India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Past and future of eradication and elimination of different diseases. How to plan for elimination and eradication. What are the diseases can be eliminated? OPV to IPV shift!
international health regulation
RULES AND GUIDELINES OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS:
International health regulations evolution:
The IHR originated with ISR adapted at the international sanitary conference in Paris in 1851
Cholera epidemic 🡪 Europe 🡪1830 & 1847
Need international cooperation
22nd World Health Assembly (1969) adopted, revised and consolidated the international sanitary regulations, renames as IHR in 1969
26th World Health Assembly 1973🡪amendment in IHR
Thirty-fourth World Health Assembly amended the IHR (1969) to exclude smallpox in the list of notifiable diseases.
During the Forty-Eighth World Health Assembly in 1995, WHO and Member States agreed on the need to revise the IHR (1969) most notably:
narrow scope of notifiable diseases (cholera, plague, yellow fever),
The past few decades have seen the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases.
The emergence of “new” infectious agents Ebola, Hemorrhagic Fever and the re-emergence of cholera and plague in South America and India, respectively;
dependence on official country notification; and
lack of a formal internationally coordinated mechanism to prevent the international spread of disease.
These challenges were placed against the backdrop of the increased travel and trade characteristic of the 20th century.
The IHR (2005) entered into force, generally, on 15 June 2007, and are currently binding on 194 countries (States Parties) across the globe, including all 193 Member States of WHO.
summary:
The International Health Regulations (IHR) are an international legal instrument that covers measures for preventing the transnational spread of infectious diseases.
IHR is an instrument of international law that is legally binding on countries.
IHR is a set of regulations that is legally binding upon 196 state parties.
This legal binding is adopted by 196 countries, including all (194) WHO member states.
IHR is a benchmark to state the rights and obligations of countries to report public health actions.
The objective of IHR is to work together to protect global health security.
IHR are the international agreements with the objective of preventing the spread of public health threats without unnecessary impairment of international travel and trade.
The IHR was adopted by the 58th World Health Assembly in 2005 through Resolution WHA 58.3.
International Health was in action since 15 June 2007
The International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) are a set of regulations legally binding on 196 States Parties, including all WHO Member States. They contribute to global public health security by providing a new framework for the coordination of the management of events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern, and improve the capacity of all countries to detect, assess, notify and respond to public health threats.
The IHR were adopted at the Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly on 23 May 2005 and entered into force on 15 June 2007.
India being a developing country with growing population has been traditionally vulnerable to natural and man made disasters.
Development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into developmental process.
Disaster could be a nature calamity, outbreak of disease, bioterrorism, etc.
New Delhi, Feb 23. The health ministry has proposed a bill that seeks to empower state and local authorities to take appropriate actions to tackle public health emergencies like epidemics and bio-terrorism.
Past and future of eradication and elimination of different diseases. How to plan for elimination and eradication. What are the diseases can be eliminated? OPV to IPV shift!
international health regulation
RULES AND GUIDELINES OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS:
International health regulations evolution:
The IHR originated with ISR adapted at the international sanitary conference in Paris in 1851
Cholera epidemic 🡪 Europe 🡪1830 & 1847
Need international cooperation
22nd World Health Assembly (1969) adopted, revised and consolidated the international sanitary regulations, renames as IHR in 1969
26th World Health Assembly 1973🡪amendment in IHR
Thirty-fourth World Health Assembly amended the IHR (1969) to exclude smallpox in the list of notifiable diseases.
During the Forty-Eighth World Health Assembly in 1995, WHO and Member States agreed on the need to revise the IHR (1969) most notably:
narrow scope of notifiable diseases (cholera, plague, yellow fever),
The past few decades have seen the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases.
The emergence of “new” infectious agents Ebola, Hemorrhagic Fever and the re-emergence of cholera and plague in South America and India, respectively;
dependence on official country notification; and
lack of a formal internationally coordinated mechanism to prevent the international spread of disease.
These challenges were placed against the backdrop of the increased travel and trade characteristic of the 20th century.
The IHR (2005) entered into force, generally, on 15 June 2007, and are currently binding on 194 countries (States Parties) across the globe, including all 193 Member States of WHO.
summary:
The International Health Regulations (IHR) are an international legal instrument that covers measures for preventing the transnational spread of infectious diseases.
IHR is an instrument of international law that is legally binding on countries.
IHR is a set of regulations that is legally binding upon 196 state parties.
This legal binding is adopted by 196 countries, including all (194) WHO member states.
IHR is a benchmark to state the rights and obligations of countries to report public health actions.
The objective of IHR is to work together to protect global health security.
IHR are the international agreements with the objective of preventing the spread of public health threats without unnecessary impairment of international travel and trade.
