This document discusses the differences between sex and gender. It notes that while sex is a biological concept referring to chromosomes and anatomy, gender describes the social and cultural roles associated with being masculine or feminine. These gender roles can vary significantly across cultures. The document also examines theories that gender is socially constructed through socialization and cultural norms, rather than inherently biological. It explores how this social construction of gender roles can negatively impact individuals, especially transgender people, by restricting their freedom and increasing risks of discrimination, mental health issues, and suicide.

1. Socio-cultural formation of
GENDER IDENTITY

2. SEX and GENDER

3. • We have interviewed around 30 people of
different age groups for whether they know
the difference between sex and gender and
the result was shocking ..
almost 25 of them believe that sex and gender
both are same .

4. • So here is the difference between these two…

5. Difference between sex and gender
Sex = male and female
Gender = masculine and feminine
So in essence:
• Sex refers to biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs.
• Gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine.
So while your sex as male or female is a biological fact that is the same in any culture, what that sex means in
terms of your gender role as a 'man' or a 'woman' in society can be quite different cross culturally. These
'gender roles' have an impact on the health of the individual.
In sociological terms 'gender role' refers to the characteristics and behaviors that different cultures
attribute to the sexes. What it means to be a 'real man' in any culture requires male sex plus
what our various cultures define as masculine characteristics and behaviors, likewise a 'real
woman' needs female sex and feminine characteristics.
To summarize:
'man' = male sex+ masculine social role
(a 'real man', 'masculine' or 'manly')
'woman' = female sex + feminine social role
(a 'real woman', 'feminine' or 'womanly')

6. “GENDER ROLES”
• A gender role is a social role encompassing a range of
behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered
acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on
their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. Gender roles are
usually centered on conceptions of feminity and masculinity
although there are exceptions and variations. The specifics
regarding these gendered expectations may vary
substantially among cultures, while other characteristics
may be common throughout a range of cultures. There is
ongoing debate as to what extent gender roles and their
variations are biologically determined and to what extent
they are socially constructed.

7. Theories of gender as a social
construct.
• Some theories – which are collectively termed social construction theories – claim that
gender behavior is mostly due to social conventions, although opposing theories disagree,
such as theories in evolutionary psychology.
• Most children learn to categorize themselves by gender by the age of three. From birth, in the
course of gender socialization, children learn gender stereotypes and roles from their parents
and environment. In a traditional view, males learn to manipulate their physical and social
environment through physical strength or dexterity, while girls learn to present themselves as
objects to be viewed.Social constructionists state, for example, that gender-segregated
children's activities create the appearance that gender differences in behavior reflect an
essential nature of male and female behavior.
• As an aspect of role theory,gender role theory "treats these differing distributions of women
and men into roles as the primary origin of sex-differentiated social behavior, their impact on
behavior is mediated by psychological and social processes."
• Socially constructed gender roles are considered to be hierarchical, and are characterized as a
male-advantaged gender hierarchy by social constructionists.
• According to Eagly et al. the consequences of gender roles and stereotypes are sex-typed
social behavior because roles and stereotypes are both socially shared descriptive norms and
prescriptive norms.
• Judith Butler, in works such as Gender Trouble and Undoing Gender, contends that being
female is not "natural" and that it appears natural only through repeated performances of
gender; these performances in turn, reproduce and define the traditional categories of sex
and/or gender.

8. • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines gender roles as "socially
constructed roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a given society considers
appropriate for men and women".Debate continues as to what extent gender and
gender roles are socially constructed (i.e. non-biologically influenced), and to what
extent "socially constructed" may be considered synonymous with "arbitrary" or
"malleable". Therefore, a concise authoritative definition of gender roles or gender
itself is elusive.
• In the sociology of gender, the process whereby an individual learns and acquires a
gender role in society is termed gender socialization.
• Gender role, which refers to the cultural expectations as understood by gender
classification, is not the same thing as gender identity,, which refers to the internal
sense of one's own gender, whether or not it aligns with categories offered by
societal norms. The point at which these internalized gender identities
become externalized into a set of expectations is the genesis of a gender role.
• Women were not granted the right to vote in many parts of the world until the 19th
or 20th centuries, and some women were not granted a vote well into the 21st
century.Women throughout the world, in many ways, do not enjoy full freedom and
protection under the law . Due to the prevailing perception of men as primarily
breadwinners, they are seldom afforded the benefit of paternity leave.

