This document summarizes key aspects of gender and sexuality from a biological and social perspective. Biologically, gender is determined by sex chromosomes and influenced by sex hormones. Men and women differ in their timing of puberty, physical characteristics, and risks for certain mental health issues. Culturally, gender roles shape the behaviors expected of each sex, though these roles vary across societies and are also influenced by individual factors. The document also discusses gender identity, sexual orientation, hormones' effects on behavior, and cultural influences on sexuality.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
HUMAN SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS (1).pptxIshneetKaur41
Human Sexuality - Normal sexuality, normal sexual response, sexual identity and orientation and sexual dysfunctions with treatment - female sexual arousal disorder, anorgasmia, ejaculatory dysfunction, male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Whats the basis for human sexualityWhats the difference b.docxeubanksnefen
What's the basis for human sexuality?
What's the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity?
How is sexuality linked to other forms of inequality and how are attitudes about human sexuality changing? Why? How?
(550 words min and I will give you the two replyes later and plz send me back with at least 5 more sentenses each)
respond no1.
Human sexual behavior is based on physiology and psychology. Physiological basis, that is, the regulation and control of sex hormones in receptors, is also affected by many other factors such as physical conditions and drugs. On the other hand, human sexual behavior is influenced and controlled by psychological, social and cultural factors. In a certain social and historical context, human sexual behavior usually conforms to the social concept of sex at that time. Throughout history, society's attitude towards sex is like a continuum. One end of the spectrum is based on the attitude of sexual imprisonment and strict control of sexual behavior, while the other end is based on the attitude of sexual indulgence, sexual liberation and advocating complete sexual freedom. These two extreme attitudes are harmful to people's physical and mental health and the healthy development of society. Sexual psychology is to study the influence of the development of human sexual behavior and sexual civilization on modern human sexual behavior from the psychological point of view, theory and method, and to study human sexual physiological development, sexual psychological development, gender role socialization process, marriage, family and sexual health, etc. Sexual psychology refers to the psychological state and process related to sexual characteristics, sexual desire and sexual behavior on the basis of sexual physiology. It also includes the psychological state of communication with the opposite sex, marriage and love. Sexual physiology is the biological basis of the development of sexual psychology. The obstacles or defects in the development of sexual physiology will make the development of sexual psychology deviate. Sexual mental health is an important part of human health that can not be ignored, and it is getting more and more attention.
The difference between sexual orientation and gender identity is that sexual orientation is a kind of sexual preference that has nothing to do with gender. It refers to the tendency of physical and psychological impulses caused by what kind of people you are attracted to, who you like to have intimate sex with and which type of people. For example, they prefer men, women, fat, thin, tall or short and so on. Under this big concept, including what we usually call homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality and so on. It is generally believed that sexual orientation is not a subjective and deliberate choice. The reasons may include many factors, including heredity, psychology and environment. Gender identity is the subjective feeling of self psychology: "I am a man, or a.
Creating effective learning environmentAssignment How Will .docxvanesaburnand
Creating effective learning environment
Assignment: How Will You Respond? Grade k-3
Imagine you are the grade level team leader and one of your colleagues is Mr. Willard.
Response to the following questions. Using APA style helpful reference or other reference. (150-300 words)
1. Explains the advice you would provide Mr. Willard using the response to behavior strategies you read about this week or other reference?
2. Three strategies he could implement when these behaviors occur with student is blurting out and being off task.
3. At least two strategies you feel would not be best for handling student behavior.
Helpful Reference
Long, N. J. (2015). Perspectives on conflict in the classroom after fifty years. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 24(1), 9–14.
Szwed, K., & Bouck, E. C. (2013). Clicking away: Repurposing student response systems to lessen off-task behavior. Journal of Special Education Technology, 28(2), 1–12.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Stormont, M. (2013). Classroom-level positive behavior supports in schools implementing SW-PBIS: Identifying areas for enhancement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(1), 39–50.