The IHR was adopted by the 58th World Health Assembly in 2005 through Resolution WHA 58.3.
International Health was in action since 15 June 2007
The International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) are a set of regulations legally binding on 196 States Parties, including all WHO Member States. They contribute to global public health security by providing a new framework for the coordination of the management of events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern, and improve the capacity of all countries to detect, assess, notify and respond to public health threats.
The IHR were adopted at the Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly on 23 May 2005 and entered into force on 15 June 2007.
The Applicability of the IHR;
With the signing of the revised International Health Regulations (IHR) in 2005, the international community agreed to improve the detection and reporting of potential public health emergencies worldwide. IHR (2005) better addresses today’s global health security concerns and are a critical part of protecting global health. The regulations require that all countries have the ability to detect, assess, report and respond to public health events.
In response to the exponential increase in international travel and trade, and emergence and reemergence of international disease threats and other health risks, 196 countries across the globe agreed to implement the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR). This binding instrument of international law entered into force on 15 June 2007.
The stated purpose and scope of the IHR are; "to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade." Because the IHR are not limited to specific diseases, but are applicable to health risks, irrespective of their origin or source, they will follow the evolution of diseases and the factors affecting their emergence and transmission. The IHR also require States to strengthen core surveillance and response capacities at the primary, intermediate and national level, as well as at designated international ports, airports and ground crossings.
The International Health Regulations (IHR), a legally binding agreement between 196 States Parties, whose aim is to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease, deserve critical examination with regard to their applicability. The emergence and spread of the new mysterious hemorrhagic fever may constitute a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and is therefore notifiable to the World Health Organization under the IHR notification requirement.
IHR (2005) is coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and aims to keep the world informed about public health risks and events. As an international treaty, the IHR (2005) is legally binding; all countries must report events of international public health importance. Countries reference IHR (2005) to determine how to prevent and control global health threats while keeping international travel and trade as open as possible.
IHR (2005) requires that all countries have the ability to do the following:
· Detect: Make sure surveillance systems and laboratories can detect potential threats
· Assess: Work together with other countries to make decisions in public health emergencies
· Report: Report specific diseases, plus any potential international public health emergencies, through participation in a network of National Focal Points
· Respond: Respond to public healt.
Lancet thougths on ebola crisis, @xemide, @jiwitmanuel, @fminigeriaXEMIDE
@xemide, @jiwitmanuel, @fminigeria
In summary Lancet is saying more resources to ihr because countries failed to back WHO, with enough money to prevent global pandemic.
US is implementing is independent strategy and should be welcomed in the affected countries.
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
The international health regulations (IHR) is an agreement among 194 countries, including all WHO member countries ,to work together for healthy security of the world. Under the IHR, all countries need to report all events of international public health impact
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. AIM
a) assist countries to work together to save
lives and livelihoods endangered by the spread
of diseases and other health risks, and
b) avoid unnecessary interference with
international trade and travel.
3. The international health regulations
evolution
The International Health Regulations originated with
the International Sanitary Regulations adapted at the
International Sanitary Conference in Paris in 1851.
The cholera epidemics that hit Europe in 1830 and
1847 made apparent the need for international
cooperation in public health.
In 1948, the World Health Organization
Constitution came about.
4. The Twenty-Second World Health Assembly (1969)
adopted, revised and consolidated the International
Sanitary Regulations, which were renamed the
International Health Regulations (1969).
The Twenty-Sixth World Health Assembly in
1973 amended the IHR (1969) in relation to
provisions on cholera.
In view of the global eradication of smallpox, the
Thirty-fourth World Health Assembly amended the
IHR (1969) to exclude smallpox in the list of
notifiable diseases.
5. During the Forty-Eighth World Health Assembly in
1995, WHO and Member States agreed on the need
to revise the IHR (1969) most notably:
narrow scope of notifiable diseases
(cholera, plague, yellow fever),
The past few decades have seen the emergence and
re-emergence of infectious diseases.
The emergence of “new” infectious agents
Ebola, Hemorrhagic Fever and the re-emergence of
cholera and plague in South America and
India, respectively;
6. dependence on official country notification; and
lack of a formal internationally coordinated
mechanism to prevent the international spread of
disease.
These challenges were placed against the backdrop
of the increased travel and trade characteristic of the
20th century.
The IHR (2005) entered into force, generally, on 15
June 2007, and are currently binding on 194
countries (States Parties) across the globe, including
all 193 Member States of WHO.
7. In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the
Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and
Their Destruction in Geneva the sanitary
epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as
well-tested means for enhancing the monitoring of
infections and parasitic agents, for practical
implementation of the IHR (2005) with the aim was
to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural
outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well
as the treat of alleged use of biological weapons
against BTWC States Parties.
