Ptosis evaluation is very important in making decision which type of management is suitable to your patients.
This presentation summaries an important test which are required to do when you face a patient with ptosis
Otot ekstraokuler memegang peranan penting dalam sistem visual, yaitu dengan memfasilitasi kesejajaran binokular yang penting untuk stereopsis dan mempertahankan target visual agar bayangan tepat jatuh di fovea. Strabismus merupakan suatu kelainan dimana tidak ditemukannya kesejajaran visual aksis pada kedua mata yang dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan pada otot ekstraokuler itu sendiri dimana salah satu atau lebih dari otot-otot tersebut tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) sering ditemukan dibanding semua overaksi otot ekstraokuler dan sering menyertai strabismus horizontal.1,2
IOOA ditandai dengan adanya overelevasi pada saat adduksi. Saat memeriksa versi pada seorang pasien, dapat ditemukan suatu up shoot yang nyata saat mata bergerak adduksi, kelainan ini dapat terjadi unilateral atau bilateral, dan dinamakan inferior oblique overaction atau strabismus sursoadductorius. IOOA disebut sebagai primer bila tidak terkait dengan paralisis otot oblik superior. Disebut sekunder bila disertai parese atau palsy dari antagonisnya, otot oblik superior.3,4,5
IOOA terkait dengan deviasi horizontal. IOOA dilaporkan terjadi pada sekitar 70% pasien dengan esotropia dan 30% pasien dengan eksotropia. Penyebab IOOA primer ini masih belum jelas.6
IOOA juga dapat terkait dengan eksotropia baik itu intermiten atau konstan, atau dapat terjadi sebagai overaksi dari muskulus oblik inferior saja tanpa jenis strabismus lainnya. IOOA tanpa strabismus lainnya mungkin akibat suatu congenital superior oblique palsy. Bila tes headtilt negatif mengindikasikan suatu IOOA primer. Karena parese oblik superior akan menghasilkan IOOA, pembedaan antara overaksi dari muskulus oblik inferior akibat parese oblik superior dapat menjadi sulit.7,8
Pada kasus dengan IOOA, perlu dilakukan suatu prosedur untuk melemahkan otot tersebut. Prosedur ini dapat dilakukan dengan teknik reses, disinsersi, miektomi, miotomi, transposisi anterior atau teknik denervasi dan ekstirpasi.5
Pada makalah ini, akan dibahas mengenai anatomi dan fisiologi muskulus oblik inferior, manifestasi klinis, differensial diagnosis, dan penatalaksanaan inferior oblique overaction.
Otot ekstraokuler memegang peranan penting dalam sistem visual, yaitu dengan memfasilitasi kesejajaran binokular yang penting untuk stereopsis dan mempertahankan target visual agar bayangan tepat jatuh di fovea. Strabismus merupakan suatu kelainan dimana tidak ditemukannya kesejajaran visual aksis pada kedua mata yang dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan pada otot ekstraokuler itu sendiri dimana salah satu atau lebih dari otot-otot tersebut tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) sering ditemukan dibanding semua overaksi otot ekstraokuler dan sering menyertai strabismus horizontal.1,2
IOOA ditandai dengan adanya overelevasi pada saat adduksi. Saat memeriksa versi pada seorang pasien, dapat ditemukan suatu up shoot yang nyata saat mata bergerak adduksi, kelainan ini dapat terjadi unilateral atau bilateral, dan dinamakan inferior oblique overaction atau strabismus sursoadductorius. IOOA disebut sebagai primer bila tidak terkait dengan paralisis otot oblik superior. Disebut sekunder bila disertai parese atau palsy dari antagonisnya, otot oblik superior.3,4,5
IOOA terkait dengan deviasi horizontal. IOOA dilaporkan terjadi pada sekitar 70% pasien dengan esotropia dan 30% pasien dengan eksotropia. Penyebab IOOA primer ini masih belum jelas.6
IOOA juga dapat terkait dengan eksotropia baik itu intermiten atau konstan, atau dapat terjadi sebagai overaksi dari muskulus oblik inferior saja tanpa jenis strabismus lainnya. IOOA tanpa strabismus lainnya mungkin akibat suatu congenital superior oblique palsy. Bila tes headtilt negatif mengindikasikan suatu IOOA primer. Karena parese oblik superior akan menghasilkan IOOA, pembedaan antara overaksi dari muskulus oblik inferior akibat parese oblik superior dapat menjadi sulit.7,8
Pada kasus dengan IOOA, perlu dilakukan suatu prosedur untuk melemahkan otot tersebut. Prosedur ini dapat dilakukan dengan teknik reses, disinsersi, miektomi, miotomi, transposisi anterior atau teknik denervasi dan ekstirpasi.5
Pada makalah ini, akan dibahas mengenai anatomi dan fisiologi muskulus oblik inferior, manifestasi klinis, differensial diagnosis, dan penatalaksanaan inferior oblique overaction.
