Creating effective learning environment Assignment: How Will You Respond? Grade k-3 Imagine you are the grade level team leader and one of your colleagues is Mr. Willard. Response to the following questions. Using APA style helpful reference or other reference. (150-300 words) 1. Explains the advice you would provide Mr. Willard using the response to behavior strategies you read about this week or other reference? 2. Three strategies he could implement when these behaviors occur with student is blurting out and being off task. 3. At least two strategies you feel would not be best for handling student behavior. Helpful Reference Long, N. J. (2015). Perspectives on conflict in the classroom after fifty years. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 24(1), 9–14. Szwed, K., & Bouck, E. C. (2013). Clicking away: Repurposing student response systems to lessen off-task behavior. Journal of Special Education Technology, 28(2), 1–12. Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Stormont, M. (2013). Classroom-level positive behavior supports in schools implementing SW-PBIS: Identifying areas for enhancement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(1), 39–50. Chapter 5 Gender and Gender Roles Sex, Gender, and Gender RolesSex: whether one is biologically female, male, or intersexGenetic sex: chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristicsAnatomical sex: our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, or penisGender: social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or femaleGender identity: gender one believes self to be 2 Sex and Gender IdentityAssigned genderBased on anatomical appearanceGender variationsGender identityInternalized feeling of femaleness or malenessGender roleThe attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sexInfluenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors 3 Gender-RolesGender-role stereotype: A rigidly-held oversimplified belief concerning all males or all femalesGender-role attitude:The belief one has for self and others concerning what’s appropriate for male or female traitsGender-role behavior:Activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male 4 Masculinity and FemininitySexes seen as polar opposites in traditional Western view, e.g. “opposite sex”Different qualities associated with different gendersSexismSome qualities are biologically based, some culturally based Gender and Sexual OrientationGender, gender identity, and gender role are conceptually independent of sexual orientationHowever, many assume they are closely relatedHeterosexuality has been assumed to be part of masculinity and femininityTherefore, some believe that gay men can’t be masculine and lesbian women can’t be feminine. Gender and Sexual OrientationStudies show a link between individuals’Negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian peopleAnd those individuals’ adherence to traditional gender roles Gender TheoryWhat is our relationship between our biological sex as male o.

1. Creating effective learning environment
Assignment: How Will You Respond? Grade k-3
Imagine you are the grade level team leader and one of your
colleagues is Mr. Willard.
Response to the following questions. Using APA style helpful
reference or other reference. (150-300 words)
1. Explains the advice you would provide Mr. Willard using the
response to behavior strategies you read about this week or
other reference?
2. Three strategies he could implement when these behaviors
occur with student is blurting out and being off task.
3. At least two strategies you feel would not be best for
handling student behavior.
Helpful Reference
Long, N. J. (2015). Perspectives on conflict in the classroom
after fifty years. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 24(1), 9–14.
Szwed, K., & Bouck, E. C. (2013). Clicking away: Repurposing
student response systems to lessen off-task behavior. Journal of
Special Education Technology, 28(2), 1–12.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Stormont, M. (2013).
Classroom-level positive behavior supports in schools
implementing SW-PBIS: Identifying areas for enhancement.
Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(1), 39–50.
Chapter 5

2. Gender and Gender Roles
Sex, Gender, and Gender RolesSex: whether one is biologically
female, male, or intersexGenetic sex: chromosomal and
hormonal sex characteristicsAnatomical sex: our physical sex;
gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, or penisGender: social and
cultural characteristics associated with being male or
femaleGender identity: gender one believes self to be
2
Sex and Gender IdentityAssigned genderBased on anatomical
appearanceGender variationsGender identityInternalized feeling
of femaleness or malenessGender roleThe attitudes, behaviors,
rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each
sexInfluenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors
3
Gender-RolesGender-role stereotype: A rigidly-held
oversimplified belief concerning all males or all
femalesGender-role attitude:The belief one has for self and
others concerning what’s appropriate for male or female
traitsGender-role behavior:Activities or behaviors a person
engages in as a female or male

3. 4
Masculinity and FemininitySexes seen as polar opposites in
traditional Western view, e.g. “opposite sex”Different qualities
associated with different gendersSexismSome qualities are
biologically based, some culturally based
Gender and Sexual OrientationGender, gender identity, and
gender role are conceptually independent of sexual
orientationHowever, many assume they are closely
relatedHeterosexuality has been assumed to be part of
masculinity and femininityTherefore, some believe that gay men
can’t be masculine and lesbian women can’t be feminine.
Gender and Sexual OrientationStudies show a link between
individuals’Negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian
peopleAnd those individuals’ adherence to traditional gender
roles
Gender TheoryWhat is our relationship between our biological
sex as male or female and our gender role as masculine or
feminine?Do we act the way we act because our gender role is
bred in us or because of socialization?Gender Theory developed
as a field in the ’80s and ’90s to explore the role of gender in
society

