The document discusses various protein synthesis inhibitors including aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramins, and oxazolidinones. It describes the stages of protein synthesis, mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and toxicities of each class of inhibitors.
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics, which consist of amino sugars and a hexose nucleus. They are used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. Aminoglycosides act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. They are effective against many gram-negative bacteria but have serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using these antibiotics due to their narrow therapeutic index.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics - polyenes and polypeptides. It provides details about Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin in the polyene class and Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Colistin/Polymyxin-E, and Dactinomycin/Actinomycin-D in the polypeptide class. It describes their origins, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages and adverse effects.
This document summarizes key information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It describes their origin from soil actinomycetes, common agents like streptomycin, gentamicin and tobramycin. It outlines their mechanism of action inhibiting protein synthesis, broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative bacteria and some protozoa. Resistance development via modifying enzymes is discussed. Important aspects of pharmacokinetics like renal excretion and dosing/monitoring are covered. The document also reviews the individual pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses of different aminoglycosides and their potential adverse effects like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document provides an overview of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics used to treat aerobic Gram-negative bacteria by preventing bacterial protein synthesis. Some key points covered include:
- Aminoglycosides like streptomycin were first discovered in the 1940s from soil bacteria. Common systemic aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
- Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria to prevent proper initiation complex formation and protein synthesis.
- They have concentration-dependent bacterial killing and a post-antibiotic effect. Resistance can develop via enzymatic modification or
This document summarizes several antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis including glycopeptides, lipopeptides, polypetides, fosfomycin, cycloserine, oxazolidinones, streptogramins, polymyxins, mupirocin, and fusidic acid. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. Key antibiotics discussed include vancomycin, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, linezolid, pristinamycin, colistin, and mupirocin.
This document provides an overview of antifungal agents, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. Major antifungal classes discussed include azoles (e.g. fluconazole, itraconazole), polyenes (e.g. amphotericin B), echinocandins (e.g. caspofungin), and allylamines (e.g. terbinafine). It covers antifungals used to treat both superficial and systemic fungal infections, with details on selected drugs' mechanisms, spectra of activity, advantages/disadvantages, and adverse effect profiles.
This document provides information on aminoglycoside antibiotics including their definition, classification, history, properties, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, toxicities, and details on specific aminoglycosides such as streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tobramycin. Aminoglycosides are a group of natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with polybasic amino groups linked to aminosugars that are active against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria. They work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal effects and post-antibiotic effects. However, they can also cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics, which consist of amino sugars and a hexose nucleus. They are used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. Aminoglycosides act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. They are effective against many gram-negative bacteria but have serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using these antibiotics due to their narrow therapeutic index.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics - polyenes and polypeptides. It provides details about Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin in the polyene class and Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Colistin/Polymyxin-E, and Dactinomycin/Actinomycin-D in the polypeptide class. It describes their origins, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages and adverse effects.
This document summarizes key information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It describes their origin from soil actinomycetes, common agents like streptomycin, gentamicin and tobramycin. It outlines their mechanism of action inhibiting protein synthesis, broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative bacteria and some protozoa. Resistance development via modifying enzymes is discussed. Important aspects of pharmacokinetics like renal excretion and dosing/monitoring are covered. The document also reviews the individual pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses of different aminoglycosides and their potential adverse effects like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document provides an overview of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics used to treat aerobic Gram-negative bacteria by preventing bacterial protein synthesis. Some key points covered include:
- Aminoglycosides like streptomycin were first discovered in the 1940s from soil bacteria. Common systemic aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
- Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria to prevent proper initiation complex formation and protein synthesis.
- They have concentration-dependent bacterial killing and a post-antibiotic effect. Resistance can develop via enzymatic modification or
This document summarizes several antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis including glycopeptides, lipopeptides, polypetides, fosfomycin, cycloserine, oxazolidinones, streptogramins, polymyxins, mupirocin, and fusidic acid. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. Key antibiotics discussed include vancomycin, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, linezolid, pristinamycin, colistin, and mupirocin.
This document provides an overview of antifungal agents, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. Major antifungal classes discussed include azoles (e.g. fluconazole, itraconazole), polyenes (e.g. amphotericin B), echinocandins (e.g. caspofungin), and allylamines (e.g. terbinafine). It covers antifungals used to treat both superficial and systemic fungal infections, with details on selected drugs' mechanisms, spectra of activity, advantages/disadvantages, and adverse effect profiles.
This document provides information on aminoglycoside antibiotics including their definition, classification, history, properties, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, toxicities, and details on specific aminoglycosides such as streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tobramycin. Aminoglycosides are a group of natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with polybasic amino groups linked to aminosugars that are active against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria. They work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal effects and post-antibiotic effects. However, they can also cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Common adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections like endocarditis and tuberculosis.
History, Classification, Antibacterial spectrum, Mechanism of action, Bacterial resistance, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, Therapeutic uses of Amioglycoside.
The document discusses various protein synthesis inhibitors including aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramins, and oxazolidinones. It describes the stages of protein synthesis, mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and toxicities of each class of inhibitors.
This document discusses several classes of antibiotics including polyenes, polypetides, and actinomycin D. It provides details on amphotericin B, nystatin, hamycin, bacitracin, polymyxin B, colistin, and actinomycin D/dactinomycin. For each drug, it describes its source, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and resistance. The document is an informative overview of several important antibiotic classes.
This document discusses various classes of antifungal drugs, their mechanisms of action, examples, and key properties. It covers drugs that inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis like echinocandins, those that bind to ergosterol in the membrane like polyenes, those that inhibit ergosterol synthesis like azoles, and others that target nucleic acid synthesis or mitotic spindles. Adverse effects, dosing, and clinical uses are described for several individual drugs including amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and 5-flucytosine. Topical agents are noted to be preferred for superficial fungal infections while systemic drugs are used for deeper mycoses
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. It discusses their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and ways to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects when using these antibiotics. The most important aspects covered are the serious risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the need to closely monitor peak and trough drug levels when patients are receiving aminoglycoside therapy.
This document discusses various antifungal antibiotics used to control fungal plant diseases. It lists 10 major antifungal antibiotics - Aureofungin, Griseofulvin, Cycloheximide, Blasticidin, Antimycin, Kasugamycin, Thiolution, Endomycin, Bulbiformin, and Nystatin. For each antibiotic, it provides information on the producing microorganism, mode of action in inhibiting fungi, and major fungal plant diseases it is used to control. The document serves as an overview of commonly used antifungal antibiotics in integrated plant disease management.
