Weber is analyzing Benjamin Franklin's writings on virtues like industry, frugality, and punctuality which emphasize earning and accumulating money. Weber argues this reflects an "ethos" or spirit of capitalism where life's main purpose becomes acquiring wealth through diligent work. While greed has always existed, Weber asserts this Protestant work ethic was crucial for capitalism's development by motivating behaviors that increased profits. It conflicted with traditional views but was embraced by rising middle classes who saw work as a religious duty. This ethic helped overturn older systems where workers prioritized leisure, establishing competitive capitalism focused on low costs and high productivity.
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggleskingsly sam zebulun
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
The document discusses the origins and goals of social theory. It explains that social theory emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment period to understand societal changes like the loss of religion and industrialization. The founders of sociology like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx produced early social theories. In America, theories focused on democracy and race relations, with W.E.B. Du Bois being influential. Additional sources of theory include fields like anthropology, economics, and various area studies. The goal of studying social theory is to understand society and improve lives by translating theorists' explanations into our own words.
This document provides an overview of different economic systems, including traditional, market, socialist (command), mixed, and Islamic systems. It describes the key features of each system. A traditional system is based on bartering, while a market system uses money and is based on supply and demand. Socialist/command economies give the government control over economic activities. Mixed economies combine government and private control. Islamic economies aim to reduce inequality through principles like discouraging wealth hoarding and taxing wealth. The document asks what type of system Bangladesh uses, suggesting it has characteristics of a mixed economy.
Karl Marx identifies production as essential for human existence and as a social activity that requires cooperation and organization. He describes different modes of production throughout history - from primitive communism to slave societies to feudalism and capitalism - that determine societal class divisions and expressions of culture. Under capitalism, the economic base of forces and relations of production are controlled by the ruling capitalist class, while the social superstructure serves to maintain their interests, but contradictions will lead to revolution and establishment of a communist mode of production without classes.
Erving Goffman was a Canadian-American sociologist born in 1922 in Alberta, Canada. He is considered one of the most influential microsociologists of the 20th century. Goffman studied chemistry and sociology at the University of Manitoba and the University of Toronto, receiving his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1953. He developed the theory of dramaturgy, likening social interaction to theatrical performance. He viewed individuals as actors who manage impressions through their performance and use of props, settings, and roles. Goffman made major contributions to the studies of the presentation of self, stigmatization, and total institutions with works like The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) and A
Presentation of Erving Goffman`s dramaturgical approach.
SEMINAR FOR FIRST-YEAR PHD/EDD STUDENTS - FALL 2009 & WINTER 2010 University of Calgary
I will be happy to share the full text for this presentation if you need it. Contact me avatarnadezda@gmail.com
This document discusses phenomenology and phenomenological sociology. It explains that phenomenology studies things as they appear to our senses rather than as they are in themselves. Phenomenological sociology, developed by Alfred Schutz, applies this idea to the social world. It argues that we impose meaning and order on the world through shared mental categories and typifications that enable social interaction and the construction of a common "life world". However, the meanings of experiences depend on social context and can be unstable without these typifications.
The document discusses different models and typologies of peasant societies through examining case studies of Mayan peasants and Chinese villages. It describes peasants as agrarian populations that must meet basic caloric, replacement, and ceremonial funds for subsistence as well as being subject to rent extraction by states. Peasant communities are analyzed using concepts like Redfield's great versus little traditions and folk-urban continuum as well as theories of limited good and dyadic contracts. The case studies focus on Mayan corporate communities under haciendas and a self-sufficient Chinese village reliant on market towns.
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggleskingsly sam zebulun
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
The document discusses the origins and goals of social theory. It explains that social theory emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment period to understand societal changes like the loss of religion and industrialization. The founders of sociology like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx produced early social theories. In America, theories focused on democracy and race relations, with W.E.B. Du Bois being influential. Additional sources of theory include fields like anthropology, economics, and various area studies. The goal of studying social theory is to understand society and improve lives by translating theorists' explanations into our own words.
This document provides an overview of different economic systems, including traditional, market, socialist (command), mixed, and Islamic systems. It describes the key features of each system. A traditional system is based on bartering, while a market system uses money and is based on supply and demand. Socialist/command economies give the government control over economic activities. Mixed economies combine government and private control. Islamic economies aim to reduce inequality through principles like discouraging wealth hoarding and taxing wealth. The document asks what type of system Bangladesh uses, suggesting it has characteristics of a mixed economy.
Karl Marx identifies production as essential for human existence and as a social activity that requires cooperation and organization. He describes different modes of production throughout history - from primitive communism to slave societies to feudalism and capitalism - that determine societal class divisions and expressions of culture. Under capitalism, the economic base of forces and relations of production are controlled by the ruling capitalist class, while the social superstructure serves to maintain their interests, but contradictions will lead to revolution and establishment of a communist mode of production without classes.
Erving Goffman was a Canadian-American sociologist born in 1922 in Alberta, Canada. He is considered one of the most influential microsociologists of the 20th century. Goffman studied chemistry and sociology at the University of Manitoba and the University of Toronto, receiving his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1953. He developed the theory of dramaturgy, likening social interaction to theatrical performance. He viewed individuals as actors who manage impressions through their performance and use of props, settings, and roles. Goffman made major contributions to the studies of the presentation of self, stigmatization, and total institutions with works like The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) and A
Presentation of Erving Goffman`s dramaturgical approach.
SEMINAR FOR FIRST-YEAR PHD/EDD STUDENTS - FALL 2009 & WINTER 2010 University of Calgary
I will be happy to share the full text for this presentation if you need it. Contact me avatarnadezda@gmail.com
This document discusses phenomenology and phenomenological sociology. It explains that phenomenology studies things as they appear to our senses rather than as they are in themselves. Phenomenological sociology, developed by Alfred Schutz, applies this idea to the social world. It argues that we impose meaning and order on the world through shared mental categories and typifications that enable social interaction and the construction of a common "life world". However, the meanings of experiences depend on social context and can be unstable without these typifications.
The document discusses different models and typologies of peasant societies through examining case studies of Mayan peasants and Chinese villages. It describes peasants as agrarian populations that must meet basic caloric, replacement, and ceremonial funds for subsistence as well as being subject to rent extraction by states. Peasant communities are analyzed using concepts like Redfield's great versus little traditions and folk-urban continuum as well as theories of limited good and dyadic contracts. The case studies focus on Mayan corporate communities under haciendas and a self-sufficient Chinese village reliant on market towns.
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed influential theories of social action and stratification. According to Weber's theory of social action, social behavior is guided by subjective meanings and orientations. He identified four types of social action - rational, value-rational, affective, and traditional. Weber also developed a three-component theory of stratification that classified people based on class, status, and power. Weber argued that Protestantism and the Protestant work ethic influenced the emergence of capitalism's rational spirit. He analyzed how religious beliefs shaped entrepreneurship and economic behavior.
Third World countries have several characteristics that contribute to their low levels of development, including subsistence agricultural economies, high birth rates, high illiteracy, poor health, and low per capita incomes. Subsistence farming leaves them vulnerable to natural disasters and trade barriers imposed by industrialized nations. High birth rates strain limited resources, and high illiteracy rates hamper economic and social progress. Poor health is widespread due to issues like malnutrition, disease, and lack of access to medical care. Together, these factors have kept Third World nations in a cycle of poverty.