4. Gender TheorySeeks to understand society through
understanding how its organized by genderViews gender as a
basic element in social relationshipsExamines socially-
perceived differences between genders that are used to justify
unequal power relationships
Gender Theory in PsychologyIn psychology, gender theory
focuses on:How gender is created and what its purposes areHow
specific traits, behaviors, and roles are defined as male or
femaleHow gender creates advantages and disadvantagesGender
theory rejects the idea that gender differences are primarily
biologically-drivenOperates from a social-constructivist
framework
Theories of SocializationSocial learning theory
Cognitive development theory
Cognitive Social Learning TheoryEmphasizes consequences as
shaping gender related behaviorCognition: Mental processes
such as evaluation and reflectionIncludes ability to use
languageAnticipate consequencesModeling
Cognitive Development TheoryFocuses on children’s active
interpretation of gender messages at various developmental
stagesArgues that after age 6 or 7, motivation to act like one’s
gender is primarily internal, and that gender-role behavior is

5. intrinsic
Social Construction TheoryGender expression is an outcome
ofPowerLanguageMeaningRelationship to sexual
orientationWomenMen
Gender-Role Learning: Childhood and AdolescenceParents as
socializing agentsManipulationChannelingVerbal
appellationActivity exposureConnections between sons and
mothersEthnic groups
Gender-Role Learning: Childhood and AdolescenceTeachers as
Socializing agentsFemales are more commonBias in
presentation of topicsPeers as socializing
agentsPlayApprovalPerceptionsMedia
Gender Schemas: Exaggerating DifferencesInterrelated ideas
which help information processingCognitive organization of
world by genderEmphasize dichotomyMinimize valuing of the
individual

6. Contemporary Gender RolesWomen’s roles have changedMen’s
roles have changedMust include diverse groupsEgalitarian
approach to gender roles
Traditional Male Gender RoleAggressivenessEmotional
toughnessIndependenceFeelings of
superiorityDecisivenessPower
orientationCompetitivenessDominanceViolence
Traditional Male Sexual Scripts: ZilbergeldMen should not
have or express certain feelingsPerformance is the only thing
that countsThe man is in chargeA man always wants sex and is
ready for itAll physical contact leads to sexSex equals
intercourseSexual intercourse leads to orgasm
Traditional
Female Gender RoleThere are striking ethnic differences in
female roleAmerican middle-class Whites: women as wives and
mothers. Recently includes work outside the home African
Americans: more egalitarian roles for men and women Latinas:
women subordinate to men out of respect; Gender role affected
by age

7. Traditional Female Sexual Scripts: BarbachSex is good and bad
It’s not okay to touch yourself “down there”Sex is for men Men
should know what women want Women shouldn’t talk about sex
Women should look like modelsWomen are nurturers: they give,
men receive There is only one right way to have an orgasm
Changing Gender RolesEgalitarian positionAndrogyny:
flexibility in gender roles, combining elements of each
traditional role
Contemporary Sexual ScriptsSexual expression is
positiveSexual activities involve a mutual exchange of erotic
pleasureSexuality is equally involving, and both partners are
equally responsibleLegitimate sexual activities are not limited
to intercourse but also include masturbation and oral-genital
sexSexual activities may be initiated by either partnerBoth
partners have a right to experience orgasm, whether through
intercourse, oral-genital sex, or manual stimulationNon-marital
sex is acceptable within a relationship context
AndrogynyUnique combinationCombination or instrumental and
expressive traits
Difficulties with expression and expectation
When Sex is AmbiguousIntersexuality
Tran sexuality
Transgenderism

8. 5
IntersexualityDescribes people who possess mixtures of male
and female genitalia or reproductive physiologyPrevalence
ranges from .0128% to 1.7% of population. Known until
recently as “hermaphrodites”Shrouded in secrecy by families
and medical establishments in the past
IntersexualityHermaphrodites: Old terminologyAmbiguous
genitals: 1/2000 birthsBlended gonads or both gonadsOne
ovary and one testis, or testes containing ovarian tissueKnown
until recently as “hermaphrodites”
Chromosomal Anomalies: Turner SyndromeFemales who lack a
chromosome: XO rather than XXOccurs in 1/1666 live
birthsFemale external appearanceNo ovariesHormonal
therapyAssisted fertility
Chromosomal Anomalies: Klinefelter SyndromeMales who
have extra X chromosomes: XXY, XXXY, or XXXXY rather
than XYOccurs in 1/1000 live birthsVariable effects; many men
never diagnosed.Small firm testes; some female physical
traitsLower testosterone levels

9. Hormonal Disorders: Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
Inherited condition occurring in 1/13,000 individualsGenetic
males whose tissues to not respond to testosteroneFemale
genitals, no female internal organsAt puberty, develops hips and
breasts, no pubic hair and no menstruationMany experience
female gender identity
Hormonal Disorders: Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaA genetic
female with ovaries and a vagina develops externally as a
maleDue to malfunctioning of adrenal glandOccurs in 1/13,000
live birthsAt birth, child has ambiguous genitaliaIn the past,
doctors and families choose to assign female gender at birth
Hormonal Disorders: DHT DeficiencyInternal male organs
Clitoris-like penis at birth Undescended testes at birthTestes
descend at puberty and penis growsSocialization
A Related Condition: Hypospadias
Urethral opening located at non traditional locationUrethra
exists on underside of glans midway through the underside of
the shaft or at the base of the scrotumOccurs in 1/770 male
birthsRepair is possible
Gender Identity
Disorder Defined by the APA as a strong and persistent cross-
gender identification and persistent discomfort about one’s
assigned sex (2000)Diagnosis not associated as hormonal or