slide presentation about ptosis in ophthalmology department
including mechanical,myogenic,aponeurotic,traumatic,neurogenic cause
plus dermatochalasis
in general appraoch and surgery choice
you will get knowledge about the ptosis, its different types, its examination, its measurement, its treatment in detail.
different eyelid muscles such as LPS, Orbicularis oculi and frontalis are also explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Ptosis – is the abnormal drooping of the upper eye lid in a primary position of
gaze
• Normally upper eyelid covers 1/6th of the cornea ,its about 1.5- 2mm
• In ptosis it covers more than 2mm
4. • Before counting to any thing you have to role out pseudoptosis on inspection
Pseudoptosis -Microphthalmia ,Phthisis bulbs, Enophthalmos, dermatochalasis ,
eyelid retraction
7. Congenital
• Simple congenital ptosis- not associated with a any anomaly, congenital
associated with weakness of levator palpebral superior muscle(maldevelopment)
• Blepharophimosis syndrome – congenital
ptosis+blephrophimosis+telecanthus+epicathus inversus.
• Congenital synkinetic ptosis – Marcus Gunn jaw phenomenon,(condition of
misdirection of 3rd nerve)
8. Acquired
Neurogenic
• 3rd nerve palsy
• 3rd nerve misdirection
• Horner’s syndrome
Myogenic
• Myasthenia gravis
• Ocular myopathies
• Myotonic dystrophy
Mechanical
• Excessive weight to upper lid –tumor, excess skin,
multiple chalazion, lid edema
Traumatic
• Trauma or post surgery
Aponeurotic
LPS function is good, but aponeurosis is stretched
or thinning due to repetitive stress and effect
gravity and aging causes drooping of lid
9. History taking
• Onset and duration of ptosis
• Variability
• Unilateral/bilateral
• Severity of ptosis - Whether the activities of daily living are affected
• Precipitating factors – history of trauma, eye surgeries, previous eye diseases such as dry
eye/thyroid eye disease, pregnancy, delivery, and medical conditions
• Associated conditions – Jaw winking, diplopia, dysphagia, tiredness
• Family history – Congenital or hereditary ptosis, ocular myopathies, blepharophimosis
10. Examination
• Head posture
• Frontalis overreaction
• Palpation of eyelid and orbital rim
• Features suggestive of BPES
• Proptosis or enophthalmos
• If squint present should be full
evaluated
• Bell’s phenomenon
• EOM
• BCVA
• Anterior segment examination-
especially pupil examination
• Posterior segment examination e.g.
abnormal retinal pigmentation in
Kearn-Syre syndrome
11. Ptosis measurement
Corneal light reflex test- you shine a light at the eyes and observe where the
reflex is located in reference to pupil.- central, eccentric, inward or outward
12. Marginal reflex distance 1- distance between central corneal reflex and upper lid
margin with primary position
• Normal is 4-5mm
Marginal reflex distance 2 – distance between the central corneal reflex to margin
of lower lid with eye in primary position
• Normal 5-5.5mm
Marginal reflex distance 3- distance from ocular light reflex to central of upper lid
margin when patient looks in extreme upward gaze
13. PFH- distance between the upper lid margin and lower lid margin at the pupil axis
• PFH=MRD1+MRD2
14.