Max Weber analyzed the origins and evolution of Western capitalism. He identified the "spirit of capitalism" as a set of Protestant values like hard work, progress, and the moral sanctioning of wealth accumulation. According to Weber, capitalism emerged from a combination of historical factors in Europe, especially the spread of Calvinism in the 15th-16th centuries. Calvinism's emphasis on worldly "callings" and the sign of salvation through success encouraged the moral energy and drive of capitalist entrepreneurs. Rationalism also contributed to capitalism through the application of science and techniques to production. However, Weber warned that capitalism could become dominated by materialism and dehumanize living conditions.
The document provides an overview of Emile Durkheim, a founding father of sociology. It discusses that Durkheim developed the sociological perspective of functionalism. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and social order. The document also summarizes Durkheim's major works, including The Division of Labor in Society and Suicide: A Study in Sociology, in which he analyzed how social integration and regulation impact suicide rates. Durkheim is considered one of the first modern sociologists and helped establish sociology as a science that studies social institutions and social facts.
The classical growth theory argues that economic growth will decrease or end because of an increasing population and limited resources Classical growth theory economists believed that temporary increases in real GDP per person would cause a population explosion that would consequently decrease real GDP.
There are mainly three types of economic system that are socialist, capitalist and mixed economy. Any of country of the world exist in any one of them and followed them.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) developed influential theories of history, capitalism, and economics. His theory of history, called dialectical materialism, argued that technological and economic developments lead to changes in societal class structures and revolutionary changes in government and ideology. Marx analyzed capitalism and argued it relies on the exploitation of workers, causing economic crises and a falling rate of profit that will ultimately lead to its demise and replacement by communism. Marx's early economic model featured two sectors, one producing capital goods and one consumer goods, with investment driving economic growth.
Rural social structure,Social change and continuityRoshan Pant
Rural sociology studies various aspects of rural life and society. It examines rural social structures, institutions, and patterns of life. Some key points of the document include:
- Rural sociology analyzes rural communities, social organizations, reconstruction efforts, and the relationship between rural and urban areas. It aims to understand rural problems and make rural populations more self-sufficient.
- The methods used in rural sociology include structural-functional analysis of social institutions, regional approaches studying large geographical units, comparative analysis of different villages, participatory fieldwork, and social surveys.
- There is no clear distinction between rural and urban areas. Over time, as villages develop industries and infrastructure, the differences between rural and urban
1. Jean Baudrillard was a postmodern philosopher known for his concepts of hyperreality and simulations, where he argued that society has replaced reality with simulations and signs that no longer refer to any deeper reality.
2. Michel Foucault analyzed power relations and argued that knowledge is always produced through power, so what counts as truth depends on social relationships and changes over time and place.
3. Postmodernism more broadly questions universal truths and meta-narratives, emphasizes marginalized groups, and sees history as non-linear rather than progressive. It influenced fields like philosophy, literary criticism, and cultural studies.
This document discusses the concept of society and how it can be studied sociologically. It addresses that society:
1) Is made up of groups of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups.
2) Cannot be easily defined or observed as a whole object due to its complex and fluid nature, being composed of countless other components like culture, class, ethnicity.
3) Can best be studied sociologically by observing how people live their lives and interact with each other in patterned social processes that together make up the larger society.
POVERTY AND THEORIES USED TO EXPLAIN POVERTYDevine Espante
This document discusses different aspects and definitions of poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. The World Bank further describes poverty as lacking access to food, shelter, healthcare, education, jobs and security. Global poverty lines are mentioned as measuring those living below $1.90, $3.20 and $5.50 per day. Statistics on global poverty rates and the countries with the most extreme poverty are provided. The document also discusses different types of poverty including situational, generational, absolute, relative, urban and rural poverty. Finally, it briefly outlines some major theories for explaining poverty, such as classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian approaches.
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
C. Wright Mills emphasized how individual biographies are shaped by broader historical forces. He saw society as comprised of intersecting power structures that converged to form a "power elite" who faced little challenge. Mills believed social problems arose from contradictions within society, such as the mismatch between educational structures and goals. The sociological imagination allows us to understand both the individual and society by analyzing how macro-level forces influence human interactions and micro-level experiences.
This document discusses Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory of development and underdevelopment, which argues that underdevelopment is caused by economic dependency on developed nations rather than internal deficiencies. It asserts that the world economy is organized to transfer economic surplus from poorer satellite nations in the periphery to richer metropolis nations at the core. While residents of developed nations benefit from higher standards of living as a result, the greatest gains go to capitalists in metropolitan countries and elites in satellite nations.
1) The document is an introduction to economics that covers topics such as the definition of economics, needs and wants, types of economics (micro and macro), factors of production, the economic problem, utility, and production possibility frontiers.
2) It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies make choices about scarce resources. It also discusses how people balance needs versus wants.
3) The two main types of economics - microeconomics and macroeconomics - are introduced along with the factors of production needed for an economy.
Industrial sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and interactions within industrial settings, including work organizations, labor markets, and the effects of technological change and globalization. It examines relationships within businesses between owners, managers, and workers, as well as the conditions affecting industries like politics, laws, and economic performance. Industrial relations encompass the whole field of relationships that exist due to necessary collaboration between men and women in industry, including organizations of workers and management, the state, companies, and individual workers. The goal of industrial relations is to avoid disputes and raise productivity through collective bargaining, participation, and mutual trust between unions and management.
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Schutz’s phenomenology of the social world (2011): IntroductionDr Tabea HIRZEL
Schutz's Phenomenology of the Social World outlines his theory of action, world of experiences, and social world. Action is a meaningful lived experience guided by intention and plan. The world of experiences consists of pre-predicative, intended, and objective meanings that form meaning contexts and schemes. The social world involves other-orientation through you/thou and they relationships that differ based on levels of actualization, concretization, proximity, and anonymity. Schutz conceptualizes the social world as a multidimensional space defined by these levels with the most personal interactions located closest to the self.
Max Weber was a German sociologist born in 1864 in Erfurt, Germany. He is best known for his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which argued that Protestant beliefs, especially Calvinism, influenced the development of capitalism. Specifically, the Calvinist beliefs in predestination and dedicating oneself to their earthly calling encouraged hard work and abstaining from pleasures. This opened the possibility for the spirit of capitalism to take hold in Europe where work became an end in itself. This was one of the first analyses of how religion influences economic systems.
This document provides an overview of sociologist Max Weber's key ideas. It summarizes Weber's focus on the relationship between culture/worldviews and economics, and his argument that secular capitalism has religious and cultural origins, as outlined in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Specifically, Weber argued that Protestant beliefs like Calvinism encouraged the values of hard work, asceticism, and profit accumulation that helped give rise to the spirit of modern capitalism.
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed influential theories of social action and stratification. According to Weber's theory of social action, social behavior is guided by subjective meanings and orientations. He identified four types of social action - rational, value-rational, affective, and traditional. Weber also developed a three-component theory of stratification that classified people based on class, status, and power. Weber argued that Protestantism and the Protestant work ethic influenced the emergence of capitalism's rational spirit. He analyzed how religious beliefs shaped entrepreneurship and economic behavior.
Third World countries have several characteristics that contribute to their low levels of development, including subsistence agricultural economies, high birth rates, high illiteracy, poor health, and low per capita incomes. Subsistence farming leaves them vulnerable to natural disasters and trade barriers imposed by industrialized nations. High birth rates strain limited resources, and high illiteracy rates hamper economic and social progress. Poor health is widespread due to issues like malnutrition, disease, and lack of access to medical care. Together, these factors have kept Third World nations in a cycle of poverty.