10. physiological Requires experience of distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
6
Gender Identity DisorderThe goal of treatment for people with
GID is “lasting personal comfort with the gendered self”
Treatment is individual and multifaceted; can affirm cross-
gender identification through:PsychotherapyReal-life
experience living externally as desired genderHormonal
therapySex-reassignment surgery
TranssexualityGender identity and sexual anatomy are not
congruentPrevalence of transsexuality unknown: estimated
1/50,000 people over 15 yrsMay occur with heterosexual,
homosexual, and bisexual orientationsGender reassignment
Transsexual PhenomenonTransgender community embraces
possibility of numerous genders and multiple social
identitiesOther cultures recognize more than 2 gendersParadigm
shift of gender dichotomyEmployment protection
SummaryGenderGender role learningContemporary gender
rolesAmbiguity and gender

11. Chapter Three
Female Sexual Anatomy
Female Sex Organs: What Are They for?
Reproductive functionAttract partnersProvide pleasureSome
anatomical issues remain unresolved
External Structures: The VulvaMons pubisClitorisLabia
majoraLabia minora
Mons PubisLatin for pubic mound The pad of fatty tissue Pubic
hair Sensitive to stimulation
Clitoris: Glans ClitorisContains a high concentration of nerve
endingsCovered by hood when not engorgedErectileSensitive to
stimulationStructurally analogous to penis
ClitorisErectile internal structureTwo 3.5” long branches called
cruraCrura contain two corpora cavernosa: hollow chambers
that fill with blood and swell during arousalOrgasmicEnlarges
initially, then retracts beneath hood just before and during

12. orgasmFollows same pattern with repeated orgasms, though
swelling is less pronounced
Labia MajoraTwo folds of spongy flesh extending from the
mons pubis toward the perineumMay have hair presentContain a
significant concentration of nerve endings
Labia MinoraSmall folds within the labia majora that meet
above the clitoris to form the clitoral hoodSignificant variation
in appearanceContain a significant concentration of nerve
endingsSwell during sexual arousal Enclose the vestibule
Internal StructuresVaginaCervixUterusFallopian tubesOvaries
VaginaTwo reproductive functions:Encompasses penis during
coitus (vaginal intercourse)Birth canal3” to 5” inches in
lengthIntroitus: the lower third of the vaginaThe majority
vaginal nerve endingsHymen: thin membrane that partially
covers introitus Grafenberg Spot (G-spot)An erotically sensitive
area on front wall of the vagina mid-way between pubic bone
and cervixFemale ejaculation

13. UterusHollow, thick-walled muscular organAccommodates
developing fetus during pregnancyApproximately 3” by 3” in
women who have not given birthEndometrium: inner
liningMenstruation: removal of the endometriumCervix: the
tapered end of the uterus, extends and opens into the vagina
OvariesGonads that produce gametesProduce egg cells (oocytes;
ova) for reproductionTwo ovaries; size and shape of large
almondsOvaries release oocytes in a process called ovulation
Fallopian TubesAlso known as uterine tubesExtend toward
ovaryFimbriae: fingerlike projections that do not connect to the
ovaryPathway for ovum to reach the uterus
Other StructuresUrethra: tube through which urine
passesUrethral openingPerineum: area between genitals and
anusPelvic floor
Other StructuresAnus: opening of rectumContains two
sphincters (circular muscles that open and close like
valves)Dense supply of nerve endingsThe lining of the rectum is
fragileIn anal sex play, care must be taken not to rupture the
delicate tissuesCondom and Lubrication

14. BreastsReproductive function of female breasts is to nourish
offspring through lactationComposed of fatty tissue and 15-25
lobes that radiate around a central nippleAreola: the ring of
darkened skin around nippleNipples erect in response to
stimulation, cold, or sexual arousalWomen differ in the breast
stimulation they find pleasurable
Female Sexual Physiology:
Reproductive HormonesHormones: chemical substances that
serve as messengersSources: Hypothalamus, pituitary gland,
ovaryGonadotropin releasing hormones are from the
hypothalamus and regulate the release of hormones from the
pituitary
Pituitary Gonadotropins
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates the follicle to
matureLuteinizing hormone (LH): triggers the rupture of the
follicleGonadotropins have an effect upon the gonads
Ovarian HormonesEstrogens: stimulate maturation of
reproductive organs, menstruation, and pregnancyProgesterone:
helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy

15. Female Sexual Physiology:
Reproductive Hormones
Hormone Where Produced Functions
Estrogen ovaries, adrenal glands Promotes
maturation of reproductive
placenta during pregnancy organs,
development during puberty,
regulates menstrual cycle,
pregnancy
Progesterone ovaries, adrenal glandsPromotes breast
development, maintains uterine
lining, regulates menstrual cycle,
sustains pregnancy
Gonadotropin- hypothalamus Promotes
maturation of gonads,
Releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates menstrual
cycle
Follicle-stimulating pituitary Regulates ovarian
function and
hormone (FSH) maturation of ovarian follicles
Female Sexual Physiology: Reproductive Hormones
Hormone Where Produced Functions
Luteinizing pituitary Assists in production of
estrogen and