Antifungal drugs work by targeting differences between fungal and human cell membranes and metabolism. Azoles like fluconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis while polyenes like amphotericin B bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Topical antifungals like nystatin and tolnaftate treat superficial infections while systemic drugs like fluconazole and itraconazole treat deep infections. Common adverse effects include nausea, liver toxicity, and drug interactions. The choice of antifungal depends on the infecting organism, infection severity, and route of administration needed.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial therapy including classifications, mechanisms of action, and principles of administration for various classes of antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. It discusses categories such as beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, sulfonamides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, antifungals, metronidazole and antivirals; covering their spectra of activity, indications, mechanisms of action, toxicities and drug interactions. The document also addresses antimicrobial selection, prophylaxis, and special considerations in pregnancy, lactation and for pediatric patients.
This document outlines information about glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, and dalbavancin. It discusses their mechanisms of action, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse reactions. Specifically, it notes that vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, has activity against gram-positive bacteria, and is excreted by the kidneys. It is commonly used for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Adverse reactions include phlebitis, "red man" syndrome, and in rare cases, ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity.
This document provides an overview of antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It discusses several major classes of antifungals - azoles (imidazoles, triazoles), polyenes (amphotericin B), echinocandins, allylamines (terbinafine), and antimetabolites (flucytosine, griseofulvin). The most common fungal infections treated are candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis. Choice of antifungal depends on infecting organism, site of infection, resistance patterns, drug interactions, tolerability, and
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
This document discusses various antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. It describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, pharmacokinetics and adverse reactions. Key antibiotics discussed include vancomycin, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, fosfomycin, cycloserine, linezolid, pristinamycin, polymyxins, mupirocin, fusidic acid, clindamycin and telithromycin. The document provides detailed information on the properties of these important antibiotics used to treat gram-positive bacterial infections.
Aminoglycosides are a group of natural or semi-synthetic antibiotics containing an amino sugar component and are used systemically or topically. They are derived from soil actinomycetes, not absorbed orally, and primarily target aerobic gram-negative bacteria through binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. While effective treatments, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document discusses antifungal agents. It begins by describing the characteristics of fungi and how they differ from bacteria. It then discusses the types of fungal infections and the mechanisms of several classes of antifungal agents, including polyenes like amphotericin B and azoles. Key information on amphotericin B is provided, including its mechanism of action, uses, administration, and adverse effects. Other antifungals discussed include flucytosine and nystatin.
This document discusses various types of fungi that cause infections and the antifungal drugs used to treat them. It covers superficial and deep fungal infections, outlines the mechanisms of several commonly used antifungal classes including azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. It summarizes the pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of many individual antifungal drugs. New approaches to antifungal treatment and drug development are also briefly mentioned.
The document contains 24 unlabeled paintings from various artists such as Alfred Guillou, Charles Edouard Delort, Leon Jean Bazile Perrault, and Fritz Zuhber Buhler. The paintings depict a variety of subjects including landscapes, figures, and daily activities.
The 6th grade classes at ABC Book created PowerPoint presentations that are now available online. The presentations can be found by visiting the URL http://MrsMWebb.blogspot.com. Students' work is showcased on a teacher's blog for others to see.
Yankee Group Q&A Forum for Analyst Relations Professionals, presented by Emil...Yankee Group
Yankee Group CEO and President Emily Green discusses Yankee Group's Anywhere focus and research in this open Q&A forum specifically for analyst relations professionals.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Common adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections like endocarditis and tuberculosis.
History, Classification, Antibacterial spectrum, Mechanism of action, Bacterial resistance, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, Therapeutic uses of Amioglycoside.
The document discusses various protein synthesis inhibitors including aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramins, and oxazolidinones. It describes the stages of protein synthesis, mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and toxicities of each class of inhibitors.
This document discusses several classes of antibiotics including polyenes, polypetides, and actinomycin D. It provides details on amphotericin B, nystatin, hamycin, bacitracin, polymyxin B, colistin, and actinomycin D/dactinomycin. For each drug, it describes its source, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and resistance. The document is an informative overview of several important antibiotic classes.
This document discusses various classes of antifungal drugs, their mechanisms of action, examples, and key properties. It covers drugs that inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis like echinocandins, those that bind to ergosterol in the membrane like polyenes, those that inhibit ergosterol synthesis like azoles, and others that target nucleic acid synthesis or mitotic spindles. Adverse effects, dosing, and clinical uses are described for several individual drugs including amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and 5-flucytosine. Topical agents are noted to be preferred for superficial fungal infections while systemic drugs are used for deeper mycoses
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. It discusses their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and ways to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects when using these antibiotics. The most important aspects covered are the serious risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the need to closely monitor peak and trough drug levels when patients are receiving aminoglycoside therapy.
This document discusses various antifungal antibiotics used to control fungal plant diseases. It lists 10 major antifungal antibiotics - Aureofungin, Griseofulvin, Cycloheximide, Blasticidin, Antimycin, Kasugamycin, Thiolution, Endomycin, Bulbiformin, and Nystatin. For each antibiotic, it provides information on the producing microorganism, mode of action in inhibiting fungi, and major fungal plant diseases it is used to control. The document serves as an overview of commonly used antifungal antibiotics in integrated plant disease management.
Antifungal drugs work by targeting differences between fungal and human cell membranes and metabolism. Azoles like fluconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis while polyenes like amphotericin B bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Topical antifungals like nystatin and tolnaftate treat superficial infections while systemic drugs like fluconazole and itraconazole treat deep infections. Common adverse effects include nausea, liver toxicity, and drug interactions. The choice of antifungal depends on the infecting organism, infection severity, and route of administration needed.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial therapy including classifications, mechanisms of action, and principles of administration for various classes of antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. It discusses categories such as beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, sulfonamides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, antifungals, metronidazole and antivirals; covering their spectra of activity, indications, mechanisms of action, toxicities and drug interactions. The document also addresses antimicrobial selection, prophylaxis, and special considerations in pregnancy, lactation and for pediatric patients.
This document outlines information about glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, and dalbavancin. It discusses their mechanisms of action, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse reactions. Specifically, it notes that vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, has activity against gram-positive bacteria, and is excreted by the kidneys. It is commonly used for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Adverse reactions include phlebitis, "red man" syndrome, and in rare cases, ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity.
This document provides an overview of antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It discusses several major classes of antifungals - azoles (imidazoles, triazoles), polyenes (amphotericin B), echinocandins, allylamines (terbinafine), and antimetabolites (flucytosine, griseofulvin). The most common fungal infections treated are candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis. Choice of antifungal depends on infecting organism, site of infection, resistance patterns, drug interactions, tolerability, and
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
This document discusses various antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. It describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, pharmacokinetics and adverse reactions. Key antibiotics discussed include vancomycin, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, fosfomycin, cycloserine, linezolid, pristinamycin, polymyxins, mupirocin, fusidic acid, clindamycin and telithromycin. The document provides detailed information on the properties of these important antibiotics used to treat gram-positive bacterial infections.