Max Weber analyzed the origins and evolution of Western capitalism. He identified the "spirit of capitalism" as a set of Protestant values like hard work, progress, and the moral sanctioning of wealth accumulation. According to Weber, capitalism emerged from a combination of historical factors in Europe, especially the spread of Calvinism in the 15th-16th centuries. Calvinism's emphasis on worldly "callings" and the sign of salvation through success encouraged the moral energy and drive of capitalist entrepreneurs. Rationalism also contributed to capitalism through the application of science and techniques to production. However, Weber warned that capitalism could become dominated by materialism and dehumanize living conditions.
The document provides an overview of Emile Durkheim, a founding father of sociology. It discusses that Durkheim developed the sociological perspective of functionalism. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and social order. The document also summarizes Durkheim's major works, including The Division of Labor in Society and Suicide: A Study in Sociology, in which he analyzed how social integration and regulation impact suicide rates. Durkheim is considered one of the first modern sociologists and helped establish sociology as a science that studies social institutions and social facts.
The classical growth theory argues that economic growth will decrease or end because of an increasing population and limited resources Classical growth theory economists believed that temporary increases in real GDP per person would cause a population explosion that would consequently decrease real GDP.
There are mainly three types of economic system that are socialist, capitalist and mixed economy. Any of country of the world exist in any one of them and followed them.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) developed influential theories of history, capitalism, and economics. His theory of history, called dialectical materialism, argued that technological and economic developments lead to changes in societal class structures and revolutionary changes in government and ideology. Marx analyzed capitalism and argued it relies on the exploitation of workers, causing economic crises and a falling rate of profit that will ultimately lead to its demise and replacement by communism. Marx's early economic model featured two sectors, one producing capital goods and one consumer goods, with investment driving economic growth.
Rural social structure,Social change and continuityRoshan Pant
Rural sociology studies various aspects of rural life and society. It examines rural social structures, institutions, and patterns of life. Some key points of the document include:
- Rural sociology analyzes rural communities, social organizations, reconstruction efforts, and the relationship between rural and urban areas. It aims to understand rural problems and make rural populations more self-sufficient.
- The methods used in rural sociology include structural-functional analysis of social institutions, regional approaches studying large geographical units, comparative analysis of different villages, participatory fieldwork, and social surveys.
- There is no clear distinction between rural and urban areas. Over time, as villages develop industries and infrastructure, the differences between rural and urban
1. Jean Baudrillard was a postmodern philosopher known for his concepts of hyperreality and simulations, where he argued that society has replaced reality with simulations and signs that no longer refer to any deeper reality.
2. Michel Foucault analyzed power relations and argued that knowledge is always produced through power, so what counts as truth depends on social relationships and changes over time and place.
3. Postmodernism more broadly questions universal truths and meta-narratives, emphasizes marginalized groups, and sees history as non-linear rather than progressive. It influenced fields like philosophy, literary criticism, and cultural studies.
This document discusses the concept of society and how it can be studied sociologically. It addresses that society:
1) Is made up of groups of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups.
2) Cannot be easily defined or observed as a whole object due to its complex and fluid nature, being composed of countless other components like culture, class, ethnicity.
3) Can best be studied sociologically by observing how people live their lives and interact with each other in patterned social processes that together make up the larger society.
POVERTY AND THEORIES USED TO EXPLAIN POVERTYDevine Espante
This document discusses different aspects and definitions of poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. The World Bank further describes poverty as lacking access to food, shelter, healthcare, education, jobs and security. Global poverty lines are mentioned as measuring those living below $1.90, $3.20 and $5.50 per day. Statistics on global poverty rates and the countries with the most extreme poverty are provided. The document also discusses different types of poverty including situational, generational, absolute, relative, urban and rural poverty. Finally, it briefly outlines some major theories for explaining poverty, such as classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian approaches.
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
C. Wright Mills emphasized how individual biographies are shaped by broader historical forces. He saw society as comprised of intersecting power structures that converged to form a "power elite" who faced little challenge. Mills believed social problems arose from contradictions within society, such as the mismatch between educational structures and goals. The sociological imagination allows us to understand both the individual and society by analyzing how macro-level forces influence human interactions and micro-level experiences.
This document discusses Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory of development and underdevelopment, which argues that underdevelopment is caused by economic dependency on developed nations rather than internal deficiencies. It asserts that the world economy is organized to transfer economic surplus from poorer satellite nations in the periphery to richer metropolis nations at the core. While residents of developed nations benefit from higher standards of living as a result, the greatest gains go to capitalists in metropolitan countries and elites in satellite nations.
1) The document is an introduction to economics that covers topics such as the definition of economics, needs and wants, types of economics (micro and macro), factors of production, the economic problem, utility, and production possibility frontiers.
2) It defines economics as the study of how individuals and societies make choices about scarce resources. It also discusses how people balance needs versus wants.
3) The two main types of economics - microeconomics and macroeconomics - are introduced along with the factors of production needed for an economy.
Industrial sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and interactions within industrial settings, including work organizations, labor markets, and the effects of technological change and globalization. It examines relationships within businesses between owners, managers, and workers, as well as the conditions affecting industries like politics, laws, and economic performance. Industrial relations encompass the whole field of relationships that exist due to necessary collaboration between men and women in industry, including organizations of workers and management, the state, companies, and individual workers. The goal of industrial relations is to avoid disputes and raise productivity through collective bargaining, participation, and mutual trust between unions and management.
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Schutz’s phenomenology of the social world (2011): IntroductionDr Tabea HIRZEL
Schutz's Phenomenology of the Social World outlines his theory of action, world of experiences, and social world. Action is a meaningful lived experience guided by intention and plan. The world of experiences consists of pre-predicative, intended, and objective meanings that form meaning contexts and schemes. The social world involves other-orientation through you/thou and they relationships that differ based on levels of actualization, concretization, proximity, and anonymity. Schutz conceptualizes the social world as a multidimensional space defined by these levels with the most personal interactions located closest to the self.
Max Weber was a German sociologist born in 1864 in Erfurt, Germany. He is best known for his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which argued that Protestant beliefs, especially Calvinism, influenced the development of capitalism. Specifically, the Calvinist beliefs in predestination and dedicating oneself to their earthly calling encouraged hard work and abstaining from pleasures. This opened the possibility for the spirit of capitalism to take hold in Europe where work became an end in itself. This was one of the first analyses of how religion influences economic systems.
This document provides an overview of sociologist Max Weber's key ideas. It summarizes Weber's focus on the relationship between culture/worldviews and economics, and his argument that secular capitalism has religious and cultural origins, as outlined in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Specifically, Weber argued that Protestant beliefs like Calvinism encouraged the values of hard work, asceticism, and profit accumulation that helped give rise to the spirit of modern capitalism.
Max Weber was a German sociologist born in 1864 who developed influential sociological theories. He conceived of sociology as the science of understanding social action and its meanings to human actors. Weber emphasized the importance of subjective meanings in behavior over social structures. He is known for his concepts of ideal types, forms of authority and legitimacy, and the rationalization and bureaucratization of Western society. Weber studied the relationship between Protestantism and the emergence of capitalism.
Alenka Sauperl: Qualitative Research Methods in Information and Library ScienceÚISK FF UK
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods in information and library science. It compares qualitative and quantitative methods, describing key differences such as qualitative research focusing on discovery, themes, and understanding events in natural settings using tools like observation, interviews, and content analysis. The document discusses examples and considerations for using these qualitative methods, emphasizing that the researcher is the main research tool and qualitative validity relies on techniques like triangulation.
