This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychoanalytic theory, including Freud's biographical background and the development of his ideas. It discusses Freud's view of the mind as consisting of the id, ego, and superego. It also summarizes Freud's stage theory of psychological development and the fixation that can occur at different stages. The document outlines psychoanalysis as both a therapeutic approach and method for understanding human behavior and culture. It poses discussion questions about applying psychoanalytic concepts to current events and people's willingness to undergo psychoanalysis.

1. Chapter 10:
Basics of Psychoanalysis
The Personality Puzzle
Sixth Edition
by David C. Funder
Slides created by
Tera D. Letzring
Idaho State University
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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2. Objectives
• Discuss the key ideas of psychoanalysis
• Discuss Freud’s theory of psychological
development
• Discuss Freud’s idea of how the mind is
structured
• Discuss implications for psychotherapy and
modern life
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3. Freud Himself
• Medical doctor
• Left Austria when Hitler came to power
• Believed war proved that people are
aggressive and destructive
• Became a psychiatrist
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4. Freud Himself
• Used free association
– The talking cure
• Self-analysis
• Influenced by his patients
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5. The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis:
Psychic Determinism
• Definition
• Free will and random accidents do not exist
• Contradictions of thoughts and behavior can
be resolved
• Leads to idea of the unconscious
– Supported by modern research
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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6. The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis:
Internal Structure
• The mind is made of separate parts that
function independently and can conflict with
each other.
• Id: irrational and emotional
• Ego: rational
• Superego: moral
• Modern research
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7. The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis:
Psychic Conflict and Compromise
• The mind can conflict with itself
• Compromise formation
– The ego’s main job
– The middle ground
– Used in modern psychoanalytic thought
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8. The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis:
Mental Energy
•
•
•
•
Assumption
Libido
The amount of energy is fixed and finite
Some implications not supported by research:
expression of anger
• Modern thought: information-processing
capacity is limited
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9. The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis:
Controversy
• Moral: do not like emphasis on sex and sexual
energy
• Scientific: theory is unscientific
• Personal level: People do not want to be told
why they really did something, especially
when you are correct.
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11. Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death
• Two fundamental motives
• Libido
– Creation, protection, and enjoyment of life
– Creativity, productivity, and growth
• Thanatos
– Introduced later to account for destructive activity
such as war and the fact that everyone dies
– Opposites and entropy
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12. Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death
• The doctrine of opposites
– Life and death, happiness and sadness
– “Extremes on any scale may be more similar to
each other than either extreme is to the middle.”
(p. 353)
– Example: emotionality
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13. Psychological Development
• Focus on where the psychic energy is and how
it is used
• Stage theory of development
• Aspects of each stage
– Physical focus
– Psychological theme
– Adult character type
• Fixation and regression
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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14. Psychological Development:
Oral Stage
•
•
•
•
•
Timing: birth to 18 months
Physical focus: mouth, lips, and tongue
Psychological theme: dependency
Only the id exists
Two ways things can go wrong: needs are not
fulfilled or needs are fulfilled instantly and
automatically
• Adult character type: too independent vs.
passive
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15. Psychological Development:
Anal Stage
• Timing: about 18 months to 3 years
• Physical focus: anus and organs of elimination
• Psychological theme: self-control and
obedience
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16. Psychological Development:
Anal Stage
• Development of the ego
• Two ways things can go wrong: unreasonable
expectations and never demanding control of
urges
• Adult character type: overcontrolled vs.
undercontrolled
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17. Psychological Development:
Phallic Stage
• Timing: about 3 ½ to 7 years
• Physical focus: sexual organs
• Basic task: coming to terms with sex
differences and their implications
• Oedipal crisis
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18. Psychological Development:
Phallic Stage
• Psychological themes
– Gender identity and sexuality
• Identification
– Love, fear, and jealousy
• Development of morality, conscience, and the
superego
• Adult character type: rigid moral code
(asexual) vs. lack of moral code (promiscuous)
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19. Psychological Development: Latency
• Timing: about 7 years to puberty
• A break from development
• Concentrate on learning the tasks of
childhood
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20. Psychological Development:
Genital Stage
• Timing: puberty on
– This stage is not passed through, but attained
• Physical focus: genitals, sexuality in the
context of a mature relationship
• Focus on creation and enhancement of life
• Psychological theme: maturity
• Achievement: well-adjusted and balanced
– Mental health: the ability “to love and to work”
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21. Think About It
• Can you think of any oral, anal, phallic, or
genital characters among the people you
know? Without naming names, what are they
like? How do you think they got this way?
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22. Thinking and Consciousness:
Secondary Process Thinking
•
•
•
•
•
Conscious thought
Rational and practical
Able to delay or redirect gratification
How the conscious part of the ego thinks
Develops second; less important role
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23. Thinking and Consciousness: Primary
Process Thinking
•
•
•
•
•
The way the unconscious mind operates
Does not contain the idea of “no”
Goal is immediate gratification
Condensation
Symbolization
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24. Thinking and Consciousness: Primary
Process Thinking
• Seen in very young children, during delirium
and dreams, and sometimes in psychotics
• Can leak out
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25. Thinking and Consciousness: Three
Levels of Consciousness
• Topographical model
• Conscious mind
– Least important
– Some of the ego
• Preconscious
• Unconscious
– All of the id and superego and some of the ego
– Most important
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27. Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a
Route Toward Understanding
• Unconscious conflicts are what make people
anxious and unhappy
– Use clues to reveal the contents of the
unconscious
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28. Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a
Route Toward Understanding
• Resolve problems by bringing unconscious
conflicts to the surface so ego can deal with
them
– Takes time and can be painful
– May increase anxiety in the beginning
– Patients must be comforted and guided through
this process
• Therapeutic alliance, with power through
transference
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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29. Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a
Route Toward Understanding
• Criticisms: low cure rate and length of
treatment
• Recent research
• Rather than a therapy, psychoanalysis can be
thought of as a tool for understanding human
nature and culture
– Do you agree with this idea?
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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30. Think About It
• Has anything happened recently in the news
or in your own life that seems best explained
from a psychoanalytic perspective?
• If you had a psychological problem, would you
go to a psychoanalyst? Why or why not?
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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31. Clicker Question #1
If psychic determinism is true, then a possible
explanation for forgetting a person’s name
could be that you
a) have a bad memory.
b) do not like the person.
c)are in love with the person but don’t want to
admit it to yourself.
d) both b and c
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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32. Clicker Question #2
During which stage of psychological development
do people learn how to appropriately control
their urges and what decisions are up to them or
to an authority figure?
a) oral
b) anal
c) latency
d) phallic
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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33. Clicker Question #3
According to psychoanalytic theory,
is
more important than
.
a)secondary process thought; primary process
thought
b)unconscious thought; conscious thought
c)the oral stage; the phallic stage
d)work; love
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