16. hormone (LH) progesterone, regulates
maturation of
ovarian follicles, triggers
ovulation
Human chorionic embryo and placenta Helps sustain
pregnancy
gonadotropin (HCG)
Testosterone adrenal glands and ovaries Helps stimulate
sexual interest
Oxytocin hypothalamus stimulates uterine
contractions in
childbirth
Prolactin pituitary stimulates milk production
Prostaglandins all body cells mediate hormone response,
stimulate
muscle contractions
The Ovarian CycleCycle averages 28 daysNormal cycles last
between 21 and 40 daysGenerally results in ovulation in only
one ovary per monthIf two eggs are released: Fraternal
twinsOvaries typically alternate
The Ovarian Cycle3 Phases of the ovaryFollicular phase: Days
1-10Hormones signal 10 to 20 follicles to grow on ovaries;
Estrogen matures one oocyteOvulatory phase: Days 11-
14Oocyte undergoes cell division; Follicle wall thins and
ruptures; Oocyte enters abdominal cavity near fimbrae of

17. fallopian tubeLuteal phase: Days 14-28Estrogen levels drop;
egg travels through fallopian tube towards uterus
The Menstrual Cycle3 Phases of the uterine cycleMenstrual
phase (about 3-5 days)Endometrium is shedEndometrial tissue,
mucous, other secretions, and 2-5 oz. blood is expelled through
vaginaProliferative phase (about 9 days)Endometrium thickens,
clear thin mucus secretedEnds with ovulationSecretory phase
(14 days)endometrium prepares for arrival of fertilized ovumIf
no fertilization, ends with shedding of endometrium
Menstrual productsDisposable productsPads and panty
linersTamponsReuseable productsMenstrual cupsPadsSponges
Menstrual variationsEmotional, physical, or behavioral changes
Pre Menstrual SymptomsMenstrual dysphoric
disorderDysmenorrhea AmenorrheaMenorrhagia
Sexuality and the Menstrual CycleResearch inconclusive
between desire and cycleTaboo on sex during
menstruationSocietal ReligiousSafety and STIs

18. Sexual response modelsMasters and Johnson
Kaplan
Loulan
Female Sexual Response ModelMasters and Johnson 4 Phase
Model:excitementplateauorgasmresolution
Female Sexual Response ModelKaplan’s Tri-Phasic
ModelDesireExcitementOrgasm
Female Sexual Response ModelLoulan’s Sexual Response
Model: Incorporates biological and affective
dimensionsWillingnessDesireExcitementEngorgementOrgasmPl
easure
Desire: Mind or Matter?A complex interaction betweenThe
neural systemHormonesOccurs throughout many parts of the

19. body
Experiencing Sexual ArousalVasocongestionMyotoniaVaginal
SweatingTentingLabia may enlarge or flatten and separateSex
flushClitoris swellsBreathing and heart rate increaseNipples
become erect, breasts may enlargeUterus elevates
OrgasmAs excitement increasesClitoris retracts beneath clitoral
hoodVaginal opening decreases by about 1/3Orgasmic
platformContinued stimulation brings orgasm:Rhythmic
contractionsPleasure
Summary
Female sex organsSexual physiologySexual response
Chapter Four
Male Sexual Anatomy, Physiology, and Response
Male Sex Organs:
What Are They for?Sex organs serve a reproductive
functionAlso serve other functions:Bringing pleasure to

20. selfGiving pleasure to othersMay serve to attract potential
sexual partnersSharing of genital sexuality can play a bonding
role in relationships
External StructuresThe penis
The scrotum
The PenisPenis: from Latin word for tailorgan through which
sperm and urine passThree main sections:Root: attaches penis
within the pelvic cavityShaft: contains 3 parallel columns of
erectile tissueCorpora cavernosa: 2 columns along the front
surfaceCorpus spongiosum: runs beneath corpora cavernosa,
also forms the glans
The PenisGlans penis: head of penis; most sensitiveCorona: rim
at base of the glansFrenulum: on underside of penis; triangle of
sensitive skinForeskin: sleeve-like covering of the
glansCircumcisionUrethra: a tube that transports urine and
semenWhen penis erect, urinary duct is blocked
The Penis: MythsPenis size not linked to body size or weight,
muscular structure, race or ethnicity or sexual orientationNo
relationship between penis size and ability to have sexual
intercourse or satisfy a partner

21. The ScrotumA pouch of skin that holds the two testiclesScrotum
skin more heavily pigmentedSparsely covered with hairDivided
in the middle by a ridge of skinTesticle temperature control:
93°F
Internal StructuresTestes:Two major functions: sperm and
hormone productionShaped like olives; 1.5” long and 1”
diameter.Size and weight decrease as men ageNot usually
symmetrical in the way they hangSuspended by spermatic
cordWithin each testicle, there are about 1000 Seminiferous
tubules: Production of sperm takes place in these tubes
Internal StructuresEpididymis C shaped structure on the back of
the testeSperm mature in vas deferensVas DeferensThe ducts
that carry sperm from testicles to urethra for ejaculationVas
deferens joins the ejaculatory duct within prostate gland
Internal StructuresSeminal vesiclesSecrete fluid that makes up
60% of semenProstate glandSecretes fluid that makes up 30-
35% of semenCan be stimulated in anal playCowper’s
(bulbourethral) glandsSecrete thick clear mucus prior to
ejaculationUrethra