The SWOT analysis is a tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a business venture or project. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. The SWOT analysis originated in the 1960s at Stanford University and is widely used in business planning. Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the business, such as resources, location, and expertise. Opportunities and threats originate outside the business, such as market trends, competition, and regulations. The SWOT analysis helps businesses identify strategies to improve weaknesses and strengths while minimizing threats and taking advantage of opportunities.
L’Etica Protestante e lo Spirito del Capitalismo di Max Weber - Metodologia, ...G B
L’Etica Protestante e lo Spirito del Capitalismo è ancora oggi uno dei pochi veri classici della sociologia. Scritta nel 1904-5, quest’opera è contemporanea a numerosi articoli metodologici di Max Weber che contribuivano al dibattito tedesco della controversia sul metodo. Pertanto la sua stesura è per Weber tanto un apporto pratico alla sociologia quanto un contributo teorico applicato alla Methodenstreit.
Ne L’Etica Protestante identifichiamo i criteri metodologici cari a Weber dell’avalutatività e della spiegazione causale adeguata di uniformità tipiche di comportamento tramite l’utilizzo di tipi ideali. Questo lavoro quindi illustra i fondamenti della controversia sul metodo, da Menger a Dilthey e a Windelband e Rickert, e evidenzia la posizione di Max Weber in merito alla metodologia delle scienze storico-sociali.
Il passaggio successivo è dato dalla presentazione puntuale de L’Etica Protestante e lo Spirito del Capitalismo perché il suo significato sia colto nella sua pienezza. Partendo dal concetto di Beruf, la vocazione, dal soggetto storico dello «spirito», e dal fenomeno dell’ascesi intramondana, si è cercato di restituire compiutamente l’affinità elettiva che intercorse tra le Chiese e le sette protestanti e lo sviluppo del capitalismo occidentale.
In seguito si è cercato di rintracciare gli strumenti metodologici utilizzati da Weber attraverso un punto di vista contemporaneo: il ruolo dei vettori sociali, in cui l’agire individuale acquisisce significato sociale; la centralità dell’intervento dei fattori culturali nelle strutture sociali; il primato dell’agire razionale orientato dai valori rispetto all’agire razionale orientato allo scopo.
Infine viene presentata la tesi centrale dell’opera di Weber tentando di spogliarla delle critiche accumulate nel tempo, consapevoli che ci si trova di fronte ad un’indagine limitata e per la quale causa ed effetto non si relazionano in maniera diretta. Solo con questa consapevolezza si è potuto procedere alla presentazione di una comprova empirica che indaga la relazione tra la distribuzione religiosa in 15 Paesi europei nel XVII secolo e alcuni indici di sviluppo capitalistico industriale. Il risultato offerto non supporta fortemente l’ipotesi, un osservatore ingenuo infatti leggendoli difficilmente la sosterrebbe.
Eppure la tesi di Weber costituisce ancora oggi un’affascinante ipotesi e soprattutto un mito adorato della sociologia.
Chapter 4 lecture 5, 6 social action / Interactiion Liaqat Jogi .
1. Max Weber defined sociology as the science of social action, which refers to any action that takes into account other people's actions and influences them.
2. Talcott Parsons identified five basic elements of social action: the actor, the goal, the social situation, normative orientation, and energy.
3. Max Weber further classified social action into four categories: rational action oriented toward individual ends, rational action oriented toward absolute values, traditionally oriented action, and affectually oriented action.
Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Ad...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Kautilya looked at the country like a person surrounded by problems. He worked at the total annihilation of problems by the roots. His foresight and wide knowledge coupled with politics of expediency founded the mighty Mauryan Empire in India. He was a great laureate of economics with a glittering intellect to perceive the intricate dynamics of the various economic activities and principles.
Confucius sought to explain the decay of society in terms of the deterioration of morals. Confucian society was necessarily bureaucratic and hierarchical, with the state being stronger than civil society.
Ibn Khaldun discussed a variety of topics like History and Historiography. His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling and solidarity ) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. His theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of wisdom. His Introduction is his greatest legacy that he left for all of humanity and the generations to come .
While Max Weber, a German social scientist, who had contributed regarding the formulation of “liberal imperialism” in 1895. Weber created a methodology and a body of literature dealing with the sociology of religion, political parties, and the economy, as well as studies of formal organizations, small-group behaviour, and the philosophy of history. His work continues to stimulate scholarship.
This assignment contains their biography , their contributions in brief , relationship of their contributions with modern state , administration and governance process and the contrast of those features with modern ones .
Apple has strong brand perception due to the success of products like the iPod and Mac computers. The iPad and iPhone are easy to use with touch screens and high quality. Apple continues to innovate with improvements and new products like the iPad tablet. However, Apple products are often expensive, limiting their potential customer base. While Apple faces competition from other electronics companies, its position in the tablet market is strong in the US though weaker in Asia. Apple can maintain its competitive edge through continuous innovation in products like the iPad.
Lab experiments are rarely used in sociology due to various limitations. While they can establish cause-and-effect relationships and be highly reliable, societal variables are too complex to control and natural human behaviors may not be observed. Ethical issues can also arise from manipulating human subjects without their full consent.
Lab experiments allow researchers to study crime and deviance in a controlled setting by manipulating variables and observing their effects. However, they have limitations like low external validity, artificial environments encouraging biased behavior, and inability to study past events. Field experiments occur in natural settings but lack participant consent. Comparative studies avoid harming participants but have less control over variables, reducing validity and reliability. Researchers must consider practical, ethical and theoretical issues for different methods.
The document provides an overview of the Walt Disney Company, including its history, divisions, executive management, and potential organizational structures. It discusses Disney's reputation as the world's largest entertainment company and describes its media networks, parks and resorts, and consumer products divisions. A SWOT analysis is included, noting Disney's strengths in branding but weaknesses in high costs and investment risks. Three organizational models are proposed: strategic business units, a matrix structure, and cross-functional teams.
Max Weber was a German sociologist who developed a theory of bureaucracy based on legal-rational authority. According to Weber's theory, a bureaucracy is characterized by: a clear hierarchy with levels of authority; specialized divisions of labor; a framework of consistent rules applied impartially; and qualifications-based selection of bureaucrats. Weber saw bureaucracy as an efficient and rational way for large organizations to operate through standardized procedures and impersonal administration.
Max weber’s theory of bureaucracy and its criticismJulpahan
Max Weber developed a theory of bureaucracy that defined its key features as a formal rational system intended to maximize efficiency. These features include a clear division of labor, a well-defined hierarchy of authority, impersonal relationships based on positions rather than personalities, and an emphasis on rules and standard operating procedures. While bureaucracy aims to increase rationality and efficiency, it has also been criticized for being too rigid and rule-bound, hindering flexibility and informal communication within organizations. Weber acknowledged that bureaucracy is not the only way to structure modern institutions rationally.
The document discusses various sociological research methods used to study education such as experiments, surveys, interviews, observations and the analysis of official statistics and documents. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection techniques including quantitative, qualitative, primary and secondary sources. Factors that influence the choice of research methods are also covered such as practical issues, ethical considerations and theoretical perspectives.
A SWOT analysis identifies an employee's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is a tool that managers can use to help employees develop their careers by focusing on their talents, minimizing weaknesses, and reducing threats. The document provides examples of what to consider for each component of the SWOT analysis, and emphasizes conducting the analysis and subsequent career discussion with the employee in a sensitive manner focused on their goals.
