2. 6.6. Thinking- Types, Level, Reasoning and
Problem solving
Introduction
Thinking is a cognitive activity and it directs us to
achieve some purpose. It is used when problems
need to be solved. In thinking mind is involved
more than motor activity
3. Thinking is a problem solving process in which we
use ideas or symbols in places of overt activity –
Gilmer
Thinking is behaviour which is often implict and
hidden and in which symbols(images, ideas,
concepts) are ordinarily employed.
- Garret
4. Thinking is a mental representation newly formed
through transformation of information by
interaction, attributes such as the assessment of
mental abstraction, logic imagination and problem
-solving
5. Types of thinking
1.Perceptual or concrete thinking
Peerceptual thinking is the simplest form of thinking.
The basis of this type of thinking is perception ie
interpretation of sensation according to one’s
experience. It is also named as concrete thinking as
it is carried by the perception of actual or concrete
objects and events. It is thinking of lower order. Such
type of thinking is present in animals and children
6. 2.Conceptual or Abstract thinking.
It does not require the peerception of actual
objects or events. It is an abstract thinking
where one makes use of concepts, the
generalized ideas and language. It is regarded
as a superior type of thinking as compare to
perceptual thinking
7. 3. Creative thinking
It is chiefly aimed at creating something new. It is in
search of new relationships and associations to
describe and interpret the nature of things,events
and situations.
It is not bound by any established rules. The
individual himself usually formulates the problems
and is free to collect evidence and invent tools for
its solution. The thinking of the scientists or
inventor is an example of creative thinking.
8. 4. Critical thinking
Critical thinking is higher order well-desciplined
thought process, which involves the use of
cognitive skills like conceptualization,
interpretation, analysis, synthesis and evaluation
for arriving at an unbiased, valid and reliable
judgement of the gathered or communicated
information or data as a guide to one’s belief and
action.
9. Main types of thinking
a.Controlled thinking ( reasoning problem solving)
b. Free thinking( Imagination, Daydreaming,dreaming)
In controlled thinking the process of thinking is
controlled and regulated. Thoughts keep in
close touch with reality and directed towards
the achievement of specific goal.
Reasoning and problem solving , creative
thinking are examples of controlled thinking
10. Reasoning
Introduction
It is one of the methods of finding solution to a
problem. It is referred to as a highly specilized
thinking involving some wel organized
systematic steps for the mental exploration of
a cause and effect relationship or solution for
a problem.
11. Reasoning is step wise thinking with a purpose or
goal in mind - Garret
Reasoning is the term applied to highly purposeful
controlled selective thinking-Gates
Reaoning combines experience to solve a
problem which cannot be solved by mere
reproduction of earlier solution. - Munn
12. Types of reasoning
1.Inductive reasoning
It starts from pieces to whole or precise to general
2. Deductive reasoning
It moves from general to specefic or from whole to
part
3. Inducto-deductive reasoning
It involves an intellectual process by including both
inductive and deductive opinion
13. Problem solving
It is a process of overcome difficulties that appear to
interfere with the attatinment of a goal. It is a
procedure of making adjustments inspite of
interpretation - skinner
Stages
1. Problem awareness
2. 2. Problem understanding
3. Collection of relevant information
4. Formulation of hypotheses/Hunch for possible
solution
5. Selection of proper solution
6. Verification of concluded solution
15. Levels of thinking
Bloom’s Taxonomy levels of thinking
1. Remembering- recalls facts, statem name,lable ,recognize
2. Understanding – Grasp meaning, Explain, intepret, compare,
discuss predict, describe, give an example
3. Apply- Use information in a new situation, solve ,show, use ,
illustrate, complete, classify, compare ,design
4. Analysing –identify relationship, investigates, distinguish,
compare, classify,seperate.
5. Evaluating –Examine informations and make judgement,
judge, select, decide, justify, debate, discuss, recommand, rate
6. Creating- Use information to create something new, invent, compose,
predict, plan, imagine, construct, design.
16. Stages in development of thinking
Jean Piaget (1896 -1980) a swiss philosopher and
psychologst dedicated his life work to observing and
interacting with children to determine how their
thinking processes differed from adult.
-thought process occur through schema ( mental image
or cognitive structure)
Assimilation
Accomodation
Equalibrium