Aminoglycosides are a group of natural or semi-synthetic antibiotics containing an amino sugar component and are used systemically or topically. They are derived from soil actinomycetes, not absorbed orally, and primarily target aerobic gram-negative bacteria through binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. While effective treatments, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document discusses antifungal agents. It begins by describing the characteristics of fungi and how they differ from bacteria. It then discusses the types of fungal infections and the mechanisms of several classes of antifungal agents, including polyenes like amphotericin B and azoles. Key information on amphotericin B is provided, including its mechanism of action, uses, administration, and adverse effects. Other antifungals discussed include flucytosine and nystatin.
This document discusses various types of fungi that cause infections and the antifungal drugs used to treat them. It covers superficial and deep fungal infections, outlines the mechanisms of several commonly used antifungal classes including azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. It summarizes the pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of many individual antifungal drugs. New approaches to antifungal treatment and drug development are also briefly mentioned.
The document contains 24 unlabeled paintings from various artists such as Alfred Guillou, Charles Edouard Delort, Leon Jean Bazile Perrault, and Fritz Zuhber Buhler. The paintings depict a variety of subjects including landscapes, figures, and daily activities.
The 6th grade classes at ABC Book created PowerPoint presentations that are now available online. The presentations can be found by visiting the URL http://MrsMWebb.blogspot.com. Students' work is showcased on a teacher's blog for others to see.
Yankee Group Q&A Forum for Analyst Relations Professionals, presented by Emil...Yankee Group
Yankee Group CEO and President Emily Green discusses Yankee Group's Anywhere focus and research in this open Q&A forum specifically for analyst relations professionals.
El documento ofrece consejos y reflexiones para el Año Nuevo, instando a las personas a enfrentar desafíos y obstáculos con cuidado y atención, no perder más tiempo siguiendo sus sueños, hacer nuevas amistades, ayudar a otros, y pasar tiempo con la naturaleza y con seres queridos.
This document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the rectum and anus. It describes how the hindgut develops into the distal structures during embryological development. It then outlines the layers of the rectum, surrounding structures like the anal sphincters, blood supply, nerve innervation and clinical evaluation methods like imaging and physiologic testing.
1. The document discusses using a "heartbeat" mechanism in TCP/IP networks to gather state metadata from devices and platforms and synchronize data across systems through unit task orders and multicast groups.
2. It describes converting military tactics and procedures for maneuver control and network reconfiguration to commercial equivalents to enable information sharing across government, private, and nonprofit organizations.
3. These methods apply the intrinsic TCP/IP heartbeat beacon frames to place harvested data into queues for processing and distribution using various commercial messaging and networking protocols.
Este documento presenta información sobre Telemax, una televisora en Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Incluye la misión, visión y objetivos de Telemax, así como descripciones de su estructura organizacional, código de ética, manuales de procedimientos y planes estratégicos. También presenta un diagnóstico preliminar del programa RELAX de Telemax, incluyendo su descripción, objetivos del diagnóstico y la metodología mixta que se utilizará.
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides details on:
- What each vaccine protects against (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; hepatitis B; polio)
- How the vaccines are administered (intramuscular injection)
- Recommended dosages and schedules for children and adults
- Potential side effects of each vaccine
- Contraindications for who should not receive each vaccine
O documento discute o futuro das redes sociais e o papel do software livre. Apresenta o ICOX, um software livre e genérico para criação de redes sociais descentralizadas, que pode ser baixado e usado por instituições em seus próprios servidores, ao contrário de redes centralizadas como o Orkut. Também discute casos de sucesso do ICOX e as opções atuais para instituições em redes sociais centralizadas e descentralizadas.
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides details on:
- What each vaccine protects against (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; hepatitis B; polio)
- How the vaccines are administered (intramuscular injection)
- Recommended dosages and schedules for children and adults for each vaccine
- Potential side effects of each vaccine and contraindications
This document lists common adjectives used to describe size, shape, speed and other attributes. It includes both one and two word adjectives such as big, fast, long, round, short, slow, small, tall, thick and thin.
The document contains a list of medical skin conditions labeled with letters from A to U, including freckles, café au lait spots, vitiligo, warts, neurodermatitis, nodules, xanthomas, wheals, herpes simplex, herpes labialis, second degree burns, acne, chickenpox, chancre, syphilis, athlete's foot, impetigo, dandruff, psoriasis, scabies infection, excoriation, and congenital vesicular erosive dermatosis.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and other analgesics are used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. These medications work by reducing inflammation, relieving pain, and protecting joints. Common side effects include gastrointestinal irritation, but long-term use of disease-modifying drugs may slow disease progression by modifying the immune response driving chronic inflammation.
NVAR Spring Forecast - Dr. Stephen FullerNVAR .com
This document summarizes economic conditions and forecasts for Northern Virginia and the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. It finds that the regional economy, while still faring better than the national economy, experienced job losses and declines in home sales and prices in 2008. It forecasts a return to growth starting in 2010, with job growth highest in Northern Virginia, reaching over 30,000 new jobs annually by 2013. Federal spending and procurement will continue to be major drivers of the regional economy.
P&G uses a decentralized organizational structure with Market Development Organizations and Global Business Units to pursue their marketing strategy globally and locally. They focus on total customer orientation, permanent innovation through open source R&D, and diversifying their business portfolio. P&G's position is that their BOP segment is not a priority target, as they aim to sell premium products at higher prices than competitors to maximize profits for reinvestment in advertising and R&D. Their vision combines opportunity, innovation, brand equity, and profits.
This guide provides information about the Outreach Emerging Technologies Subcommittee (OETSC) at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) Libraries. It summarizes technologies the committee is investigating like Screencast-O-Matic, Google Hangouts, and Pinterest. It also includes sections on making suggestions, featured guides, assessments, and upcoming presentation opportunities for the committee.
Los perros pueden morder a sus dueños en ocasiones por varias razones como el estrés, la ansiedad o la agresividad. Sin embargo, es importante establecer límites claros y una buena comunicación entre el perro y su dueño para prevenir este tipo de comportamientos.
This document lists common symbols and icons associated with Christmas, including Santa Claus, Christmas trees, toys, stockings, presents, candy canes, reindeer, sleighs, snowmen, lights, bells, angels, elves, bows, and mistletoe.