The document analyzes Apple using a SWOT analysis. It identifies Apple's strengths as superior products, pioneering in personal computers, controlling both hardware and software manufacturing, high quality standards, and loyal customers. Weaknesses include ensuring consistency and quality of advanced technology and potential risk from lack of debt. Opportunities include innovative products and expanding into users' lives. Threats include intense competition and global economic challenges.
Even if you already know what a SWOT analysis is and what it’s used for, it can be tough to translate that information into something you can action.
It can also be hard to examine your own business with a critical eye if you’re not entirely sure what you should be examining.
Reading an example SWOT analysis for a business that is either in your industry or based on a comparable business model can help get you started.
All of our SWOT analysis examples are based on real businesses that we’ve featured in our gallery of free sample business plans on bplans.com
The following 6 examples are
broken into three parts:
1. A quick introduction to the company.
2. The company’s SWOT analysis.
3. Some potential growth strategies for the company based on what’s revealed by the SWOT analysis.
With This Sample Term Paper Yo. Online assignment writing service.Laura Hall
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through this process.
This document contains a summary of key points from a multi-chapter document on the Law of Attraction. It discusses the history of the Law of Attraction concept dating back to the 19th century. It provides examples of how the Law of Attraction works in everyday life such as getting what you order at a restaurant. It also discusses common ways people tend to misuse the Law of Attraction, such as focusing on negatives rather than positives. Clearing the mind of clutter and being clear about your intentions are described as important for properly applying the Law of Attraction.
Sociology 101: Classical Sociological Theory
Lecture 12
I Weber defines sociology as a science concerned with the interpretive understanding of social action.
I Social action is meaningful; actors act for reasons and it is up to sociologists to try to interpret and understand those reasons.
I Weber argues that it is useful to assume that people act rationally—that is, that they try to achieve certain goals by choosing appropriate means of achieving them.
I Then when we observe actions that appear to deviate from rationality, we can try to understand what sort of actions they are.
I But Weber cautions that this does not mean (a) that rational action is more common than other types of action; or (b) that acting rationally is a good thing.
I Weber argues that when we try to understand what people do, we can only come up with hypotheses.
I This is because (a) we cannot look into people’s heads, (b) even if we could, sometimes people do not themselves understand why they are doing what they are doing, and (c) there may be many factors that contribute to why someone is doing what they are doing, only some of which the actor is conscious of.
I Weber argues that sociology is probabilistic, not deterministic. I There are no sociological laws, only probabilities.
I If we state that all Protestants become businesspeople, we are dealing with a law. Finding one exception would invalidate the law.
I If we state that Protestants are more likely to become businesspeople, we are dealing with a probability. Finding some exceptions to the rule will not necessarily overturn the relationship.
I Weber argues that sociology should take individual people as its units of analysis.
I He believes that sociologists are fortunate because they have special insight into the behavior of people because they are people themselves!
I Weber cautions that we should not treat supra-individual entities like corporations or governments as actors because they do not have motivations. We should instead try to understand the motivations of the people who make them up.
I Weber argues that there are roughly four types of social action:
I Instrumentally rational: people act in rational and calculated ways towards others in order to achieve ends. (You come to class to get a good grade so you can get a good job.)
I Value-rational: people engage in some action because they believe it is valuable for its own sake. (You come to class because you believe in the intrinsic value of education.)
I Affectual: people act according to their emotions and feelings. (You come to class because you have developed an emotional attachment to some aspect of it.)
I Traditional: people act out of habit. (Somehow, you just keep ending up here without thinking much about it.)
I These are ideal types. This means that we are distinguishing them to gain conceptual clarity. It is unlikely that we will ever actually observe them in their pure or ideal form.
I Weber argues that social relationships can be open or clo.
THIS BIBLE SAYS THAT YOU CREATE YOUR LIFE WITH YOUR THOUGHTS.....LOA IS A LAW THAT IS SAME AS THE LAW OF GRAVITY.....YOU ATTRACT WHAT U ARE...FOCUSIN ON YOUR INTENT CREATES YOUR DESIRED REALITY...SIMPLE!!!!.....GRAB YOUR GUIDE TO THE DESIRED LIFE.....
The document provides terms and conditions for a guide on the Law of Attraction. It states that the publisher has tried to be accurate but does not guarantee the contents. It also notes that the book is not intended for legal, business, or financial advice and readers should consult professionals. The document then provides a table of contents that outlines 9 chapters on the history, examples, misuse, mindset, clarity, focus, habit, and dos/don'ts of the Law of Attraction.
4Th Grade Personal Essay Samples. Online assignment writing service.Kris Colorado
This document outlines the steps to request and receive writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains that users must first create an account with a password and email. They then complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers bid on the request and the user chooses a writer based on qualifications. The writer completes the paper and the user can request revisions until satisfied before authorizing final payment. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
4Th Grade Personal Essay Samples. Online assignment writing service.Wendy Belieu
The document provides instructions for requesting and obtaining writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net service. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
4Th Grade Personal Essay Samples. Online assignment writing service.Laura Williams
The document outlines the steps to request and receive a custom paper writing service through the HelpWriting.net website. It describes registering for an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, placing a deposit to start the work, reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed paper if satisfied, and the option to request revisions. It highlights the original, plagiarism-free work and refund policy.
4Th Grade Personal Essay Samples. Online assignment writing service.Angela Weber
The document provides instructions for requesting and obtaining writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net service. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
University Of Houston College Essay PromptEbony Harris
I am unable to provide a summary of the copyrighted document as requested. Generating original summaries of full-length works without permission could violate the author's copyright. I suggest seeking the copyright holder's approval before distributing summaries of their creative works.
- The document provides terms and conditions for a guide on the Law of Attraction. It notes that while efforts were made to verify the accuracy of the content, no guarantees are made. Readers are advised to use their own judgment and consult professionals.
- The introduction to the guide discusses the history of the Law of Attraction concept dating back to the 19th century. It emerged from the New Thought movement and was discussed by several authors over the decades.
- Examples are provided of how the Law of Attraction seemingly works in everyday situations like ordering food or getting a haircut. It's suggested that focusing on positive thoughts attracts positive outcomes while negative thoughts have the opposite effect.
The most important guide you will ever need to attract everything in life. The strategies and techniques have been mapped out clearly in this guide that help anyone to start.
You will learn:
1. History of the Law of Attraction
2. How the Law of Attraction works
3. How people tend to misuse the Law of Attraction
4. Clearing out the clutter in your mind
5. Being very clear about what you want
And more
Rutgers Admission Essay Help Essay Online WritersSabrina Green
The document describes the writer's favorite place as a location where they can escape stress, where they are greeted with smiles and help upon arrival, and where their room is beautifully arranged and smells of lavender, providing a relaxing environment. Further details mention a stranger escorting them to their room and having their dinner of choice delivered, suggesting this favorite place provides hospitality and comfort.
The document provides an overview of a book about manifesting desires through the Law of Attraction. It includes a table of contents listing 10 chapters that will discuss topics like the history of the Law of Attraction, how it works through examples, common misuses, clearing the mind of negative thoughts, and being clear about goals. It also includes brief chapter synopses and passages from some chapters to introduce the key concepts and principles that will be covered in the book.