22. Other structuresBreastsAnusButtocksRectum
Male Sexual Physiology
Production of hormonesSpermatogenesis
Male Reproductive HormonesTestosteroneActs on seminiferous
tubules to produce spermRegulates sex driveIs responsible for
development of secondary sex characteristics in
pubertyInfluences growth of bones and muscle mass
SpermatogenesisOngoing process from puberty onwardSperm
produced within seminiferous tubules of testicles (64-72
days)Several 100 million sperm produced daily 20 days for
sperm to travel through epididymisDuring this time they become
fertile and motileUpon ejaculation, sperm expelled through
urethra by muscular contractions
Male Sexual ResponseErectionBlood vessels expand and
increase blood in penisVeins that normally carry blood out are
compressed, leading to engorgement of penisSecretions from
Cowper’s glands appear at tip

23. Ejaculation and OrgasmEmission stageSperm sent into vas
deferensRhythmic contractions beginFeeling of ejaculatory
inevitabilityExpulsion stageRapid contractionsSemen spurts
from urethral openingOrgasmIntensely pleasurable physical
sensations that usually accompany ejaculationFollowed by
refractory period
Summary
Male sex organsSexual physiologySexual response
Chapter One
Perspectives on Human Sexuality

24. Sexuality in Popular Culture Is Shaped by the
Mass Media, So We Should Ask:What kinds of sexuality are
portrayed by the media?What messages about sexuality are
sent?Who are the messages intended for?What messages are
ignored or avoided?What shapes the selection by the media?
Mass Media Portrayals of Sexuality Occur in Multiple
FormsTelevisionMoviesMusicMagazines, tabloids, booksHand
held technologyWorld Wide WebAdvertising
Media Portrayals of Sexuality: Sell products
Produce sexual arousalIncrease sexual behaviorProvide sexual
informationCorrect or incorrect
Media Effects Live by:
Keeping sexual behavior visibleReinforcing sexual and
relationship normsIncluding irresponsible models
Mass-media Depictions Are Meant to Entertain, Not
InformRarely present reality scenariosPerpetuate the status
quoCreate a social context by defining:What behaviors are
appropriateWith whom they are appropriateWhy they are
appropriate

25. TelevisionIncreasing exposureIncreasing sexual contentRare
presentation of riskRare presentation of responsible
actionUnrealistic presentation of sexuality
TelevisionFCC regulation of public airwavesEnforces
regulations via finesResponds to public grievancesDoes not
regulate cableParental responsibility
Television GenresComedy seriesSoap OperasCrime/action-
adventure programsDrama seriesCommercialsMusic
videosGamesOther
Television Genres Emphasize Different Types of Content
Comedy series – TaboosSoap Operas – Sexual
transgressionsCrime/action – Sexual variation Drama series –
Situations
Television Genres Emphasize Different Types of Content
(cont.)
Commercials – AttitudesMusic Videos – Individual
expressionGames – Exploitation & aggressionOther – Variations
Note absence of risk or responsibility
Feature Length Films Sexy contentNuditySexual double

26. standardVulnerabilityRare presentations of risk or responsibility
GLBT People in the mediaHistorically absent from mainstream
filmsHistorically presented stereotypically
New trend to present GLBT in positive ways
Online Sexual ActivitiesGlobal CybersexOnline sex Web
sites/chat roomsMeet new partnersSafety
Triple A EngineAccess
Affordability
Anonymity
Cybersex
Real time event involving two persons
engaging in sexual talk for the purpose of
sexual gratification
Online Sexual Activities Effect on CultureCrosses
distancePromotes intimacy without physical contactCreates a
new level of plasticity and expressionPositive for expression of
under represented groupsNegative if it becomes compulsive or
addictive

27. Dial-a-PornCommercial telephone sex lines that enable the
caller to anonymously “talk dirty” with someonePhone worker
is paid to respond to the caller’s fantasiesCreates a sense of
“pseudo-intimacy” with the voice
Cell Phone SexEasy accessPrivacyMobilityPotential billion
dollar industry
Sexuality Across
Cultures and TimesWhat is considered “natural” varies between
culturesIn America, kissing is considered eroticThe Mehinaku
of the Amazonian rain forest consider kissing to be a disgusting
sexual abnormalityCulture molds and shapes our sexual
interests
Cultural Differences: Mangaia of PolynesiaAdolescence have a
high level of sexual desireAdolescents are instructed on how to
please their partnerA woman may leave a man who does not
satisfy herAdulthood is marked by a decrease in sexual desire
Cultural Differences: The Dani of New GuineaLittle interest in
sexualitySex for reproductionExtra relational sex and jealousy
is rareFemale orgasm is unknown5 year sexual abstinence
between pregnancies