This document provides an overview of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their classification, mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, resistance, and adverse effects. Aminoglycosides are obtained from Streptomyces and Micromonospora bacteria and interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against many gram-negative bacteria but not gram-positive or anaerobic species. Due to poor absorption, aminoglycosides must be administered parenterally. They have concentration-dependent bacterial killing and a post-antibiotic effect. Adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Common aminoglycosides discussed are streptomycin, gent
This document discusses antimycobacterial drugs used to treat tuberculosis and leprosy. The first line drugs for TB include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide. Isoniazid-rifampicin combination for 9 months cures 95-98% of cases, which can be reduced to 6 months with addition of pyrazinamide. Second line drugs are used to treat multidrug-resistant TB and include ethionamide, capreomycin, cycloserine, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and rifapentine. Drugs used to treat leprosy include dapsone and clofazimine
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It begins by defining aminoglycosides as a group of antibiotics used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. It notes their structure consists of amino sugars linked to a hexose nucleus. While effective, their use is limited by serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. The document then provides detailed information on various aminoglycosides including their structures, sources, uses, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, dosing and administration routes, toxicity, and drug interactions.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It covers beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, and more. Classification of antibiotics is discussed based on mechanisms, spectra of activity, and types of organisms targeted. Factors affecting antibiotic choice and concepts like combined antibiotic use and drug resistance are also summarized.
systemic anti-microbials in periodontal therapyMehul Shinde
This document discusses the use of systemic antimicrobials in periodontal therapy. It provides an overview of the rationale for using antibiotics to treat periodontal diseases, commonly prescribed antibiotics like amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracyclines, and their mechanisms of action, side effects, and clinical usage. Guidelines for antibiotic use recommend they be used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing based on microbial analysis and not as monotherapy. The ideal antibiotic would be pathogen-specific, non-toxic, substantive, and inexpensive.
3,Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.pptssusera7496f
This document discusses antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, focusing on tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. It explains that antibiotics like tetracyclines target the bacterial ribosome during translation to prevent protein synthesis. Specifically, tetracyclines reversibly bind to the 30S subunit to block tRNA binding. Aminoglycosides also target the bacterial ribosome during initiation and cause misreading of mRNA, binding irreversibly to the 16S rRNA. The document discusses the mechanisms, uses, resistance, and side effects of these important classes of antibiotics.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, erythromycins, and penicillins. It provides details on the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, therapeutic uses, and precautions for each class. The main classes of antibiotics covered are defined by their chemical structure and each class generally has a different range of antibacterial activity. Common examples of drugs within each class are also listed along with their dosages and routes of administration.
The document discusses various antifungal drugs used to treat fungal infections. It describes different types of fungal infections including superficial infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and deep infections affecting internal organs. It then classifies and describes several classes of antifungal drugs including antifungal antibiotics like amphotericin B and nystatin, azoles like imidazoles and triazoles, flucytosine, and squalene epoxidase inhibitors. It provides details on mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects of specific antifungal drugs.
1) Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis.
2) They are derived from actinomycetes bacteria and have an aminosugar component joined by an aminocyclitol component.
3) Common side effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss and dizziness) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage). Dosing must be monitored based on a patient's kidney function.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY.POWERPOINT.pptxSamuelAgboola11
This document provides information on the chemotherapy of tuberculosis and leprosy. It defines tuberculosis and leprosy, and describes their causative organisms. It discusses first and second line drugs used to treat tuberculosis, including isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin. It describes the dosages and unwanted effects of these drugs. It also discusses multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. For leprosy, it discusses the drugs used, including dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine, and the WHO recommendations for treatment of multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy.
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
TYB pharmacy
Pharmacology semester VI notes
Pharmacology VI semester
Pharmacology notes
Third year B pharmacy pharmacology notes
Pharmacology unit 3 notes
Pharmacology VI semester notes
This document provides information on aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotics. It discusses the mechanism of action, toxicity, and examples of various aminoglycoside antibiotics like streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and erythromycin. The key points are that aminoglycosides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes, but can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects. Erythromycin was the first macrolide antibiotic discovered and works by binding to bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.
This document discusses antifungal drugs and fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungi as either yeasts or molds and describes some common pathogenic fungi in each group. Superficial and deep fungal infections are described. The mechanisms of action and classifications of major antifungal drug classes are discussed, including those that target the fungal cell wall, cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, and mitosis. Key drugs from each class like amphotericin B, azoles, and flucytosine are described in detail regarding their mechanisms, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Resistance development and newer formulations are also mentioned.
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Aminoglycosides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and are effective against many gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. They have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity but can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Common aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, which are used to treat serious infections like sepsis, pneumonia, and endocarditis.
Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal drug isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. It binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming pores that cause leakage and cell death. Common adverse effects include infusion-related fever and chills, as well as cumulative renal toxicity. It is used for serious, life-threatening fungal infections like candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis.
ANTI AMOEBIC DRUGS ( drugs against amoebic action)Teena42750
1. Metronidazole is the first-line treatment for intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis. It is also used for giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and certain anaerobic infections.
2. Other nitroimidazole derivatives like tinidazole and secnidazole are also effective against amoebiasis and have less side effects than metronidazole.
3. Luminal amoebicides like diloxanide furoate are used as an adjunct to eliminate cysts and prevent recurrence of amoebiasis.
Protein synthesis inhibitors act at the ribosome level to stop or slow the growth of cells by disrupting protein synthesis. The bacterial ribosome is smaller than the mammalian ribosome, but the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome more closely resembles the bacterial ribosome. As a result, high levels of some protein synthesis inhibitors like chloramphenicol or tetracyclines can cause toxic effects in humans by interacting with mitochondrial ribosomes. Common classes of protein synthesis inhibitors include tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and chloramphenicol.
Antifungal drugs work by targeting differences in the cell wall and membrane compositions of fungi compared to human cells. Azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole inhibit fungal ergosterol synthesis while amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in the membrane. Topical antifungals like nystatin and tolnaftate treat superficial infections while systemic drugs like fluconazole and terbinafine treat deep infections. These drugs have various mechanisms of action and are used to treat a wide range of fungal infections based on their spectra, pharmacokinetics and safety profiles.
Applied nutrition 3 rd presentation - diseases of liver, gall bladder, and ...MD Specialclass
The document provides detailed information about diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, signs and symptoms of various hepatitis types, cirrhosis, and hepatic coma. It also covers cholecystitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, and dietary management for related conditions.
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
The document discusses headaches, their prevalence, types, symptoms, evaluation, treatment and management. It notes that 90% of individuals experience at least one headache per year, with 40% experiencing severe headaches. It describes the most common primary headache types as migraine (16%), tension-type (69%) and cluster (0.1%). Secondary headaches are often caused by infection, injury or vascular issues. Evaluation of headaches involves considering quality, severity, location, duration and time course. Serious underlying causes may present with worst-ever headaches, new headaches in older patients, or symptoms like fever or neurological issues. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, managing symptoms, and using medications like triptans, NSAIDs or preventive drugs.