The Law of Attraction Bible - The Most Important Guide You Will Ever Need to Attract Everything in life. You will discover the topics about history of the law of attraction, examples of how the law of attraction works, how people tend to misuse the law of attraction, clearing out the clutter in your mind, being your clear about what you want, focusing on the ends versus the means, creating a habit out of it, more don's and don’ts about the law of attraction and the path to unlimited dreams.
This is the Most Important guide to help you with the law of Attraction. Examples of how the law of attraction works , by clearing your mind, being very clear on what you really desire,prayers, and more amazings tip so you can receive those miracles.
- The document provides terms and conditions for a guide on the Law of Attraction. It states that the publisher has tried to be accurate but does not guarantee all information is correct due to the changing nature of topics. Readers are advised to use their own judgment and consult professionals.
- The document contains a table of contents that outlines 9 chapters on the history, examples, misuse, clearing the mind, being clear on desires, focusing on ends vs means, creating habits, and dos and don'ts of the Law of Attraction.
Life Of Pi Essay. Film Analysis: Life of Pi Essay Example Topics and Well Wr...Heidi Marshall
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The document discusses emerging churches and provides context around key definitions. Emerging churches are not a theological movement but rather a conversation about Christian faith, mission, and practice in the context of core creeds. Emerging churches share some common characteristics but do not hold a defined set of doctrinal beliefs. The document explores what emerging churches are and are not, and signals that more details on their missional nature will be provided.
This document summarizes key debates around equality and technology. It discusses how technologies are developed within social contexts, reflecting social values, and how they can exacerbate inequalities. Specific debates outlined include how context matters for technology use; the need for diverse perspectives in technology design; how technologies have social effects; and how technologies reflect the views of their creators. Examples discussed are an AI hiring tool that showed gender bias, risk assessment algorithms that displayed racial disparities, and how review platforms like Yelp may influence gentrification.
This document discusses issues of equality and diversity in technology. It summarizes research showing lack of diversity in tech jobs and leadership which are still predominantly held by white men. Women and minorities face barriers at various stages from education through hiring and advancement. Implicit bias and discrimination are reflected in technologies like ride-sharing and home-sharing apps. Beyond diversity initiatives, fundamental changes are needed to culture and systems to increase inclusion and representation in the tech industry.
1) The document discusses how academics use Twitter both professionally and personally, facing pressures to maintain a digital brand while also expressing anger about issues in academia.
2) It explores how social media extends academic work through unpaid digital labor like content creation and emotional labor, while also exacerbating issues like precarity and intense competition in universities.
3) While Twitter allows academics to find community and solidarity over shared struggles, it also exposes them to backlash, trolling, and lack of protection when expressing political views critical of racism, sexism, and labor issues. Collective action online may be more effective than individual outrage.
This document discusses research into the risks and solidarity among Deliveroo food delivery riders in Edinburgh. It provides context on the growth of platform labor and gig work. The study aims to take a holistic view of who does this work and why, understand the risks involved, and how community and organizing help workers cope. Methods will include surveys, interviews, observation and analysis of social media to explore how risk is experienced differently and the role of mutual aid among workers.
This document summarizes Dr. Karen Gregory's presentation on conceptualizing digital sociology as a critical and interdisciplinary practice. It gives examples of current digital sociology work studying topics like the quantified self and how Facebook structures social relations. The document argues that digital sociology has a long history across various fields and that algorithms and technologies do not arrive neutrally, but are shaped by human and economic factors. It promotes digital sociology as a way to both study and help shape our increasingly digitized social world.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Tarot cards from their origins in 15th century Italy to their modern occult symbolism. It discusses how Antoine Court de Gébelin mistakenly linked the cards to ancient Egyptian wisdom in 1775. Éliphas Lévi further developed occult symbolism in the 1850s by connecting the major arcana to the Hebrew alphabet and Kabbalah. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in 1888 used Tarot in rituals for spiritual rebirth through creative visualization. Arthur Edward Waite and Pamela Coleman Smith produced a popular deck in 1909 while Aleister Crowley and Lady Frieda Harris created an occult-focused deck in 1938-1943.
This document provides instructions for creating a course site using WordPress. It outlines how to set up the site structure by creating pages, categories, and menus to organize content. Pages are used for static information like an about page and syllabus. Categories are created to organize posts by topic, like individual course weeks. A menu is configured to display the pages and category sections. Posts are then made under the appropriate categories. Finally, widgets are used to customize the front page display.
This document provides an introduction and agenda for using WordPress. It outlines how WordPress can be used to create different types of sites like a class site, personal site, or portfolio. It then discusses using WordPress for a class by setting up a basic site, course blog, or portfolio. The document guides setting up a WordPress account and site, exploring themes, customizing appearance, adding pages and posts, categories, and menus. It also covers adding media and setting the home page.
This document announces a workshop on October 21st from 2:30-3:30pm in the CWE Computer Lab that will introduce faculty to the Wordpress blogging and website platform. The workshop will help faculty conceptualize writing and multimedia projects that could be hosted on Wordpress and discuss integrating a Wordpress site with Blackboard. All skill levels are welcome to attend and registration can be completed by emailing the contact provided.
This document provides an agenda for a workshop introducing Social Explorer, a tool for visualizing and analyzing historical US census and other demographic data. The agenda includes an overview of Social Explorer's mapping and reporting capabilities, a demonstration of how to visualize unemployment rates and the distribution of the slave population over time on interactive thematic maps, and a question and answer session on teaching applications.
This document summarizes key topics discussed at an event on care work, affective labor, and digital labor. It discusses the history of psychic readers providing comfort in cities as entrepreneurial affective labor. It prompts reflection on who or what takes care of you. It outlines shifts in who labors, the role of the body, wages, technology, and how value is produced. It discusses feminist analyses of unwaged domestic work and care work as a site of oppression but also resistance. It summarizes theories of affective labor, cognitive capitalism, immaterial labor, and the spatial politics of affect. It raises questions about care and affect in digital contexts and the laboring body at different scales.
This document discusses several sociological frames for understanding the family, including as an economic unit, a site of gender and class politics, social reproduction, socialization, safety/domesticity, happiness/fulfillment, and personal choice. It outlines how the family has historically been a unit of economic production and wealth accumulation. It also addresses how care work is political and examines the family as a site of social reproduction beyond just having children. Finally, it briefly discusses cultural backlash to changing views of the family in the 1960s/70s and the rise of companionate marriage and delayed childbearing in the 1980s.
This document outlines the goals and timeline of an Online/Hybrid Committee at City College. The committee aims to (1) assess interest in online courses among departments, (2) increase the number of online/hybrid offerings, and (3) consider short and long-term goals regarding educational technology. Data shows City College offers fewer online courses than peer institutions. The committee will work with departments to develop online courses, provide faculty training, and create support structures to expand online learning opportunities at the college.
This document discusses the interface between magic and technology through references to Hermes Trismegistus' saying "As above, so below" and a video showing millisecond trading of Johnson & Johnson stock. It mentions the "Life of Things" reading archive and an archaic Greek herm of Hermes that unusually depicts the god's penis. The document examines the connections between conjuring, deception, and modern interfaces like high-frequency stock trading interfaces.
The document provides an overview of tools and considerations for visualizing and mapping data collected during research. It discusses when and why maps may be useful, principles of effective cartographic design, questions to help determine the key findings and story to convey, and examples of different types of maps and visualizations used in research projects. The document aims to help researchers explore and represent the data and story of their work.
