Karl Marx identifies production as essential for human existence and as a social activity that requires cooperation and organization. He describes different modes of production throughout history - from primitive communism to slave societies to feudalism and capitalism - that determine societal class divisions and expressions of culture. Under capitalism, the economic base of forces and relations of production are controlled by the ruling capitalist class, while the social superstructure serves to maintain their interests, but contradictions will lead to revolution and establishment of a communist mode of production without classes.

1. Mode of Production
KARL MARX

2. Key Idea
• Marx identifies production as essential for human
existence.
• Production is a social activity.
• Co-operation is of importance

3.  Divisions of Labor : Different People have different
jobs.
 Production has to be organized or ‘managed’.
 Different forms of production:
“modes” of production=different type of society
 The system of class division is dependent on mode of
production.
 Society moves from stages to stages when the
dominant class is displaced by a new emerging class.
 Mode of production also determines all expressions of
“civilization”:Law,Philosophy,art,
Religion etc.

4. • There is a distinction between means of production
and the relations of production.
 the means of production
 land
Natural resources
Technology
 Relations of production
The social and technical relationships people enter into
As they acquire and use the means of production.
The comprised not only relations among individual, but
between among groups of people or classes.

5. The Social Superstructure
• Ways of thinking ,values, ideas
Forms of social consciousness
Ideologies
• Social Institutions
Religion
Family
Education
Media
Government /the state

6. • Economic base shapes the social Superstructures.
• The economic base is controlled by ruling class
• Superstructure is also controlled by ruling class.
• Social institutions serves ruling class interests

7. Type of mode of production
• Primitive Communism
Primitive society, no classes,
very low divisions of labor.
All work together for
common good.
• Ancient(slave) mode of production
Ancient Greece and Rome
Aristocracy and slaves
Slaves do most of work

8. • Feudal mode of production(feudalism)
Medieval Europe
Feudal landlords and
peasants
Peasants do all the work
• Capitalist mode of
Production(capitalism)
Capitalists and workers
(Bourgeoisie and proletariat)
• Socialism/Communism
No classes:equality

9. The feudal mode of production
Economic Base
 Forces of production
 Agricultural Production
 Relations of production
 Landlords and peasants

10. The capitalist mode of production
Ways of thinking==Capitalist Ideologies
 Capitalism allows individual freedom,
democracy, social mobility etc.
 this liberalism serve to conceal
the exploitation which is at the
core of society.
• Capitalism’s Economic Base
force of production
• Industrialism
Relations of productions
• Capitalist and proletarians.

11. Capitalism Today
Capitalism Economic Base
• Forces of production
 Post-Industrialism
(service sector, computer &IT, stock markets)
• Relation of production
 Capitalists
 Managerial class
 Proletarians(include ‘white collar’ office workers,Mcworkers)

12. From capitalism to communism: Revolution
• The forces of production develop, this leads to a change in
relations of production
• Capitalism riddled with contradictions
• The proletariat come to know that they are exploited, they
organize themselves and overthrow the bourgeois class and
the capitalist system in a revolution

13. A Communist Mode of Production
Economical Base
• forces of production
 Highly developed
 Machine doing a lots of work
 Humane working freely and creatively together
• Relation of production
 Classes abolished
 All work together in cooperation
 All contribute to society, everyone gets what they need
Ways of thinking: the end of ideologies, truth emerges

14. Thank you
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