Chapter 5
Gender and Gender Roles
Sex, Gender, and Gender RolesSex: whether one is biologically female, male, or intersexGenetic sex: chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristicsAnatomical sex: our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, or penisGender: social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or femaleGender identity: gender one believes self to be
2
Sex and Gender IdentityAssigned genderBased on anatomical appearanceGender variationsGender identityInternalized feeling of femaleness or malenessGender roleThe attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sexInfluenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors
3
Gender-RolesGender-role stereotype: A rigidly-held oversimplified belief concerning all males or all femalesGender-role attitude:The belief one has for self and others concerning what’s appropriate for male or female traitsGender-role behavior:Activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male
4
Masculinity and FemininitySexes seen as polar opposites in traditional Western view, e.g. “opposite sex”Different qualities associated with different gendersSexismSome qualities are biologically based, some culturally based
Gender and Sexual OrientationGender, gender identity, and gender role are conceptually independent of sexual orientationHowever, many assume they are closely relatedHeterosexuality has been assumed to be part of masculinity and femininityTherefore, some believe that gay men can’t be masculine and lesbian women can’t be feminine.
Gender and Sexual OrientationStudies show a link between individuals’Negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian peopleAnd those individuals’ adherence to traditional gender roles
Gender TheoryWhat is our relationship between our biological sex as male o.
Sexual Disorders
Sexuality
One of the most personal area of life. Each of us is sexual being with preferences and fantasies that may surprise or even shock us from time to time. Usually these are part of normal sexual functioning. But when our fantasies or desire begin to affect or other in unwanted or harmful ways, they begin to qualify as abnormal.
For perspective, we begin by briefly describing norms and healthy sexual behavior. Then we consider two forms of sexual problems: sexual dysfunctioning and paraphilias.
Sexual Norms and Behavior
Consider contemporary Western worldviews that inhibition of sexual expression causes problems. Contrast this with nineteenth-and-early-twentieth-century views that excess was culprit; in particular excessive masturbation in childhood was widely believe to lead to sexual problems in adulthood. Von Krafft-Ebing (1902) postulated that early masturbation damage the sexual organs and exhausted a finite reservoir of sexual energy, resulting in diminishing ability to function sexually in adulthood. Even in adulthood, excessive sexual activity was thought to underlie problems such us erectile failure. The general Victorian view was that sexual appetite was dangerous and therefore had to be restrained.
Sexual Norms and Behavior
Other changes over time have influence people attitudes and experiences of sexuality.
Aside from changes over time and across generation, culture influences attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. In some culture, sexuality is viewed as an important part of well-being and pleasure, wheras in others, sexuality is viewed as relevant only for procreation (Bhurga, Popelyuk & McMullen, 2010). Cultures also vary in their acceptance of variation in sexual behavior.
In other culture it is common to stigmatize same-gender sexual behavior. Clearly, we must keep varying cultural norms in mind as we study human sexual behavior.
Gender and Sexuality
Across wide range of indices, men reported more engagement in sexual thought and behavior that do women.
Compared to women, men report thinking about sex, masturbation, and desiring sex more often, as well as desiring more sexual partner and having more partners.
Beyond these differences in sex drive Peplau (2003) has described several other ways in which the genders tend to differ in sexuality. Women tend to be more ashamed of any flaws in their appearance than the men, and this shame can interfere with sexual satisfaction (Sanchez & Kiefer, 2007)
Gender and Sexuality
For women, sexual appears more closely tied to relationship status and social norms that for men (Baumeister, 200).
Among women with sexual symptoms, more than half believe their symptoms are caused by relationship problems (Nicholls, 2008).
Men are more likely to think about their sexuality in terms of power than are women (Andersen, et al. 1999).
Gender and Sexuality
There are many parallels in men’s and women’s sexuality.
CHAPTER 1 Introducing the Dimensions of Human SexualityFEATURES.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 1 Introducing the Dimensions of Human Sexuality
FEATURES
· Gender Dimensions The Multifaceted of Dimension of Gender
· Ethical Dimensions Should Human Embryos Be Used for Stem Cell Research?
· Global Dimensions The Islamic Influence
· Communication Dimensions The CERTS Model
· Multicultural Dimensions Pregnancy and Health
· Communication Dimensions Talking About Your Human Sexuality Class
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
· 1 Identify and discuss the dimensions of human sexuality, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
· 2 Discuss the historical aspects of human sexuality, including the sexual revolution, the role of gender, and the role of culture.
· 3 Apply critical thinking methods to human sexuality.