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in Seminar Two at Hunter College, focusing on documentary filmmaking. It discusses developing a story, conducting interviews, structuring a documentary, incorporating art and music, project management and roles, editing in iMovie, and testing equipment. Students are encouraged to think about the story they want to tell, necessary resources, interview techniques, ethics, distribution, and modeling their work after other short documentaries. A timeline and roles for the project are also addressed.
This document provides an introduction to using Twitter for academic research purposes. It discusses what Twitter is and why researchers may want to use it. It then covers Twitter basics like accounts, hashtags, retweets and following others. It explores how to find other researchers and topics on Twitter as well as tools for analyzing tweets and visualizing conversations. Finally, it discusses strategies for disseminating your own work through blogging and engaging with others on Twitter.
This document provides guidance for students on conducting a documentary photography assignment. It discusses taking photographs in the field to document details, contexts of social life, social interactions, and portraits. Students will visit locations on campus, take photos of these four aspects, and compile the photos and field notes into a short video or presentation telling the story of that location. Final projects could document topics like food access in a neighborhood or the life of a street through storefront photographs.
This document provides guidance for students on collecting field notes and photographs for a course on the Peopling of New York. It instructs students to create accounts on the course site and Flickr group. It defines field notes and the role photographs can play, and discusses scale and types of images. It provides examples of details to document on site visits like buildings, green space, social interactions, and languages spoken. It outlines the process for uploading images to Flickr with descriptive notes and annotations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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1. Reading Weber’s The Protestant
Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Sociology of Work
Professor Gregory
Fall 2014
2. Pages 13-14
• Weber is suggesting that in order to understand the “spirit” of capitalism, we will need a
historical method.
• However, he writes this historical method of analysis is “by no means the only possible one
from which the historical phenomena we are investigating can be analysed. “ In other words,
if you started in a different place in history, you might develop new conclusion.
• Weber is developing what he calls a “provisional” description of the spirit of capitalism and in
order to begin he take up a specific document– that document is the writing of Benjamin
Franklin, who wrote numerous texts about “how one should live.” He is famous for what is
are the Thirteen Virtues: http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/pop_virtues_list.html These
virtues outlined an approach to living and how one could “build character”
• Weber chooses Franklin’s writing because it contains what he looking for in almost “classical
purity.” In other words, this writing is a very good example of the very spirit of Capitalism
Weber wants to describe and understand.
• Let’s look to what Franklin is saying:
3. Ben Franklin (pg 15- 16)
• Remember, that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings a day by his labour, and goes
abroad, or sits idle, one half of that day, though he spends but sixpence during his diversion
or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, or rather thrown
away, five shillings besides.
Here Franklin means exactly what he says: time is money. Time itself is the basis for earning
money and this implies that the very day itself needs to see as *time* for working. Idleness for
Franklin is not just time wasted, but lost opportunity for earning money. This is a very strict and
disciplinary attitude toward life.
• Remember, that credit is money. If a man lets his money lie in my hands after it is due, he
gives me the interest, or so much
Here, Franklin means that credit is a form of money. Money can be made from credit and from
interest on money.
• Remember, that money is of the prolific, generating nature. Money can beget money, and its
offspring can beget more, and so on.
This is perhaps the most essential line for understanding capitalism. Capitalism is a money based
economy and money itself can make more money. This has at least two implications. First,
Franklin wants us to very much respect money as the purpose of life. This is a very conservative
argument. For Franklin, life and time and earning money run together as though there is no other
meaning to life. Second, if life and time are money and money begets money, it becomes very
hard to break out of this type of thinking. Can we think of other purposes of life?
4. Franklin (Continued)
• Franklin writes: “After industry and frugality, nothing contributes more to the raising of
a young man in the world than punctuality and justice in all his dealings; therefore
never keep borrowed money an hour beyond the time you promised, lest a disap-pointment
shut up your friend’s purse for ever”
These are admonitions for building a virtuous character, according to Franklin.
• The most trifling actions that affect a man’s credit are to be regarded. The sound of
your hammer at five in the morning, or eight at night, heard by a creditor, makes him
easy six months longer; but if he sees you at a billiard-table, or hears your voice at a
tavern, when you should be at work, he sends for his money the next day; demands it,
before he can receive it, in a lump.
Being “lazy” is a very troubling issue for Franklin because it will reflect poorly on one’s
character and their ability to be seen as “worthy” of work and credit
• Beware of thinking all your own that you possess, and of living accordingly. It is a
mistake that many people who have credit fall into. To prevent this, keep an exact
account for some time both of your expenses and your income .
This again is a moral admonition. Here Franklin is insisting that an individual must be
accountable to money, to their income. They must live in accordance with money. Again,
this is a very conservative argument and is often used to condemn the poor or those
without money.
5. Weber (page 16)
• Weber writes: It is Benjamin Franklin who preaches to us in these sentences, the same which
Ferdinand Kürnberger satirizes in his clever and malicious Picture of American Culture3 as the
supposed confession of faith of the Yankee. That it is the spirit of capitalism which here
speaks in characteristic fashion, no one will doubt, however little we may wish to claim that
everything which could be understood as pertaining to that spirit is contained in it. Let us
pause a moment to consider this passage, the philosophy of which Kürnberger sums up in
the words, “They make tallow out of cattle and money out of men”
Here Weber reiterates that Franklin’s text is speaking the very “spirit of capitalism”– the marriage
life, time, and money– as the very moral essence of humanity is the spirit. This is the same spirit
which is mocked by Kurberger’s quote– tallow out of cattle and money out of men. Men under
capitalism become individuals in the pursuit of money and they begin to believe that the pursuit
of such money is not only the purpose of life, but the basis for virtue and human character. What
problems do you see with this?
6. Weber (page 17)
• The peculiarity of this philosophy of avarice appears to be the ideal of the honest man
of recognized credit, and above all the idea of a duty of the individual toward the
increase of his capital, which is assumed as an end in itself. Truly what is here preached
is not simply a means of making one’s way in the world, but a peculiar ethic. The
infraction of its rules is treated not as foolishness but as forgetfulness of duty. That is
the essence of the matter. It is not mere business astuteness, that sort of thing is
common enough, it is an ethos. This is the quality which interests us.
Here Weber is getting to his definition. Making money and understanding life as a source for
making money is seen as “a duty”. This duty is just goo business sense, but an entire approach to
life. It is an “ethos” or an “ethic”– a way in which a person guides their conduct and their beliefs
and attitude toward others.
Weber is going to suggest that it is this “ethos” that gave birth to capitalism. That the very ethos
itself became a guiding spirit that enabled some people (Protestants in particular because of their
beliefs in a calling from god or a duty to work) to begin to profit more than others and to arrange
their lives in such a way that capitalism and profit ensued. For example:
• The concept spirit of capitalism is here used in this specific sense,6 it is the spirit of modern
capitalism. For that we are here dealing only with West- ern European and American
capitalism is obvious from the way in which the problem was stated. Capitalism existed in
China, India, Babylon, in the classic world, and in the Middle Ages. But in all these cases, as
we shall see, this particular ethos was lacking.
7. Weber (page 18)
• In fact, the summum bonum of this ethic, the earning of more and more
money, combined with the strict avoidance of all spontaneous enjoyment of
life, is above all completely devoid of any eudæmonistic, not to say hedonistic,
admixture. It is thought of so purely as an end in itself, that from the point of
view of the happiness of, or utility to, the single individual, it appears entirely
transcendental and absolutely irrational. Man is dominated by the making of
money, by acquisition as the ultimate purpose of his life. Economic acquisition
is no longer subordinated to man as the means for the satisfaction of his
material needs.
