporting involves routinely reporting all cases of HIV infection to accurately monitor the HIV epidemic, assess how the epidemic is changing, and create programs for HIV prevention and medical care that best serve affected people and communities. AIDS case reporting involves routine reporting of specific data elements for persons diagnosed with AIDS in all or selected health facilities in the country to monitor AIDS morbidity in the general population. HIV sero-surveillance seeks to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection in selected populations such as antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees, STI patients and blood donors by conducting sero-prevalence surveys in these populations on an ongoing basis.
41. Summary( Recap) The purpose of HIV/AIDS surveillance is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic, which will then help to guide prevention and treatment programs. It helps to identify population sub-groups that are at higher risk for infection. Also, more information is provided on the distribution of disease over time and space. Now think of what the situation is like in your country. What is the approximate HIV prevalence in your district or province? Which sub-populations are most affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in your region?
42. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is becoming larger and more complex. Surveillance efforts must become more sophisticated if they are to be effective.
43. Today, we use second-generation HIV surveillance, which is designed to collect and integrate data reported from a variety of other sources:Behavioural surveillanceHIV/AIDS case reportingDeath registrationSexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillanceAdditional data provide a more comprehensive understanding of trends in the epidemic as well as the effectiveness of control and prevention measures.
44.
45. Today, we use second-generation HIV surveillance, which is designed to collect and integrate data reported from a variety of other sources:Behavioural surveillanceHIV/AIDS case reportingDeath registrationSexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillanceAdditional data provide a more comprehensive understanding of trends in the epidemic as well as the effectiveness of control and prevention measures.
46. Goals The goals of second-generation HIV surveillance are: Better understanding of trends over time Better understanding of the behaviours driving the epidemic in a country Increased focus on sub-populations at highest risk for infection Flexibility to change with the state of the epidemic
52. Concentrated Epidemic Characteristics of a concentrated epidemic include: HIV has spread rapidly in a defined sub-population, but is not well-established in the general population. HIV prevalence is consistently over 5% in at least one defined sub-population. HIV prevalence is below 1% in pregnant women in urban areas. This epidemic state suggests active networks of risk within the sub-population.
53. Generalized Epidemic Characteristics of a generalized epidemic include: HIV is firmly established in the general population. HIV prevalence consistently over 1% in pregnant women. Sexual networking in the general population is sufficient to sustain an epidemic independent of sub-populations at higher risk for infection.
54. Summary( Recap) The three epidemic classifications explain the extent of the impact and transmission of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Each relates to specific characteristics of the epidemic. The three types are listed below: Low-Level Concentrated Generalized