15.
16. Levator palpebral superioris function- by Burke's method measuring the upper
eyelid excursion, from downgaze to upgaze with frontalis muscle function
negated. The amount of lid elevation is recorded in millimeters (mm) of levator
function.
• The classification of levator function:
17. • Iliff test- It is used to assess levator function in infants. Upper eyelid of the child is
everted as the child looks down. If the levator action is good, lid reverts on its
own
18. Margin crease distance- Upper eyelid crease position is the distance from the
upper eyelid crease to the eyelid margin in downward gaze.
• It is normally 7–8 mm in males and 9–10 mm in females.
pretarsal show- It is an important aspect of finding out the symmetry of eyelids. It
is the distance between the lid margin and the skin fold with the eyes in primary
position.
19.
20. • Fatigue test-MRD1 should be measured first. Then the patient should be asked to
look up for 2 min after which the MRD 1 is to be measured again. Worsening of
ptosis is seen in myopathies, myasthenia as well as senile aponeurotic ptosis
• Ice test- Glove containing ice pack is applied on the closed ptotic eye for 2 min. If
the lid elevates by 2 mm or more, it is suggestive of myasthenia
• Phenylephrine test- Sympathomimetic agents, such as phenylephrine or
apraclonidine, can be instilled under the eyelid to test the function of Muller's
muscle
21. Tensilon test-In cases of suspected myasthenia, edrophonium is injected slowly ,if
myasthenia is the cause, ptosis improves after the injection
Corneal sensitivity should be tested in all cases
22. Grading of ptosis
In unilateral cases ,difference between the vertical height of palpebral fissure of
the two sides indicates the degree of ptosis
In bilateral cases it can be determined by measuring the amount of cornea
covered by the upper lid and then subtracting 2mm.
• Mild 2mm
• Moderate 3mm
• Severe 4mm
23. Complete ptosis- is the complete dysfunction of the somatic efferent supply from CN3 and
this associated with fully covering of the pupillary visual axis and closure of the eye.
Partial ptosis – is the paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle due to the dysfunction of the
sympathetic supply and this associated with partial covered pupil and eye is not full
closed.
Total ptosis – is the dysfunction of both somatic and autonomic efferent supply and
presented with full closure of the eye
26. Summary
Documentation of any ptosis evaluation should include
1. Hb /CRL
2. Lid crease
3. MRD1&2
4. LPSF
5. PFH
6. Bell’s phenomenon
7. EOM
8. Corneal sensitivity test
27.
28. References
• KANSKI’S clinical Ophthalmology Systametic Aproach 9th ED
• AAO- Acquired Ptosis: Evaluation and Management- By Carrie L. Morris, MD, and
David A
• Pauly M, Sruthi R. Ptosis: Evaluation and management. Kerala J Ophthalmol
2019;31:11-6.
• Internet
Editor's Notes
Retraction of the upper eyelid with various ocular movements
Horner’s syndrome includes partial ptosis,miosisand loss of hemifacial sweating(anhidrosis)+enopthalmos
MRD2- useful in rervesal ptois or lowerlid retraction
MRD3- Used to determine how much levator to be resected in patient with congenital ptosis who have a vertical strabismus associated with ptosis whom strabismus surgery is not indicated
High skin crease suggests aponeurotic defect. The depth of skin crease is a guide to determine the levator function in young children
Items measured in the upper eyelids. 1 Horizontal distance of palpebral fissure; 2 vertical distance of palpebral fissure; 3 height of the opened upper eyelid; 4, height of double fold; 5 height of double fold to lower margin of eyebrow; 6 intercanthal distance; 7 interpupillary distance; 8 height of eyelid crease to lower margin of eyebrow; 9 height of eyelid crease; 10 height of the closed upper eyelid
The needle is left in situ, and the remaining 8 mg is injected slowly if no adverse reaction is observed within 1 min.
Since 2018 no longer used in USA due to false positive result and other reliable test like serology antibody and repetitive stress test.