The document provides guidelines for diagnosing and managing different types and severities of acute brain attacks or strokes. It discusses classifying strokes as TIA, mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms. For TIA and mild strokes, the guidelines recommend emergent diagnostic tests like CT scan and treating conditions like high blood pressure. For moderate strokes, the priorities are supportive care, monitoring vitals, diagnostics like blood tests and CT scan. The guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosing the type of stroke and identifying underlying causes through further diagnostic testing.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and summarizes key topics including:
1. The components of blood and cellular elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Principles of hematologic diagnosis including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations like complete blood count and peripheral blood smear.
3. Causes of anemia including hypoproliferative anemias like anemia of chronic disease and anemia of renal disease.
4. Aplastic anemia, its definition, epidemiology, etiology including acquired, inherited, and secondary causes.
The document discusses human excreta (feces and urine), sewage, and refuse disposal. It describes:
- Nutrients contained in human excreta and their importance as fertilizer.
- Public health risks of improper excreta and sewage disposal such as disease transmission.
- Approved methods and systems for excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal including pit latrines, septic tanks, and sewage treatment to remove pathogens and nutrients.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
1. The document discusses dietary recommendations for various infectious diseases and conditions including fever, malaria, emphysema, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, and others.
2. For fever and infections, the recommendations are to increase calories to meet increased metabolic demands and avoid starvation, increase protein intake to correct nitrogen balance, and increase carbohydrates and fluids.
3. For specific conditions like emphysema, recommendations include high calorie, low carbohydrate, high protein diets as well as vitamin supplements and regular exercise to promote strength and efficiency.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence varies significantly between regions, from low rates in the United States and Africa to very high rates in parts of Asia. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Clinical features can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sometimes liver biopsy. High-risk groups are screened regularly through alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasound. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include surgical resection, ablation, chemotherapy, and transplantation.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
This document summarizes the stages and neurophysiology of sleep. It describes the four stages of non-REM sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns. REM sleep is characterized by low voltage mixed frequency brain waves. Various brain regions are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep serves important restorative functions and deficiencies can cause problems like daytime sleepiness. Insomnia and other sleep disorders are also summarized.
This document discusses tic disorders such as Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. Tourette's is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic over a period of more than one year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. Treatment includes haloperidol. Differential diagnoses include chronic motor or vocal tic disorder and transient tic disorder.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and serve as a healthy distraction from daily stressors.
The document outlines a dermatology syllabus covering various common skin conditions organized into 18 topics. Some of the key conditions discussed include eczema (its classification and types), urticaria, acne/rosacea, psoriasis, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), sexually transmitted diseases, tumors (benign and malignant), and connective tissue diseases. For each condition, the syllabus provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria where relevant, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses tic disorders, including Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. There are simple and complex motor and vocal tics. Tourette's disorder is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic for over a year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. While the cause is unknown, dopamine and endogenous opioids may play a role. Treatment includes haloperidol. Transient tic disorder involves single or multiple tics for less than a year.
The document discusses various causes of drug-induced liver injury including direct toxicity from drugs like acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride as well as idiosyncratic reactions. Certain drugs are more likely to cause hepatotoxicity through both direct toxicity and idiosyncratic mechanisms. Supportive treatment measures for acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury are also outlined. Herbal and dietary supplements can also potentially cause liver injury through mechanisms like pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination.
The document discusses acute and chronic pancreatitis, including causes such as alcohol abuse, gallstones, and trauma. It describes clinical features such as severe epigastric pain and elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like CT scans and MRCP, and endoscopic ultrasound. Treatment depends on the severity and includes IV fluids, analgesics, antibiotics, and surgery for complications like pseudocysts or obstruction.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and diagnosing liver disease. It discusses classifying liver diseases as hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed based on etiology and evaluating disease severity and stage. Common symptoms, diagnostic tests, clinical findings, and classifications such as Child-Pugh staging for cirrhosis are outlined.
The document discusses various complications that can arise from cirrhosis of the liver. It describes portal hypertension, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, coagulation abnormalities, and other hematologic abnormalities as common complications. Diagnosis and treatment approaches are mentioned for several of these conditions.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
This slide shows the different site of action of protein synthesis inhibitors
Buy AT 30, CELLS at 50 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors 30 S INHIBITORS Aminoglycoside Tetracyclines 50 S INHIBITORS Chloramphenicol Macrolides Clindamycin Streptogramins Oxazoladinones
I. Older Aminoglycosides: Is a large group of bactericidal drug Streptomycin Kanamycin Newer Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin Sisomicin Neomycin Paromomycin Amikacin Netilmicin Tobramycin
Mechanism of action The initial event is passive diffusion via porin across the outer membrane. Drug is then actively transported across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm by an oxygen dependent process. The transmembrane electrochemical gradients supplies the energy for this process and transport is coupled by proton pump. Low extracellular pH and anaerobic conditions inhibit the transport by reducing the gradient. The transport may be enhanced by cell wall active drugs, such as penicillin and vancomycin. This enhancement may the basis of the synergism. Once inside the cell it binds the 30S subunit. Protein synthesis is inhibited by atleast 3 ways: Interferes with the intiation complex of peptide formation They induce misreading of mRNA, causing incorporation of incorrect amino acids into the peptide resulting in a non-functional or toxic protein They cause a breakup of polysomes into non-functional monosomes These activities occurs more or less simultaneously, and the overall effect is irreversible and lethal for the cells