· 4 Outline the reasons to study human sexuality, including the steps of the decision-making process.
go.jblearning.com/dimensions5e
Global Dimensions: Male Genital Mutilation and Circumcision Practices
Prostate Cancer
Care from Organizations and Available Publications
INTRODUCTION
Let us begin our exploration of the many dimensions of human sexuality by examining how they affect the life of one person: Lisa, an 18-year-old college freshman, involved in her first serious—and sexual—relationship. After several months of dating, Lisa experiences the scare of her life: Her period is late. After a few days she purchases a home-pregnancy kit. As she waits until the morning to take the test, she begins to think about the role of sexuality in her life.
Like most people who grow up in the United States today, Lisa received basic sexuality education in public school. But that brief overview—which Lisa and her friends giggled through—touched only on the physical aspects of reproduction. Nothing prepared her for the emotions she felt during her current relationship, or how her social and cultural upbringing would affect her sexual behavior.
Lisa is a Korean American, a member of a family who respect heritage and tradition. Her parents, a university professor and a homemaker, were born in Korea and had an arranged marriage. The traditional Korean view of sexuality is conservative, and virginity is highly prized for marriage. Although Lisa holds on to many traditional views, she also struggles with the permissive attitude toward sexuality that prevails in the U.S. culture today—an attitude that her boyfriend shares (Brennan, 1999).
An unexpected pregnancy for Lisa would be a major tragedy in her family. Pregnancy outside marriage would shame not only the individual (and make her an “unperson”) but also the entire family. Her family could choose to exile her.
Korean Americans tend not to tolerate secrecy by children and exert strict parental control. The Korean culture discourages open discussion of feelings and seeking out of psychological counseling. Thus Lisa is in a crisis because she feels she cannot tell her parents, but she also cannot tell anyone else (who may in turn tell her parents). In fact, Lisa has yet to tell her boy ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Gender Development
Gender refers to the physical, social, and
behavioral characteristics that are culturally
associated with male and female roles and
identity.
Some of these traits may be genetic differences;
other role differences may be nurtured by culture.
3. Gender differences and similarities
Similarities:
45 out of 46 genes
are unisex
Same body and
brain structures and
functions
Similar levels of
Intelligence, knowle
dge, happiness
Compared to men, women (as a
group, on average):
• Start puberty 2 years sooner
• Live 5 years longer
• Have 70% more fat
• Have 40% less muscle
• Are 5 inches shorter
• Express more emotion
• Are more vulnerable to
anxiety, depression
• Are less prone to autism, alcohol
dependence, ADHD, antisocial
personality, and suicide
4. Differences Between Genders
Biological:
women enter
puberty
earlier, live
longer, and
have more fat
and less
muscle
Mental and Behavioral Health:
women are more likely to have
depression, anxiety, or eating
disorders
men are more likely to have
autism, ADHD, and antisocial
personality disorder
5. Average/Group differences do not
predict individual comparisons
In this example related to self-esteem, the difference
between groups is small compared to differences
within each gender.
This means: many
women rate higher
than the average
man, in self esteem
and other measures.
6. Gender and Aggression
Men behave more
aggressively than
women, and are more
likely to behave in
ways that harm
others
This difference applies
to physical aggression
rather than verbal or
relational aggression.
And yet violent acts by
women do
occur, including acts of
terrorism. Bombing in Russia by
female suicide bombers
7. Gender and Social Power
In a variety of
cultures, men have
attributes and
reputations that help
them attain more social
power (positions
controlling more people
and resources) than
women do.
Men tend to interact in
more dominating ways
than women. Men
often speak opinions
rather than offering
support and inviting
input as women do.
8. Gender and Social Connection: Play
When boys play, the focus
tends to be on the activity.
Male play is more competitive.
Men tend to dictate how the
playtime will proceed.
When women play, the focus
tends to be on connection and
conversation.
Female play is more social.
Girls tend to invite feedback.
Are these differences due to nature or nurture?
9. Gender and Social Communication
Women communicate
more than men:
more time with
friends
more text messages
longer phone calls
However, men and
women speak about the
same number of words
per day. What fills in the
extra time on those
longer phone calls?
Maybe….
listening?
Men and women use communication differently.