28. Cultural Differences: Victorian AmericansWomen had
reproductive desire rather than sexual desireWomen with sexual
desire classified as suffering from “nymphomania, or furor
uterinus”
Men were viewed as animal likeMen had raging, uncontrollable
sexual appetites
Victorian Americans: Long Lasting EffectsWar between
sexesMadonna – Whore dichotomy for women’s rolesWomen’s
responsibility to tame men’s impulsesSexual double standard
Sexual Orientation: The Pattern of Sexual and Emotional
Attraction Based on the Gender of One’s Preferred Partners
Heterosexuality: between men and women
Homosexuality: between persons of the same sex
Bisexuality: both males and females
Contemporary American CultureHeterosexuality is the only
sexual orientation receiving full social and legal legitimacyState
by state recognition of civil unionsWho knows which states
currently have legislation?
Homosexuality,

29. Bisexuality, and Culture: Ancient GreeceRoles for menHighest
form of love: Same-sex relationships between menBetween an
older and a younger manMen were also expected to be
marriedRoles of women Child bearing was associated with
marriageCourtesans
Homosexuality,
Bisexuality, and Culture: Sambians of New GuineaSexual
orientation is malleable across lifespanYoung males engage in
sexual activity with one anotherAdolescence marks the
occurence of sexual activities between males and
femalesAdulthood marks the end of sexual activities between
males
Gender and CultureGender:What makes a person a man or
woman goes beyond simple anatomy.Gender is the set of
culturally-influenced characteristics associated with being male
or female
Gender and CultureThe characteristics associated with being
male or femaleCulturally definedNot always defined by genitals
only Fully explored in Chapter Five
Transsexual and Transgender Persons Genitals and gender
identities are discordantA person born with a penis self-
identifies as a woman A person born with a vulva and vagina
self- identifies as a manNot the same as transvestite

30. Gender and Culture: Two spiritsBiological males who assume
female dress, gender role, and statusAccepted as a “man-
woman” and given spiritual status in several cultures
worldwideIncludes some Native American, Filipino, Lapp, and
Indian culturesSome females considered “two-spirit,” but more
rare than with males
Societal Norms and SexualityDiversity across cultures and
timesCalls into question what is inherently natural or
normalWords like “natural,” “unnatural,” “normal,” and
“abnormal” are value judgmentsThey often state how we feel
about behaviors, rather than objectively describing those
behaviors
Natural Sexual Behavior
How do we decide if a sexual behavior is natural or
unnatural?What is natural?What is unnatural?
Natural Sexual BehaviorWe have internalized the norm since
infancyIs a part of “the cultural air we breathe” and like the air
is invisibleWe have learned our culture's rules so well, they
seem instinctive
Normal Sexual BehaviorBehavior that conforms to a group’s
average or median patterns of behavior

31. Not related to moral or psychological judgments
Normal Sexual BehaviorMany people feel pressure to behave
like the statistical normIronically, most of us actually don’t
know how others behave sexuallyMost people do not talk about
their sexual activities, especially those that they perceive as
being outside the norm.
Sexual Behaviors and VariationsResearchers view human
sexuality as characterized by sexual variation, i.e. sexual
variety and diversityUnderstand sexual activities as existing on
a continuum of frequency and behaviorPeople’s activities can be
typical or atypical of the group average—does not necessarily
indicate deviance
Sexual Behaviors and VariationsMany activities thought of as
“deviant” are engaged in by most of us to some
degree:Exhibitionism VoyeurismFetishism
Authors’ StandardThe authors of the text believe that the basic
standard for judging various sexual activities is:Whether they
are between consenting adultsWhether they cause harmIt is up
to the individual to evaluate the ethical or moral aspect of
behavior in accordance with his or her values.
SummaryPopular cultureSexual behaviors and norms

32. varyUnderstanding diversityInfluence of culture
Summary (cont.)Popular culture Sexual behaviors and norms
vary Understanding diversity allows us to acknowledge that
there is no such thing as inherently “normal” or “natural” sexual
behaviorSexual behavior strongly influenced by culture
Chapter Two
Studying Human Sexuality
Sex, Advice Columnists,
and Pop PsychologyThe sex information/advice genre seeks
to:Inform—transmit information that is factual and
accurateEntertain—attract audiences through hosts’
personalities as well as high-interest or bizarre materialOften
includes moral judgmentsUse social science and psychiatry to
give authority
Use and Abuse of StatisticsPopular media may summarize social
science research in an oversimplified or distorted
mannerSensationalize findingsOver generalize results of
researchReport statistics that agree with widely-held
preconceptionsPopular media may not emphasize the importance
of replication

33. Thinking Critically about SexBasic scientific principles require
a commitment to objectivityobservation of reality while
excluding researchers’ feelings or beliefs
Subjectivity is to be avoided Difficult to achieve especially in
the area of sexualitySexuality can bring out powerful emotions
and moral ambivalence
Value Judgments: LimitationsDo not tell us what motivates
peopleDo not tell us how frequently people behave in a given
wayDo not tell us how people feelOnly tell us how we ourselves
feel
Value Judgments vs. ObjectivityValue judgments only reveal
the thoughts or feelings of one personObjectivity describes
realityObjective positions can be testedCultural relativity
requires that we examine appropriateness within the cultural
norms where it exists
Value Judgments vs. ObjectivityValue judgments imply how a
person ought to behaveObjective statements describe how
people actually behaveValue judgments cannot be empirically
evaluatedObjective statements can be empirically evaluated
Opinions, Biases, and Stereotypes Interfere with the Pursuit of