Three principal mechanism of resistance. Microorganism develops by: The microorganism produces a transferase enzyme or enzyme that inactivate the aminoglycoside by adenylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation. This the principal type of resistance encountered. Impaired entry of the drug into the cell through cell surface alteration. This may be genotypic. Resulting from mutation or deletion of porin proteins. Or phenotypic, resulting from condition under which the oxygen dependent transport process is not functional The receptor protein on the 30S ribosome may be deleted or altered as a result of mutation
Kinetics Absorbed very poorly from intact gastrointestinal tract They are highly polar compounds that do not enter the cells readily. They are largely excluded from the CNS and the eye. Not significantly metabolize Primarilly excreted unchanged through glumerular filtration dosage adjustment must be observed to avoid accumulation of drug and toxicity in patient with renal insufficiency
Clinical Uses: severe gram (-) enteric bacteria especially when there is suspicion of sepsis Almost always used in combination with a beta-lactam antibiotic to extend coverage to include potential gram (+) pathogens and to take advatage of the synergism between the two classes of drugs. Penicillin aminoglycoside combinations also are used to achieve bactericidal activity in treatment of enterococcal endocarditis and to shorten duration of therapy for viridans streptococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis Mycobacterial infections Which aminoglycoside and what dose should be used depend upon the infection being treated and susceptibility of the isolate
Toxicity All aminoglycoside are ototoxic and nephrotoxic Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are more likely encountered when therapy is continued for more than five days Concurrent use with loop diuretics like ethcrynic acid can potentiate ototoxicity and should be avoided Ototoxicity can manifest itself as auditory damage resulting in tinnitus and high frequency hearing, loss. Neomycin, Kanamycin and amikacin are most ototoxic Or it can also manifest as vestibular damage evident by vertigo ataxia and loss of balance. Streptomycin, Gentamicin are most vestibulotoxic Concurrent used of nephrotoxic agent can potentiate nephrotoxicity and should be avoided Neomycin, Tobramycin, Gentamicin are the most nephrotoxic
Streptomycin Ribosomal resistance to this agent develops readily, limiting its role as a single agent mainly used as a second line agent for treatment of tuberculosis given at 0.5-1 g/d , IM or IV. usually given in drug combination to prevent emergence of resistance. In plague, tularemia and sometimes brucellosis, 1 g/d (15 mg/kg/d for children) IM or IV + oral tetracycline + Penicillin; effective for enterococcal endocarditis and 2 week therapy of viridans streptococcal endocarditis. can cause fever, skin rashes and other allergic reactions, pain at the injection site, vestibular dysfunction-most serious toxic effect if given during pregnancy, can cause deafness in the newborn
Gentamicin At present gentamicin is employed mainly in severe infections (sepsis and pneumonia) caused by gram negative bacteria that are likely resistant to other drugs especially pseudomonas, enterobacter, serratia, proteus, and klebsiella. Used in combination with cephalosporin or a penicillin Given at 5-6 mg/kg/d I300V in three equal doses Concurrently used with Penicillin G for bactericidal activity in endocarditis due to viridans streptococci or enterococci and in combn with Nafcillin in selected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis Neither gentamicin nor any other aminoglycosides should be used for single agent therapy of pneumonia because penetration of infected lung tissue is poor and local condition of low pH and low oxygen contribute to poor activity
Gentamicin sulfate 0.1% - 0.3% cream, ointment – for the treatment of infected burns, wounds, or skin lesions and the prevention of intravenous catheter infections. Topical gentamicin is partly inactivated by purulent exudates Ten milligrams can be injected subconjunctivally for treatment of ocular infections Nephrotoxicity is reversible and usually mild Irreversible ototoxicity manifested as vestibular dysfunction hypersensitivity reactions are uncommon
Tobramycin antimicrobrial spectrum and pharmacokinetic properties virtually identical to gentamicin given at 5-6 mg/kg IM or IV into three equal amounts q 8 hours. Blood levels should be monitored in renal insufficiency Slightly more active against pseudomonas but not to E. faecium Ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Amikacin Semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin Resistant to many inactivating enzymes. Therefore can be employed against some organism resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin Strains of multi-drug M. tuberculosis including streptomycin-resistant strains are usually susceptible. Given at 7.5 – 15 mg/kg/day as once daily or 2-3x weekly Serum concentrations should be monitored Nephrotoxic and ototoxic (auditory portion of CN VIII)
Netilmicin shares many characteristics with gentamicin and tobramycin dosage and the routes of administration are the same , completely therapeutically interchangeable with gentamicin or tobramycin and has similar toxicities
Kanamycin & Neomycin Paromomycin also a member of this group. Used for bowel preparation for elective surgery There is complete cross-resistance between kanamycin and neomycin Not significantly absorbed from the GIT; excretion of any absorbed drug is mainly through GF into the urine Too toxic for parenteral use, now limited to topical and oral use Solutions 1-5 mg/ml- used on infected surfaces or injected into joints, pleural cavity, tissue spaces or abscess cavities where infection is present. ( 15 mg/kg/d) Ointments (Neomycin-Polymyxin-Bacitracin combination); applied to infected skin lesions or in the nares for suppression of staphylococci
In preparation for elective bowel surgery, 1 g of Neomycin given orally q 6-8 hours + 1 g of erythromycin base; Paromomycin, 1 g q 6 hours orally for 2 weeks; effective in intestinal amebiasis Nephrotoxic and ototoxic ( Auditory dysfunction) Sudden absorption of postoperatively instilled kanamycin from the peritoneal cavity (3-5 g) has resulted in curare-like neuromuscular blockade and respiratory arrest (Calcium gluconate and neostigmine can act as antidotes) Prolonged application to skin and eyes has resulted to severe allergic reactions
Spectinomycin Chemically related to the aminoglycosides Binds at the 30 S subunit (bacteriostatic) Dispensed as the dihydrochloride pentahydrate for IM injection Used almost solely as an alternative treatment for gonorrhea in patients who are allergic to penicillin or whose gonococci are resistant to other drugs Single dose of 2 g (40 mg/kg) Can cause pain at the injection site , occasionally fever and nausea Nephrotoxicity and anemia – rare
II.TETRACYCLINES: Short Acting: Tetracyline, Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline Intermediate Acting: Demeclocycline, Methacycline Long Acting: Doxycycline, Minocycline
Antimicrobial Spectrum: Rickettsia, V. cholera, M. pneumonia, Chlamydia, Shigella, H. pylori, P.tularensis, P.pseudomallei, Brucella, Psittacosis, Borrelia Minocycline – carrier state of Meningococcal infections, N. asteroides, N. gonnorhea
Mechanism of Action: Enter microorganisms in part by passive diffusion and in part by an energy-dependent process of active transport Binds to 30 S, blocking the binding of amino-acyl trna to the acceptor site and prevents the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide Bacteriostatic
There are three mechanism of resistance decreased intracellular accumulation due to impaired influx or increased efflux by an active transport protein pump ribosome protection due to production of proteins that interfere with tetracycline binding to the ribosome enzymatic inactivation