Women seek input and
explore relationships.
Women speak about
people and feelings.
Men state their
opinions and solutions .
Men speak about things
and actions.
10. Gender and Social Connectedness
Both men and women
turn to women when
they want someone
to talk to, seeking the
“tend and befriend”
response or better
listening.
In general, women
change roommates
more often.
Women tend to have
stronger ties to
friends and family.
Women are often
more involved with
religion.
11. The Biology of Gender
What biologically makes us
male or female?
It begins with whether our
23rd pair of chromosomes
looks like XX (female) or
Xy (male).
Testes develop, and at
seven weeks, the testes
produce a flood of
testosterone.
Hormones then guide the
development of external
sex organs.
Brain Differences
During the fourth and
fifth month of
pregnancy, sex
hormones bathe the
fetal brain.
In adulthood, women
have thicker areas in a
part of the frontal lobes
that help with verbal
fluency.
There are also
differences in the
amygdala, hippocampus
, and ratio of cell bodies
to axons.
12. Adolescent Physical/Sexual
Development and differences
Puberty is the time of sexual
maturation (becoming physically
able to reproduce).
During puberty, increased sex
hormones lead to:
primary and secondary sex
characteristics.
some changes in mood and
behavior.
Height changes are an early
sign of puberty.
Because girls begin puberty
sooner than boys, girls briefly
overtake boys in height.
13. Primary Sex Characteristics: Reproductive organs
Secondary Sex Characteristics: body hair, changing voice
Puberty
Timing
The sequence of sexual
maturation is
predictable, but the time of
onset varies from person to
person.
Maturing early can have
social advantages and also
increased expectations
and risks.
14. Variations in Sexual Development
Intersex Individuals
Some people develop with a combination of male
and female physical characteristics, despite being
genetically male or female. This can lead to
controversies of sex typing in athletic competition.
In cases where males had genitalia that were
underformed, absent, or accidentally
removed, attempts to raise them as females often
did not work out well psychosocially.
David “Brenda” Reimer case: After his genitalia
were accidentally damaged, then removed, he was
raised as a female, though he showed male
behaviors. As an adult, he learned the truth, lived
as a man, got married, but eventually committed
suicide.
15. Gender Roles:
The Influence of Culture
Does culture define which behaviors fill a gender role?
Or do the roles affect culture?
Gender role: the behaviors
expected of people related to
their identity as men and
women
Gender identity: one’s sense of
whether one is male and
female, including a sense of what it
means to be that gender
Gender roles and culture: Expectations may vary
Gender roles have simplified, yet constrained, choices for
men and women.
In the past century, women have been gaining more options
for participation in workplaces and politics.
In North American
societies, men have
been providers, women
were caretakers
In some societies, men
and women share more
in child rearing and
accumulating resources
16. Culture Influence
on Gender Role Development
Social learning theory: we learn gender role
behavior by imitation, and by rewards and
punishments that shape our behavior
Gender schemas: the cognitive frameworks for
developing concepts of “male” and “female”;
these frameworks guide our observations
Gender typing: the instinct which drives some
children to fit into traditional gender roles
17. Variations in Sexual Identity
Breaking free of gender roles
Transgendered people have a sense of sexual identity
(sense of being male or female) or gender expression
(behaviors and appearance that express gender
identity) that is different from what is culturally typical
for the biological sex/gender they were born with.
Transsexual people act on this sense of difference by
living as a member of the opposite sex, often with
hormonal and surgical interventions that support this
gender reassignment.
18. Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Hormones such as estrogens
(female sex hormones) and also in
testosterone (male sex hormones)
guide the physical development of
sex characteristics and behaviors.
During ovulation, women show a
rise in both sex hormones.
As this happens, sexual desire rises
in women and also in the men
around them (whose testosterone
level rises).
Low levels of testosterone can
reduce sexual motivation.
Sex hormone levels fall with age
(menopause), drugs, or surgery.