9. • Children in their early years develop these
mindsets from the so called ideal society
Here is one of those examples of mindset:

11. Conclusion of this ,that is ,of all socially
constructed theory is that …MEN ARE
PARAMOUNT and all the other genders
cannot get equality .
Many feminist movement has been started for
demanding equality.
Everyone wants equal rights ..

13. Gender discrimination is not a new topic we all
are aware of this .But nothing happened .
Here are some of the reports that suggests
about the recent condition of our society.

15. • And through our interview we have come
across one surprising truth that women
cannot make good leaders .
• Here is the clip:

17. And here again because of this socially
constructed model we all have been indulge in
a crime .
In a new study, 30 percent of transgender youth
report a history of at least one suicide
attempt, and nearly 42 percent report a
history of self-injury, such as cutting.Many
suffers from mental problems ,depression.

18. • As Kelsey Beckham, who self-identifies as
gender neutral, phrased it:
• It just makes me feel separated from society,
when we have to keep talking about it. It’s like
— am I even human?...I mean, I know I’m not
normal.

19. • Problems ..mainly faced by the transgenders..

20. Problems faced by the transgenders:
• Discrimination
• Unemployment
• Lack of educational facilities
• Lack of medical facilities
• Marriage
• Adoption

21. Where to go
?

22. Many suffers from GENDER IDENTITY
DISORDER..

23. • Gender dysphoria (GD), or gender identity
disorder (GID), is the distress a person experiences
as a result of the sex and gender they were assigned
at birth . In this case, the assigned sex and gender
do not match the person's gender identity, and the
person is transgender . There is evidence suggesting
that twins who identify with a gender different from
their assigned sex may do so not only due to
psychological or behavioral causes, but also
biological ones related to their genetics or exposure
to hormones before birth.

24. Signs and symptoms:
• Symptoms of GD in children may include any of the following: disgust at
their own genitalia, social isolation from their peers, anxiety, loneliness
and depression.According to the American Psychological Association,
transgender children are more likely to experience harassment and violence
in school, foster care, residential treatment centers, homeless centers and
juvenile justice programs than other children.
• Adults with GD are at increased risk for stress, isolation, anxiety,
depression, poor self-esteem and suicide. Studies indicate that transgender
people have an extremely high rate of suicide attempts; one study of 6,450
transgender people in the United States found 41% had attempted suicide,
compared to a national average of 1.6%. It was also found that suicide
attempts were less common among transgender people who said their
family ties had remained strong after they came out, but even transgender
people at comparatively low risk were still much more likely to have
attempted suicide than the general population.Transgender people are also
at heightened risk for certain mental disorders such as eating disorders.

25. CAUSES:
• GID exists when a person suffers discontent due to gender
identity, causing them emotional distress.Researchers
disagree about the nature of distress and impairment in
people with GID. Some authors have suggested that people
with GID suffer because they are stigmatized and
victimized; nd that, if society had less strict gender
divisions, transsexual people would suffer less.
• A twin study (based on seven people in a 314 sample)
suggested that GID may be 62% heritable, indicating the
possibility of a genetic influence or prenatal development
as its origin, in these cases.

26. TREATMENT
• Treatment for a person diagnosed with GID may include psychotherapy or to
support the individual's preferred gender through hormone therapy, gender
expression and role, or surgery. This may include psychological counseling,
resulting in lifestyle changes, or physical changes, resulting from medical
interventions such as hormonal treatment, genital surgery, electrolysis or laser hair
removal, chest/breast surgery, or other reconstructive surgeries. The goal of
treatment may simply be to reduce problems resulting from the person's transgender
status, for example, counseling the patient in order to reduce guilt associated with
cross-dressing, or counseling a spouse to help them adjust to the patient's situation.
• Hormone treatment or surgery for gender dysphoria is somewhat controversial
because of the irreversibility of certain physical changes. Guidelines have been
established to aid clinicians. The World Professional Association for Transgender
Health (WPATH) Standards of Care are used by some clinicians as treatment
guidelines. Others use guidelines outlined in Gianna Israel and Donald
Tarver's Transgender Care. Guidelines for treatment generally follow a "harm
reduction” model.

27. • Equality is what we all need

29. Now is the time to change our mindset :
And here are some of the pictures that will make
you think twice about the gender roles

32. Everyone has equal rights everyone has the
right to live in with dignity .
Having sex discrimination is natural but
gender discrimination is what we have
made them up.

33. Thankyou