Kinetics Distributed widely to tissue and body fluids except for CSF Absorption occurs mainly in the upper small intestine and is impaired by food (except Doxycyline and Minocycline) Must not be taken with dairy products or antacids Cross placenta, excreted in milk As result of chelation with Ca, they are bound to and damage growing bones and teeth Carbamazepine, phenytoin, barbiturates, and chronic alcohol ingestion may shorten the half-life of doxycycline Excreted mainly in bile and urine (Doxycycline fecally eliminated; can be used in renal failure)
Clinical Uses: DOC in infection with M. pneumoniae, chlamidiae,ricketsiae,and spirochetes. No longer recommended for gonococcal disease due to resistance. Usually use in combination aminoglycosides Can also be used in Borrelia burgdorfi (Lyme disease), Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, M. pneumonia, Acne, Tularemia, Cholera, Leptospirosis, Protozoal infections Minocycline, 200 mg orally daily for 5 days – can eradicate the meningococcal carrier state Demeclocycline – inhibits the action of ADH in the renal tubule and has been used in the treatment of inappropriate secretion of ADH or similar peptides by certain tumors
Clinical Uses: Tetracyclines – 250-500 mg 4x/day adults; 20-40 mg/kg/d-children above 8 y/o Demeclocycline and Methacycline -> 600 mg daily Doxycyline and Minocycline -> 100 mg 1-2x/d Toxicity: Renal toxicity, local tissue toxicity, photosensitization, GI distress, discolors teeth, inhibits bone growth in children, potentially teratogenic, hepatotoxicity, vestibular toxicity
THE 50 S INHIBITORS: CHLORAMPHENICOL MACROLIDES CLINDAMYCIN/LINCOMYCIN STREPTOGRAMINS OXAZOLADINONES
I. CHLORAMPHENICOL Bactericidal – H. influenze, N. meningitides, B. fragilis Bacteriostatic – S. epidermidis, S. aureus, , M. pneumonia, L. monocytogenes, C.diphtheria, L. multocida, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., E. coli, Rickettsia, Anaerobes
MECHANISM OF ACTION: attaches at P sites of 50 S subunit of microbial ribosomes and inhibits functional attachment of amino-acyl end of AA-t-RNA to 50 S subunit inhibits peptidyl transferase step
SPECTRUM: broad spectrum antibiotic more effective than Tetracyclines against Typhoid Fever and other Salmonella infections
KINETICS: well absorbed after oral administration; usual dosage is 50-100 mg/kg/d Chloramphenicol succinate used for parenteral administration is highly water soluble distributed into total body water excellent penetration into CSF, ocular and joint fluids rapidly excreted in urine, 10% as chloramphenicol; 90% as glucuronide conjugate; small amount of active drug is excreted into bile or feces systemic dosage need not be altered in renal insufficiency but must be reduced markedly in hepatic failure Newborns less than a week old and premature infants also clear Chloramphenicol less well, dosage should be reduced at 25 mg/kg/d.
CLINICAL USES: Meningitis, Rickettsia, Salmonella and anaerobic infections; ineffective against chlamydial infections occasionally used topically in the treatment of eye infections for its well penetration to ocular tissues and the aqueous humor ADVERSE EFFECTS: GIT, oral or vaginal candidiasis, irreversible aplastic anemia, reversible bone marrow depression, Gray Baby Syndrome New born infants lack an effective glucoronic acid conjugation mechanism for degradation and detoxification of chloramphenicol.
MACROLIDES:Are a group of closely related compound characterized by macrocyclic lactone ring ( usually containing 14 to 16 atoms) to which deoxy sugar are attached. The prototyped drug is erythromycin Old Generation: Erythromycin, Oleandomycin, Troleandomycin, Spiramycin, Josamycin New Generation: Rosaramycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Dirithromycin
MECHANISM OF ACTION: binds to the P site of the 50 S bacterial ribosomal subunit. Aminoacyl translocation and formation of initiation complex are blocked Inhibitory or bactericidal Activity is enhanced at alkaline pH.
Resistance: is usually plasmid-encoded Reduced permeability of the cell membrane or active efflux production (by Enterobacteriaceae) of esterases that hydrolyze macrolides modification of the ribosomal binding site by chromosomal mutation Efflux and methylase production account for the vast majority of cases of resistance in gram-positive organism Cross resistance is complete between rythromycin and other macrolides
SPECTRUM: Erythromycin has a narrow Gram (+) spectrum similar to Pen. G. Also active against Chlamydia and Legionella organisms
Erythromycin prototype distributed into total body water poor CSF penetration food interferes with absorption serum half life is app. 1.5 h normally and 5 hours in patients with anuria not removed by dialysis metabolized in the liver traverses the placenta and reaches the fetus COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS: Oral-stearate, ethyl succinate, estolate salts: 250-500 mg q 6 h . Esterates are acid resistant and better absorbed. Estolate best obsorbed. Parenteral- lactobionate, gluceptate : 0.5-0.1. g q 6 hours
ADVERSE EFFECTS: GIT dysfunction, intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice (particularly the estolate preparation) erythromycin metabolites can inhibit cytochrome p450 enzymes & thus increase the serum concentrations of theophylline, oral anticoagulants, cyclosporine and methylprednisolone; also oral digoxin by increasing its bioavailability
Clarithromycin Derive from erythromycin by addition of methyl group and has improved acid stability and oral absorption more active against Gram (+) pathogens, Legionella and Chlamydia than Erythromycin lower frequency of GIT effects, less frequent dosing advantage over Erythromycin half life of 6 hours given at 250-500 mg twice daily
Azithromycin 15 atom lactone macrolide Derived from erythromycin by addition of a methylated nitrogen into the lactone ring Active against M. avium and T.gondii Less active than erythromycin and chlarithromycin against staph. and strep. More active against H. influenzae and chlamydia Penetrates into most tissues (except CSF) and phagocytic cells extremely well maintains high concentrations for prolonged periods into a number of tissues (lungs, tonsils, cervix) tissue half life – 2-4 days long half-life allows once daily oral administration and shortening of treatment in many cases ( a single 1 g dose of azithromycin is as effective as a 7 day course of doxycycline for chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis
Community acquired pneumonia – 500 mg loading dose, followed by a 250 mg single daily dose for the next 4 days should be administered 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals; aluminum and magnesium delay absorption and reduce peak serum concentrations does not inactivate cytochrome p450 enzymes and free of the drug interactions that occur with erythromycin and clarithromycin
CLINDAMYCIN / LINCOMYCIN MECHANISM OF ACTION: attach to 50 S ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with the formation of initiation complexes and translocation reaction SPECTRUM: Has a Narrow Gram (+) spectrum, excellent activity against anaerobic bacteria; strep, pneumococci, staphylococci
RESISTANCE: mutation of the ribosomal receptor site modification of the receptor by a constitutively expressed methylase enzymatic inactivation
Clindamycin is more clinically used than Lincomycin given at 150-300 mg q 6 hrs adults ;10-20 mg/kg/d for children low concentration in CSF well bone penetration excreted mainly via the liver, bile and urine half life is 2.5 hours normally and 6 hours in patients with anuria more toxic than erythromycin
Clinical uses: prophylaxis of endocarditis in patients with valvular heart disease for dental procedures most important indication is the treatment of severe anaerobic infection caused by bacteroides and other anaerobes that often participate in mixed infections + aminoglycoside or cephalosporin- used to treat penetrating wounds of the abdomen & gut, septic abortion, pelvic abscesses, aspiration pneumonia
septic abortion, pelvic abscesses, aspiration pneumonia + primaquine – effective alternative to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole for moderate to moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients + pyrimethamine for AIDS – related toxoplasmosis of the brain. ADVERSE EFFECTS: Diarrhea, nausea , skin rashes, impaired liver function and neutropenia Antibiotic associated colitis caused by toxigenic C. difficile.