19. The Sexual Response Cycle
Beginning in the late 1950s, William Masters and
Virginia Johnson observed sexual arousal and orgasm to
learn about the typical pattern of human response to
sexual stimulation. Their findings:
Phase Physiological Response
Excitement
Genitals fill with blood and lubricate, ready for
intercourse; breathing and pulse become rapid
Plateau The changes related to excitement reach a peak
Orgasm Contractions all over the body; sexual release
Resolution
Enlarged genitals release blood; male goes
through refractory phase, women resolve slower
20. Sexual Response Disorders
Some people have a variation or impairment in some phase
of the sexual response cycle.
These variations are sometimes distressful or problematic
enough to be seen as disorders:
premature ejaculation
erectile dysfunction
low sexual desire
lack of orgasm response
These can
improve with
behavioral
therapy, other
psychotherapy,
and/or
medication.
21. The Psychology of Sex
Like hunger, sexual desire is a function of biological factors, internal
drives, external and imagined stimuli, and cultural expectations.
22. Imagined Stimuli
The brain is involved in
sexuality; people with no
genital sensation (e.g.
spinal cord injuries) can
feel sexual desire.
The brain also contains
dreams, memories, and
fantasies that stimulate
sexual desire.
Fantasies are not just a
replacement for sexual
activity; they often
accompany sex.
The Effect of External Stimuli
All effects of external stimuli on
sexual behavior are more
common in men than in women.
The short-term effect of
exposure to images of nudity
and sexuality increases sexual
arousal and desire.
Possible dangers include:
the distortion of our ideas of
what is appropriate and
effective for mutual sexual
satisfaction.
the habit of finding sexual
response through idealized
images may lead to
decreased sexual response to
real-life sexual partners.
23. Sexual intercourse
rates, and age of first
intercourse, vary
widely among
cultures, families, and
historical periods.
How can we tell it isn’t
just a function of
biology?
Adolescent Sexual Activity
Adolescents often begin to engage in sexual activity, including
intercourse. This may be related to basic drives but is mostly a
function of social environment.
Sexual activity includes risks
that may be magnified in
adolescence such as:
pregnancy while still in school.
sexually transmitted infections.
24. Teen Pregnancy and
Contraception
American teens have higher rates of pregnancy and
abortion than European teens. Possible reasons
include:
inadequate communication about birth control with
parents and sexual partners.
guilt about sex may make American teens less likely
to plan for it and use contraception.
alcohol use may make impulsive sex more likely and
impair decision making.
media portrayals in the United States make
unprotected sex look common and free from
consequences.
25. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Unlike the risk of pregnancy, the risk of STIs
multiplies and spreads, and condoms do not offer
sufficient protection for STIs like herpes.
Sex and bad math: Herb has sex with 9 people, each
of whom has 9 other partners who each have sex
with 9 people. To how many people could his STI
spread?
511
(Laura Brannon and Timothy Brock study estimate)
26. Participation in
abstinence education
programs, even when
randomly assigned to
participate
High intelligence test
scores, thinking of
consequences, and
focusing on future
achievement
Strong religious
beliefs and
involvement
Presence of father in
the home
Participation in
activity helping
others, even when
randomly assigned to
participate
Factors Correlating with Sexual Restraint
27. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers
to one’s preferences as an
object of sexual
attraction.
This attraction may not
necessarily result in sexual
activity, but may exist in
the form of
desires, interests, infatuati
ons, and fantasies.
“Identity” as either
heterosexual, bisexual, or
exclusively
homosexual, emerges in
puberty.
Sexual Orientation
Statistics
How many people are
exclusively homosexual?
Based on a compilation of
surveys:
3 percent of men and
1-2 percent of women.
Are the surveys missing
anyone?
These surveys protected
anonymity, BUT they
defined sexual
preference as sexual
activity. Many do not
act on their preference.
28. Sexual Orientation
and Mental Health
Forty years
ago, homosexuality was
considered a
psychological disorder.
Having a homosexual
orientation in today’s
society still puts one at
risk for anxiety and mood
disorders because of the
stress of discrimination
and isolation, and the
difficulty in finding
satisfying and loving
relationships.
29. Origins of Sexual Orientation
Theories suggesting that
sexual preference is related to
parenting behaviors or
childhood abuse are not
supported by evidence.
Differences appear to begin at
birth. This could be genetic, or
it could be caused by
exposure to hormones or
antigens in the womb.
The fraternal birth order
effect: being born after a
brother increases the
likelihood of being gay.