34. Knowledge
Opinions are unsubstantiated beliefs or conclusions according to
an individual’s personal thoughtsBiases are personal leanings or
inclinationsStereotypes are sets of overgeneralized beliefs about
an individual, a group, or an idea, etc.
StereotypesA schema is a way of organizing information which
often underlies stereotypes Sexual stereotyping is often used to
justify discrimination or social groupsWomenPoor
peopleAfrican Americans, Latino/as, Asian AmericansGay men,
lesbians, bisexuals, transgender people
StereotypesStereotypes structure our knowledge by shaping:
What we seeWhat we noticeWhat we rememberHow we explain
things
Attitudes and BehaviorAttitude: a predisposition a person has to
act, think, or feel in certain waysBehavior: the way a person
acts
Behavior does not predict attitude and vice versaFrequent
discrepancies exist between the two on individual and cultural
levels which can result in confusion
Common Fallacies: Egocentrism and EthnocentrismFallacy: an
error in reasoning that affects our understanding of a
subjectEgocentric fallacy: the belief that our own personal
experience and values are generally held by othersEthnocentric
fallacy: the belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or

35. culture’s values and customs are innately superior to others’
Egocentrism and EthnocentrismOften occur in our consideration
of different ethnic groupsTransmitted from one generation to
anotherPrevent understanding from a culturally relative position
Sex Research MethodsScientific Method: the method by which a
hypothesis is formed from impartially gathered data and tested
empirically.Induction: drawing a general conclusion from
specific factsSeeks to describe the world rather than to evaluate
or judge it
Research ConcernsEthicalConcerns use of human beings as
subjects of researchMethodologicalConcerns center on
information-gathering techniques and accuracyA representative
sample of people is necessary to draw accurate conclusions
Ethical IssuesInformed consentFull disclosure of purpose, risk,
benefitsAgreement to participate may be withdrawnProtection
from harmEmotional distress must be avoidedIdentity of
subjects must be confidential
SamplingSample: a portion of a larger group of people are
observed or studiedInferences are made to the larger groupGood
samples are: RandomRepresentativeUnbiased

36. Limitations of Samples Restrict GeneralizationsDepend on
volunteers or clientsTakes place at universities or colleges with
student volunteersSome ethnic groups are underrepresentedGay
men, lesbian women, bisexual and transgendered people may
not be publicly identified
Clinical ResearchAn in-depth examination of an individual or
group that comes to a specialist for assistance with disorders
and problemsLimited by an emphasis on pathological
behaviorShaped by cultural definitions of what is pathological
Survey ResearchQuestionnairesAdministered quicklyForced
choice allows many formatsInterviewsAllow more information
to be gatheredAllow subjects to guide topicsSexual
diariesCollect richer informationMay work well with some
subjects but not all
Survey Research LimitationsSubjects may report self behavior
with biasInterviewers may collect information with a
biasSubjects may be embarrassed in an interviewAccuracy of
subjects’ memory fades as time passesDifficult for subjects to
accurately estimate factors such as how long sexual encounters
last
Observational ResearchThe researcher unobtrusively observes

37. and makes notes about people’s behaviorSerious ethical issues
in observing sexual behavior without subjects’ knowledge or
consentKnown observation generally affects behavior
Participant ObservationThe researcher participates in the
behaviors which she or he is studyingUsed frequently by
anthropologistsIs sex research controversial because it
compromises objectivity?
Experimental ResearchThe systematic manipulation variables to
examine the effect on behavior
Independent variables: factors that can be manipulated and
changed by the experimenterDependent variables: factors that
are likely to be affected by changes in the independent variable
An Example of Experimental ResearchExamine effect of various
amounts of alcohol on sexual arousalAlcohol—independent
variablePlethysmograph measurement of arousal—dependent
variableCausal effect demonstrated
The Sex ResearchersIn 19th century, Western sexuality began to
be studied from a scientific frameworkFascinated with
“pathologies” of sex: fetishism, sadism, masturbation,
homosexualitySince that time, a liberalizing trend in our
thinking about sexuality20th century researchers viewed
sexuality more positively

38. The Sex ResearchersThree themes evident in later 20th century
sex researchers’ work:Belief that sexual expression is essential
to an individual’s well beingDesire to broaden the range of
legitimate sexual activity, including homosexualityBelief that
female sexuality is equal to male sexuality
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
(1840-1902)Psychopathia Sexualis (1886): A collection of the
case histories of fetishists, sadists, masochists, and
homosexualsAttributed variations in Victorian sexuality to
“hereditary taint,” “moral degeneracy,” and
masturbationBrought public attention to sexual behaviors that
had never been documented
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Dramatically impacted Western
ideasSexuality begins at birth with five-stage development:Oral
stage (birth to 1 year)Anal stage (age 1-3)Phallic stage (age 3-
5)Latency stage (age 6-puberty)Genital stage (puberty onward)
Sigmund Freud: Phallic stageOedipal Complex: Boy develops
sexual desires for mother and fears fatherCastration anxiety:
Fears his father will cut off his penis: castration anxietyElectra
complex: Girl develops sexual desire for father and fears
motherPenis envy: Girls never acquire the “lost penis” and
therefore fail to develop an independent character like that of
boysBy age 6, boys and girls resolve their complexes by