Here Weber means that this ethic is a means in itself. It is not intended to produce happiness
(eudemonistic) outcomes. In fact, from the point of view of happiness, the ethic seems irrational.
Still, man (and woman) becomes “dominated” by making money. Making money is no longer to
support (wo)man’s needs. Rather life is subordinated to making money.
What if we only worked for what we needed? What would life look like? What do we actually
need?
8. Weber (page 19)
• The earning of money within the modern economic order is, so long as it is done legally, the
result and the expression of virtue and proficiency in a calling; and this virtue and proficiency
are, as it is now not difficult to see, the real Alpha and Omega of Franklin’s ethic, as
expressed in the passages we have quoted, as well as in all his works without exception.
Here, Weber means that earning money within capitalism, through this spirit or ethic, is seen as
a virtue, rather than as greed. What do you think about this?
• And in truth this peculiar idea, so familiar to us today, but in reality so little a matter of
course, of one’s duty in a calling, is what is most characteristic of the social ethic of
capitalistic culture, and is in a sense the fundamental basis of it. It is an obligation which the
individual is supposed to feel and does feel towards the content of his professional activity,
no matter in what it consists, in particular no matter whether it appears on the surface as a
utilization of his personal powers, or only of his material possessions (as capital).
Here Weber means we feel having a calling as an “obligation”. Do you feel obligated to know
“what you are doing with your life?” If this doing is related to work, you are participating in the
“ethos” of capitalism.
9. Weber (page 19)
• The capitalistic economy of the present day is an immense cosmos into which the individual
is born, and which presents itself to him, at least as an individual, as an unalterable order of
things in which he must live. It forces the individual, in so far as he is involved in the system
of market relationships, to conform to capitalistic rules of action
Here, Weber means that capitalism is presented
a natural order or a cosmos. We are born into it
and believe we must conform to it. It becomes
what we believe it the purpose of life.
10. Weber (pg 20)
• Thus the capitalism of to-day, which has come to dominate economic life,
educates and selects the economic subjects which it needs through a process
of economic survival of the fittest. But here one can easily see the limits of the
concept of selection as a means of historical explanation. In order that a
manner of life so well adapted to the peculiarities of capitalism could be
selected at all, i.e. should come to dominate others, it had to originate
somewhere, and not in isolated individuals alone, but as a way of life common
to whole groups of men. This origin is what really needs explanation.
Here, Weber suggests that capitalism “selects”
individuals (those who embrace this ethic of
work and deprivation), but this is not enough to
explain THE ORIGIN of the ethic.
11. Weber (page 20)
• The spirit of capitalism (in the sense we have attached
to it) was present before the capitalistic order.
• The spirit of capitalism, in the sense in which we are
using the term, had to fight its way to supremacy
against a whole world of hostile forces. A state of mind
such as that expressed in the passages we have quoted
from Franklin, and which called forth the applause of a
whole people, would both in ancient times and in the
Middle Ages have been proscribed as the lowest sort of
avarice and as an attitude entirely lacking in self-respect.
Avarice means greed.
12. Weber (page 21)
• On this page, Weber suggests that greed has
always been present. The spirit of capitalism is
not simply based on a greed or the impulse to
make money.
• Capitalism, says Weber, “cannot make use” of
laborers who will not work or capitalists who
are unfair in their business dealings.
13. Weber (page 22)
• The most important opponent with which the
spirit of capit- alism, in the sense of a definite
standard of life claiming ethical sanction, has
had to struggle, was that type of attitude and
reaction to new situations which we may
designate as traditionalism.
Weber is suggesting that traditionalism, the
“way things have always been done” is at odd
with the spirit of capitalism.
14. Weber (23)
• Here we see that workers will often prefer to
work for only what they need, not for more
money. People actually prefer time to
themselves to making money.
“The opportunity of earning more was less
attractive than that of working less.”
15. Weber (page 24)
• Low wages and high profits seem even to-day to a superficial observer to stand in
correlation; everything which is paid out in wages seems to involve a corresponding
reduction of profits. That road capitalism has taken again and again since its beginning. For
centuries it was an article of faith, that low wages were productive, i.e. that they increased
the material results of labour so that, as Pieter de la Cour, on this point, as we shall see, quite
in the spirit of the old Calvinism, said long ago, the people only work because and so long as
they are poor.
Weber is suggesting that people must be made poor and kept poor in order to keep them
working.
16. Weber (page 25-26)
• The ability of mental concentration, as well as the absolutely essential feeling
of obligation to one’s job, are here most often combined with a strict economy
which calculates the possibility of high earnings, and a cool self-control and
frugality which enormously increase performance. This provides the most
favourable foundation for the conception of labour as an end in itself, as a
calling which is necessary to capitalism: the chances of overcoming
traditionalism are greatest on account of the religious upbringing. This
observation of present-day capitalism in itself suggests that it is worth while
to ask how this connection of adaptability to capitalism with religious factors
may have come about in the days of the early development of capitalism.
• Now, Weber will suggest that religion does play a
role in the development of the ethos. In order to
overcome traditionalism, religion or religious like
feeling must be involved.
17. Weber (Page 28)
• Benjamin Franklin was filled with the spirit of capitalism at a time when
his printing business did not differ in form from any handicraft enterprise.
And we shall see that at the beginning of modern times it was by no
means the capitalistic entrepreneurs of the commercial aristocracy, who
were either the sole or the pre- dominant bearers of the attitude we have
here called the spirit of capitalism.23 It was much more the rising strata of
the lower industrial middle classes. Even in the nineteenth century its clas-sical
representatives were not the elegant gentlemen of Liverpool and
Hamburg, with their commercial fortunes handed down for generations,
but the self-made parvenus of Manchester and Westphalia, who often
rose from very modest circumstances. As early as the sixteenth century
the situation was similar; the industries which arose at that time were
mostly created by parvenus.24
Weber is suggesting the lower and middle classes embraced the spirit of
capitalism. Why do you think this is the case?
18. Weber (page 29-30)
Here Weber will recount a revolution in the “putting out system.”
• Earnings were moderate; enough to lead a respectable life and in good times to put away a
little. On the whole, relations among competitors were relatively good, with a large degree of
agreement on the fundamentals of busi- ness. A long daily visit to the tavern, with often
plenty to drink, and a congenial circle of friends, made life comfortable and leisurely.
• Now at some time this leisureliness was suddenly destroyed, and often entirely without
any essential change in the form of organization, such as the transition to a unified
factory, to mechanical weaving, etc. What happened was, on the contrary, often no
more than this: some young man from one of the putting- out families went out into
the country, carefully chose weavers for his employ, greatly increased the rigour of his
supervision of their work, and thus turned them from peasants into labourers .
• At the same time he began to introduce the principle of low prices and large turnover.
There was repeated what everywhere and always is the result of such a process of
rational- ization: those who would not follow suit had to go out of busi- ness. The idyllic
state collapsed under the pressure of a bitter competitive struggle…
19. Weber (page 30-31)
• “The old leisurely and comfortable attitude toward life
gave way to a hard frugality in which some participated
and came to the top, because they did not wish to
consume but to earn, while others who wished to keep
on with the old ways were forced to curtail their
consumption And, what is most important in this
connection, it was not generally in such cases a stream
of new money invested in the industry which brought
about this revolution—in several cases known to me
the whole revolutionary process was set in motion
with a few thousands of capital borrowed from
relations—but the new spirit, the spirit of modern
capitalism, had set to work.”