Cause or Effect? The
brain and other
differences in sexual
orientation
Heterosexual men have a
certain cell cluster in the
hypothalamus that, on
average, is larger than in
gay men and in women.
Gay men are more likely
than straight men to be
poets, fiction
writers, artists, and
musicians.
32. Genetics and Homosexuality
In fruit flies, a difference in one gene
determined sexual orientation and behavior.
Homosexuality seems to run in families and
among identical twins, but still emerges
spontaneously, even in one of a pair of twins.
Genes related to homosexuality could be
passed on by siblings or by people not living
exclusively according to their sexual
orientation.
Homosexuality and Gender
Hormones that affect gender may also affect sexual orientation.
In mammals, female fetuses exposed to extra testosterone, and
male fetuses exposed to low levels of testosterone, often grow
up with:
bodies, brains, and faces with traits of the opposite sex.
the sexual attraction expected of the opposite sex to one’s
own sex.
33. Sexual
Orientation:
Acceptance
Whatever the level of evidence accumulates that
sexual orientation becomes part of one’s identity
because of biology:
it is possible to accept another person’s sexual
orientation and behavior.
This acceptance seems to be growing, at least in the
acceptance of homosexual life commitment in the
form of marriage.
34. Gender Differences in Sexuality:
An Evolutionary Perspective
• Generally, men think more than women about
sex, and men are more likely to think that casual sex
is acceptable.
• Why might natural selection have resulted in greater
male promiscuity?
An evolutionary psychologist’s answer:
For women, a trait of
promiscuity would not greatly
increase the number of
babies, and it would have
greater survival costs
(pregnancy, once a life-
threatening condition).
Men who had the trait of
promiscuity were more likely to
have their genes continue, and
even spread, in the next
generation. And there is little
cost to spreading extra genes.
35. Natural Selection and
Mating Preferences
Men seek women with a
fuller figure…
to make sure they are
not too young or too old
to have children?
Women seek males with
loyal behavior and
physical/social power and
resources…
in order to ensure the
survival of the mother’s
offspring?
Q: How would evolutionary psychology explain
why males and females have different preferences
for sexual partners?
36. Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective on
Gender Differences in Sexuality
Are males and
female really so
different in their
mating choices?
Isn’t much of gender
behavior a function
of culture?
How do you explain
homosexuality?
Differences are less in
cultures that move to
gender equality.
Yes, though genetics
may be part of the
picture.
Guesses such as
population control
or misplaced
instincts are
unproven and seem
forced.
Editor's Notes
No animation.Men and women are different in many ways; are these differences the cause or the result of the way gender roles are defined?
Click to reveal two bubbles.Men murder far more people than women do; it is hard to discern whether this difference is caused by men’s ability or tendency to commit murder.
Click to reveal bullets.The difference in reputation: men are seen as dominant, forceful, and independent, and women are seen as more deferential, nurturing, and affiliative.
Click to reveal two text boxes and a question.The question on this slide in more detail:Is the different style of play a result of genetic male-female differences?Or is it a part of the culturally-influenced socialization of men in preparation for competitive roles and succeeding at activities, and the socialization of women in preparation for more social, relational roles they will play? Is it nature or nurture? Image from the 9th edition of the text.
Click to reveal all text.
Click to reveal bullets.The second bullet point refers to the study about women changing roommates more often than men. The authors of that study suggest that this may happen because women are perhaps more determined to seek good emotional intimacy. If you bring up this study, ask the class based on their experiences as college students: “do you think there are any explanations for this result?” Do the males (or females) in class have a different way of explaining this?
Click to reveal bullets and sidebar.It is worth speculating: are the adult brain differences results caused by this biological difference in the fetus, or caused by the nurture/experience?
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Click to reveal Puberty Timing sequence.On this diagram, in addition to the changes in physical characteristics, is the activation of the reproductive organs: menarche (first menstrual period) and spermarche (first ejaculation).Social advantages include increased success in sports and dating, and increased confidence.Risks include impulsive sexual activity, alcohol abuse, and pregnancy; taking on more adult behavior while still emotionally immature.