Quinuprisitn-Dalfopristin (Synercid) action is similar to macrolides except bactericidal for staph and most organisms except Enterococcus faecium prolonged postantibiotic effect up to 10 h for Staph. aureus administered IV at 7.5 mg/kg q 8 -12 h eliminated through fecal route, < 20% urine Patients with hepatic insufficiency may not tolerate the drug at usual doses inhibits CYP 3A4, which metabolizes warfarin, diazepam, astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and cyclosporine.
Clinical Uses: infections caused by Vancomycin resistant strains of E faecium but not E. faecalis, bacteremia or respiratory tract infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and penicillin susceptible and resistant strains of S. pneumonia Toxicities: infusion related events, pain at the injection site, arthralgia, myalgia
OXAZOLADINONES: Linezolid (Zyvox) inhibits protein synthesis by preventing formation of the ribosome complex that initiated protein synthesis. Its unique binding site located on 23 S ribosomal RNA of the 50 S subunit, results in no cross resistance with other drug classes Has high oral bioavailability, half life of 4-6 h Uses : staph, strep, enterococci, G(+) anaerobic cocci, G (+) rods, Corynebacterium, L. monocytogenes - treatment of infections caused by vancomycin resistant E. faecium and other infections caused by multiple drug resistant organisms.
METABOLIC INHIBITORS Sulfonamides structural analogs of PABA competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthase inhibits growth by reversibly blocking folic acid synthesis bacteriostatic
Spectrum of activity: Inhibit the growth both Gm (+) and Gm (-) bacteria, Nocardia, Chlamydia trachomatis & some protozoa Enteric bacteria such as E.coli,klebsiella, salmonella,shigella, and enterobacter are also inhibited Rickettsia – not inhibited but growth stimulated by sulfas
Resistance Mutation that cause overproduction of PABA Enzyme inactivation Loss of permeability to sulfonamides Resistant cells may be present in susceptible bacteria
Divided into Three Major Group Oral, absorbable a. Short acting – Sulfacytine, Sulfisoxazole, Sulfamethizole b. Intermediate acting – Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfapyridine c. Long acting – Sulfadoxine Oral, non absorbable – Sulfasalazine Topical – Sulfacetamide, Mafenide, Silver Sulfadiazine (burn victims)
topical a.Sodium sulfacetamide ophthalmic sol’n or ointment – for bacterial conjunctivitis b. Mafenide acetate- prevent bacterial colonization and infection of burn wounds c. Silver sulfadiazine –prevent of infection in burn wounds
Pharmacokinetics Well absorbed from the GIT Widely distributed in the body including the CNS Highly bound to albumin Penetrate the CNS well Cross the placenta & secreted thru breast milk Acetylated ..retains toxic potential urine
SPECTRUM: gram (+) & gram (-) Simple urinary tract infection - used short to medium acting agents like sulfisoxazole and sulfmethoxazole Ocular infection Burn infections Ulcerative colitis With pyrimethamine: Toxoplasmosis Malaria
Adverse Reaction Hypersensitivity Reaction Photosensitivity Nausea & vomiting Hemolytic anemia Crysralluria & nephrotoxicity ( tx alkalinize the urine by NaHCO 3) sulfonamides ppt. at neutral or acid pH Kernicterus CI: Pregnancy & newborn DI: Compete with wafarin, tolbutamide, methotrexate for PPB
TRIMETOPRIM SULFAMETHOXAZOLE ( CO-TRIMOXAZOLE ) COMBINATION CAUSES: 1. INCREASE POTENCY 2. INCREASE SPECTRUM 3. DECREASE INCIDENCE OF RESISTANCE MOA: blocks the sequential steps in the obligate enzymatic reaction in bacteria preventing formation of nucleotide
Pharmacokinetcs Trimetoprim: more lipid soluble, greater Vd Given in 1: 5 ratio Uses UTI Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (drug of choice) Shigellosis Systemic salmonella infection caused by ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistant-organism Some nontuberculous mycobacterial infection
Megaloblastic anemia Leucopenia Prevented by administration of folinic acid 6-8mg/day Granulocytopenia
NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS First Generation: Nalidixic acid Second Generation: Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin Third Generation: Gatifloxin, Sparfloxacin Clinafloxacin, Fourth Generation: Trovafloxacin, Moxifloxacin The newer generation has greater activity against gram positive organism
Bactericidal Inhibits DNA Gyrase or Topoisomerase II - Block the relaxation of supercoiled DNA that is catalyzed by DNA gyrase Inhibits Topoisomerase IV – interferes with the separation of replicated chromosomal DNA during cell division
Resistance Modification of DNA Gyrase Decreased accumulation in the bacterial cell due to : reduction of the porin proteins in the outer membrane energy dependent efflux system of the inner membrane
Clinical Uses SPECTRUM: broad ; aerobic gm (+) & gm (-) but not anaerobes UTI Sexually transmitted diseases : Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, chacroid Prostatitis Respiratory infection due to H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, Strep pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae Norfloxacin is the least active against both gram + and gram – organism Second generation – ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, = excellent gram – and moderate to good gram + activity
CIPROFLOXACIN Most widely used DOC for anthrax Most potent for Ps, aeroginosa Synergististic with beta lactams M. tuberculosis NORfLOXACIN Not effective in systemic infection (fail to achieve systemic antibacterial level and least active agent for gram+ as well as Gram-
LEVOFLOXACIN Prostatitis ,E. coli Sexually transmitted diseases, gonorrhea Skin & lower infections S. pneumoniae TROVA & MOXIFLOXACIN Anaerobes, P. AEROGINOSA GATIFLOXACIN Resp infection , S. pneuomoniae
Side Effects Nausea & diarrhea Headache, dizziness, light headedness Arthralgia & joint swelling Rashes & photophobia
CI: PREGNANT WOMEN, NEONATES ARRYTHMIAS: SPARFLOXACIN & MOXIFLOXACIN: prolong QT intervals DI: ↓ ABSORPTION WITH ANTACID , FeSo4 Cimetidine interferes elimination Ciprofloxacin & ofloxacin: ↑ theophylline levels