Adnan Niazi Department of Agronomy Mphil Scholar at BZU (BahauddinZakriyaUniversity, Multan) +92-303-8701782

2. Adnan Ashraf Niazi
BAGF13M096
AGRONOMY 8TH
College of Agriclture, UOS

3. TAXONOMY;
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Order: Lemiales
 Family: Pedaliaceae
 Genus: Sesamum
 Specie: indicum
 Botanical name: Sesamum indicum L.
• Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the
genus Sesamum, also called benne.
• Sesame is also known as the “queen of oilseeds,” but it is
actually an orphan crop.

4. INTRODUCTION;
 Locally it is called as till.
 It is an annual minor kharif oilseed crop.
 Intermediate growth habit plant.
 Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed.
 Usually sesame seeds are white in color but brown, tan,
red, golden and black color seeds are also available.

5. ORIGIN AND HISTORY;
 Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known,
domesticated well over 3000 years ago.
 Sesame has many species, most being wild and native
to sub-saharan Africa. Sesame indicum, the cultivated
type, originated in India and is tolerant to drought-like
conditions, growing where other crops fail.
 Records show it has been cultivated in parts of India
around 1600 BC. From there it was brought to Europe,
grown in Egypt, and its value both medicinally and for
cooking gradually spread throughout Europe.

6. CONTI….
 Some sources claim the Chinese were using sesame oil in
their lamps as far back as 5,000 years ago, while others
state sesame seeds were introduced into China about 2,000
years ago.
 In Africa the seeds, called benne, were eaten as food as
well as being used for oil.
 Out of the total area, 9.4% is in Punjab, 2.7% in Sindh,
2% in Balochistan, and 1.3% in NWFP.

7. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS;
 Annual plant 50-100cm tall.
 Sesame leaves are entire, lanceolate and sometimes
slightly serrated.
 Varies from 3-17.5cm in length and 1-5cm petiole
length.

8. FLOWERS:
 Flowers are bell shaped 3-5cm long white to pale
rose flowers.
 Flowering starts 35-45 DAP and continuous 75-80
DAP.
 It’s a self pollinated crop.

9. ADAPTATION IN SESAME;
 What is adaptation?
The process of change by which an organism
or species becomes better suited to its
environment.
OR
The action or process of adapting
or being adapted.

10. SPECIFIC AREAS OF ADAPTATION:
 Soil preference;
o Sesame is adapted to fertile, well-drained soils.
Medium textured soils are most favorable.
Sesame prefers neutral to slightly alkaline pH,
with moderate fertility.
o Sesame does not like heavy clay soils or irrigation
water containing high concentrations of salt.
 Length of growing season;
o Because sesame is of tropical origin, it performs
best in areas where temperatures remain high
throughout the growing season of 110 to 150
days.

11. CONTI…..
o Growth and fruiting are favored with average daily
temperatures in the range of 86 to 92 degrees
Fahrenheit.
 Sesame had great adaptability to rainfall. It will
produce an excellent crop with a rainfall of 500-
650mm, but as low as 300mm and as high as 1000mm
will also produce a crop under certain condition.
o For maximum yield precipitation should be distributed
over the period of plant growth as follows:
 Germination to first bud formation 35%
 Bud formation to main flowering 45%
 Flowering to maturity not more than 20%

12. PRODUTION TECHNOLOGY

13. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES;
 Land preparation:
o Sesame requires warm, moist and weed free seedbed.
o 20-25cm ploughing depth.
o 2-3 ploughings with 1-2 planking.
 Soil:
o Sesame grows best in sandy well-drained soil and a
hot climate with moderate rainfall.
OR
o medium loam acid free soils are more suitable.
o pH 5-8.

14.  PLANTING METHODS:
o Manually or mechanically by hand operated seeder.
o Broadcasting or drilling.
o Row to row distance 45 cm
o Plant to plant distance 10 cm
o Seed depth 2 to 2.5 cm.
o Planting depth depending upon soil type and variety (3-
5cm).
 Seed rate:
o 3-3.5kg/ha for row and 4-4.5 for broadcasting.
o population greater than 250,000/ha.

15.  FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT:
 Nitrogen 50 kg/ha
 Phosphorus 60 kg/ha
 Water requirement:
 sesame is a drought resistant crop, after it is well
established, it tolerates high water stress.
 300-800mm per annum is necessary for reasonable
yield.
 Optimum yields are obtained (500-650mm) in 3-4
months with good distribution.

16. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW
PRODUCTION ARE:
- Shattering losses.
- Lack of improved high yielding varieties.
- Cultivation on marginal lands.
- Low level of fertilizer use.
- Poor crop management.

17. FRUIT:
Sesame fruit is a capsule, normally
pubescent, rectangular in section
The length of the fruit capsule varies
from 2 to 8 cm.
Its width varies between
0.5 and 2 cm.

18. VARIETIES;
 The following commercial sesame varieties should
be planted.
- Pb.Til-90, - P-37-40, - Til-93,
- S-17, - PR-19-9, - Ts-3
 In addition, there are various promising and
improved pipeline varieties developed by Oilseed
Res Programme at National Agricultural Research
Center (NARC), Islamabad. These include:
 Rattodero-1, Rattodero-2, Sanghar-1, Johi-1, VCR
No.5, S-209.
 The yield potential of these improved varieties is
upto 1800 kg/ha

19. SESAME COMPARISON IN PAKISTAN AND OTHER
COUNTRIES;
 In Pakistan, sesame seeds were cultivated on over 100,000
hectares of land during 2001-02. Total production that year
was 57,000 tons. Per hectare yield of the seed is the highest in
Balochistan among all provinces of the country, while
country’s over all average yield in 2000-01 was 503 kg per
hectare.
Year Punjab Sindh KPK Baloc. pakistan
(Area'000‘
hectares)
2012-
13
57.1 7.2 0.1 6.5 70.9
(Production
'000'
tonnes)
2012-
13
21.8 3.3 0.1 3.9 29.2
(Yield in
Kgs per
hectare
2012-
13
381 458 1000 600 411

20. IN WORLD WIDE;
 World total cultivation area under sesame was 9,398,770
ha, producing 4.76 million tons (FAO, 2013),
 The largest producer of sesame seeds in 2013 was
Burma.
 Italy produces 7.2 metric tons per hectare.
 The total area under sesame cultivation in Kenya has
grown at a slow rate, from 20,000 ha in 1980 to 27,000
ha in 2010 (FAO, 2012)
 These huge yield gaps among different sesame
growers are due to knowledge gaps, poor crop
management techniques, and lack of advanced
technologies.

21. IMPORTANCE;
 Oil seed crop
 19-25% protein
 Its seed cake contain 42% protein
 Has maximum antioxidants
 Rich in Fe, Cu , Mg ,Ca and Vitamin B1 and E
 Used in bakery products

22. USES;
 It is used in medicine.
 preparation of high-quality soaps.
 excellent feed for milch cattle and laying hens.
 The seeds have high oil content around 55%.
 Sesame oil is used in cooking and in preparation
of salads.

23. CONTI…
 Sesame produces high-quality edible oil which is used for
cooking and salad. Unlike other edible oils, sesame oil
does not turn rancid.
 Sesame oil is colorless and odorless. ‘The oil is used in
improving the quality of vegetable oils.
 Use in the production of margarine, pharmaceuticals,
paints and lubricants.

25. NUTRITIVE VALUE;
 For a 100-gram serving, dried whole sesame seeds
are rich in:
 Calories (573 kcal)
 Water 5%
 Carbohydrates 23%
 Dietary fiber 12%
 Fat 50%