8. The significance of the sanitary epidemiological
reconnaissance is pointed out in assessing the
1. sanitary-epidemiological situation,
2. organizing and conducting preventive activities,
3. indicating and identifying pathogenic biological
agents in the environmental sites,
4. conducting laboratory analysis of biological
materials,
5. suppressing hotbeds of infectious diseases,
6. providing advisory and practical assistance to local
health authorities.
9. Achieving international public health security is one
of the main challenges arising from the new and
complex landscape of public health.
Strengthening countries' disease surveillance and
response systems is central to improving public
health security in each country and globally.
WHO's unique public health mandate, worldwide
network, well established global partnership and
long-standing experience in international disease
control constitute an exceptional and unique asset
for supporting countries in strengthening their
capacity and for achieving international health
security.
10. The IHR comprise a legal instrument
specifically designed to support the attainment
of this goal.
11.
12. Meeting the requirements in the revised IHR
(2005) is a challenge that requires time,
commitment and the willingness to change.
The Regulations in the implementation of the
obligations contained in them.
13. Of the seven areas of work to guide IHR
implementation, four of these (2, 3, 4 and 5) are key,
2. Strengthen national disease surveillance,
prevention, control and response systems and
3 . Strengthen public health security in travel and
transport, address countries' public health capacities
to fulfill IHR (2005) requirements.
4 .Strengthen WHO global alert and response
systems and
5 . Strengthen the management of specific risks,
focus on the necessary surveillance, prevention,
control, and response systems at international level.
14.
15. EPIDEMIC-PRONE DISEASES
Cholera, epidemic meningococcal diseases and
yellow fever made an alarming come back in the last
quarter of the 20th century and call for renewed
efforts in surveillance, prevention, and control.
Emerging viral diseases such as avian influenza in
humans, Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers
, Nipah virus, SARS and West Nile fever have
triggered major international concern, raised new
scientific challenges, caused major human suffering
and enormous economic damage.
16. FOOD-BORNE DISEASES
The food chain has undergone considerable and
rapid changes over the last 50 years, becoming
highly sophisticated and international.
Although the safety of food has dramatically
improved overall, progress is uneven and food-borne
outbreaks remain common in many countries.
In addition, some new food-borne diseases have
emerged and create considerable concern, such as
the recognition of the new variant of Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease associated with Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy.
18. TOXIC CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS
West Africa, 2006: the dumping of approximately
500 tons of petrochemical waste in at least 15 sites
around the city of Abidjan left eight people dead and
nearly 80,000 more complaining of ill health and
seeking medical help while other countries were
wondering if they could have also been put at risk;
Southern Europe, 1981: 203 people died after
consuming poisoned cooking oil that was
adulterated with industrial rapeseed oil.
A total of 15 000 people were affected by the
tainted oil and no cure was ever found.
19. RADIO NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
Eastern Europe, 1986: the Chernobyl disaster is
regarded as the worst accident in the history of
nuclear power.
The explosion at the plant resulted in the radioactive
contamination of the surrounding geographic area
and a cloud of radioactive fallout drifted over parts
of the western Soviet Union, eastern and western
Europe, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Ireland
and eastern North America. Large areas of the
Ukraine, Belarus and the Russian Federation were
badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and
resettlement of over 336 000 people.
20. ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS
Europe, 2003: the heat wave in Europe that
claimed the lives of 35 000 persons was linked
to unprecedented extremes in weather in other
parts of the world during the same period.
21. Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
(GOARN) provides a framework for the technical
coordination of international alert and response
activities with institutions and countries around the
world.
They lay out new obligations devised to collectively
respond to international public health challenges of
the 21st century, taking advantage of new
developments in biotechnology, surveillance
systems, and information technology, such as rapid
data sharing.
Unprecedented tools are now available to rapidly
detect, assess, and respond to events which represent
international public health threats.
22.
23. IHR (2005) Main legal
requirements
Implementing IHR (2005) is an
obligation for WHO and States
Parties to the
Regulations.
The obligations under the IHR
(2005) can be regrouped as
follows:
24. those related to the core capacity requirements for
countries to "detect, assess, notify and report events
in accordance with the regulations" and to "respond
promptly and effectively to public health risks”
those related to the obligation, permission or
prohibition of certain public health actions in
respect of international travelers, goods, cargo and
conveyances and the ports, airports and border
crossings that they utilize.
those related to the administration of IHR such as
the nomination in each country of a National IHR
Focal point and, for WHO, the nomination of WHO
IHR Contact Points
25. The six areas for results identified by the WHO
Director-General: WHO’s Medium-Term Strategic
Plan (MTSP) 2008-2013,
1. Health development,
2. Health security,
3. Capacity,
4. Evidence,
5. Partnership and
6. Performance.