39. relinquishing their desires for their parents and identifying with
their same-sex parent
Sigmund Freud: Impact Freud was pioneering in commitment to
science and explorations of the unconsciousOver the past
generation, his influence among American sex researchers has
dwindledLack of empiricism Inadequate description of female
developmentQuestions of relevance to contemporary societyIn
the field of sex research, his work is now primarily of historical
interest
Havelock Ellis (1859-1939)One of the first modern affirmers of
sexualityStudies in the Psychology of Sex (1897-1910)Pointed
out the relativity of sexual valuesAppealed to case studies as
well as studies in animal behavior, anthropology, and
historyChallenged view that masturbation was
abnormalDocumented existence of women’s sexual
desiresReevaluated homosexuality as a congenital condition
Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)The Kinsey Reports Sexual Behavior
in the Human Male (1948) Sexual Behavior in the Human
Female (1953)Statistical documentation of American sexual
behaviorShowed a significant discrepancy between public
standards and actual standards of sexual behavior
Alfred Kinsey: ImpactSexual Diversity and
VariationExtraordinary diversity in behaviors of subjectsMany

40. subjects (e.g. 50% of men) had sexual experiences with
members of the same-sex
Reevaluation of MasturbationImportant for
womenHarmlessPleasurable
Alfred Kinsey: ControversySame sex behaviorLabels of
“heterosexual” and “homosexual” were inadequate ways of
understanding sexual behaviorDevised the “Kinsey
Scale”Rejection of normal/abnormal dichotomySexual
differences are a matter of degree, not kindBecame an advocate
of the toleranceDecline of society
Kinsey’s Scale from 0 to 6
Alfred Kinsey: CriticismsStatistical methodology:
unrepresentative sampling Emphasis on quantification of sexual
behaviorRejection of the psychological dimension (reducing
behavior to genital activity)
William Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson (1925-
)Human Sexual Response (1966)Detailed the sexual response
cycles of hundreds of male and female research
subjectsCombined clinical observation with direct measurement
of genital arousal using electronic devices

41. Masters and Johnson: OutcomesSimilarity of male and female
sexual responses Women achieve orgasms via clitoral
stimulationLegitimized female masturbation
Masters and Johnson: OutcomesHuman Sexual Inadequacy
(1970)Argued that sexual problems were not the result of
neuroses or personality disordersRather, lack of information,
poor communication, or relationship conflict contributedUsed
behavioral therapy to treat sexual problems with great success
Contemporary Research StudiesSeveral large, national, or multi-
site sexuality related studies have recently been conductedThe
National Health and Social Life Survey (1994)The Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (biannual)The Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (annual)The National Survey of Family
Growth (periodic)College Alcohol Study (every few
years)Community Intervention Trial for Youth Project
Contemporary Research StudiesLarge scale national sexuality
related studiesSmaller scale studiesDifficulties due to political
and social climate Restricted funding
The National Health and Social Life Survey 1994Americans are
largely monogamousOn average, Americans have sex about
once a weekAdultery is the exception, not the ruleMost
Americans rank vaginal intercourse as most preferred activity

42. The National Health and Social Life Survey
(cont.)Homosexuality less prevalent than originally
believedOrgasms appear to be the rule for men and the
exception for womenForced sex and the misperception of it
remain critical problems3% of Americans claim never to have
had sex
The National Survey of Family Growth 2002A majority of
Americans report experiencing a great deal of diverse sexual
activityA small percentage of Americans report experiencing
homosexual activityAmerican men report more partners then
womenA large group of Americans do not report using condoms
in the last year
The Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2003Almost half report having
had sexual intercourseFew report having had sexual intercourse
with four or more partnersOver half report using a condom
during their last sexual intercourseOne fourth report of sexually
active students report using alcohol or drugs during most recent
sexual experience
National College Health Assessment 2005Majority report a new
sex partner in the last yearHalf report experiencing oral sex
within the last monthHalf report experiencing vaginal sex
within the last monthStudents do not routinely use condoms
Birth control pills and condoms are the most commonly used
contraceptive

43. Emerging Research PerspectivesFeminist scholarshipFocus on
gender issuesExamines distribution of power in sexual
relationshipsGay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender Focus on
personal experienceExamines social and psychological
components
Feminist Scholarship PrinciplesGender is significantFemale
experience devaluedPower is critical in relationshipsDifferent
methodologies must be incorporatedEthnic diversity must be
addressed
Important GLBT researchers across time
UlrichesKertbenyHirschfeldHookerFoucault
Critical Inclusions for Future Research
Expanded definitions of sexualityIntervention based
researchAccepting and positive representation of sexuality
Directions for Future ResearchGlobal perspectiveInclusion of
other fields of scientific study
Ethnicity and SexualityResearchers have begun to recognize
differences among ethnic groupsRelated factors: socioeconomic

44. status, environment, methodology, researcher’s stereotypes
African Americans and ResearchSexual
stereotypesSocioeconomic statusRacismBlack subcultures
Latinos and ResearchSexual stereotypesTraditional
culturesCatholicismAcculturation
Asian Americans and Pacific IslandersIncrease in
populationCollectivist cultureImmigrationSexual stereotypes
SummarySex, advice columnists, and pop psychologyMethods
of sex research History of sex research Challenges for the future