Click to reveal bullets and sidebar.Biological changes (problems in sexual identity development) can bend gender, but not fully change it.Do students think that these gender identity phenomena originate in biology, culture influence, or in the mind and personal experience?The sidebar covers material that doesn’t appear until later in the chapter, but if you’re going to use the material on the left, this slide seems to follow up well from the other gender-bending possibilities.
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Click to reveal bullets.Some parents may seem mystified that even when they don’t try to shape kids toward traditional gender role behavior, it happens anyway. Does that mean it’s genetic? What may be genetic is the drive to form gender schema just as kids are driven to figure out the rest of the world, and to “play detective” in figuring out what boys and girls are supposed to do, even if parents try to present no information which differentiates gender roles. Kids find out, and then imitation does its work, along with the desire to fit in and to do behavior that gets rewarded.
Click to reveal bullets.Biological changes (problems in sexual identity development) can bend gender, but not fully change it.Do students think that these gender identity phenomena originate in biology, culture influence, or in the mind and personal experience?The sidebar covers material that doesn’t appear until later in the chapter, but if you’re going to use the material on the left, this slide seems to follow up well from the other gender-bending possibilities.
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Click to reveal table.Instructor: you could remind students that this study was based on a sample of people willing to be observed in arousal and orgasm. What adjustment might we have to make in generalizing the results to the whole population? Do students think that the era of the study or the laboratory conditions limit the applicability of the results? If so, how? How might unobserved, spontaneous sexual response be different than these phases seen in the laboratory? Given the era of the study (the initial phase was 1957-65) , do students think that results would be different now?
Click to reveal text box on right.Again, I have modified the title of the topic to narrow it (see explanation on earlier slide notes) but I left the term “disorders.” Do students see a problem (stigma, etc) using that term? These disorders impair arousal and response; the paraphilias direct arousal and response to objects, situations, or individuals that are not part of normative response cycle. Psychologists and psychiatrists once believed homosexuality was a disturbance of normative sexual response. In 1973, homosexuality was removed from the DSM-II classification of mental disorders.
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Click to reveal all text boxes.I have modified the title of “Teen Pregnancy” to go beyond the obvious “adolescent sexual activity puts you at risk of teenpregnancy” to highlight the disruption of the typical path to independent or emergent adulthood.
Click to reveal bullets.Instructor: you might add the following background material: "the term “homosexual” was first used in the 1800s; were there “homosexuals” before the 1800s? The issue is politically charged and hotly disputed. Clearly there were people who engaged in homosexual acts, but saying they had a homosexual ‘identity’ may be introducing a modern view of sexuality that was alien to the times. Most premodern people viewed sexual acts as homosexual or heterosexual, but they did not classify the people performing the acts
Click to reveal bullets.Instructor: in case students challenge that figure, you can point out that 9 x 9 x 9 = 729. However, that total in the real world is likely to count some partners twice, so “511” may reduce the number to the likely number of separate individuals potentially contracting the STI.
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Click to reveal bullets on left.Sexual preference, especially if it is bisexual or homosexual, may not be revealed or acted on when one’s attractions are the subject of prejudice.Click to reveal sidebar.Does protecting anonymity ensure honest answers about a stigmatized subject? People may worry about information being revealed or tracked despite the promise of anonymity, and they may not want to document a stigmatized behavior even to themselves. This is actually a problem in all self-reported surveys, such as those that ask, “how happy is your marriage,” or “how satisfied are you with your life.”
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Click to reveal bullets and sidebar.A comment implied in the text about these two examples: non-sexual differences between gay and straight men could be biological but could also be a function of the social experience of being gay in this society.
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Click to reveal bullets.As more people are open about their sexual orientation, acceptance may spread thanks to the mere exposure effect. However, the acceptance of gay and lesbian friends and family members does not always translate into general acceptance and vice versa.
Click to reveal bullets, question and answers.Instructor: more about other male/female differences, ones which are presumed to be more influenced by culture than genes, later in the chapter.The information below is for your use in case you decide not to use upcoming 2-3 slides to save time:The potential answer to this question that I hope students can figure out: males who had the trait of promiscuity are more likely to have their genes continue, even spread, in the next generation. And there is little cost to spreading extra genes. Promiscuous women, by contrast, might have been LESS likely to have this result, because they would be less likely to have stable male partners around to help with the parenting than women who were more selective about whom they had sex with.