About protected cultivation information and Future Prospects in india

2. Protected cultivation of
Vegetable crops present
status and futures
Prospects In India
SPEAKER:
Hemant Gurjar
M. Sc. Ag.(Hort.)

3. What is protected cultivation ?
Advantages and disadvantages of protected
cultivation
Scenario of protected cultivation in India
Different structures used for protected cultivation of
vegetable crops
Constraints in protected cultivation
Characters of fruit crops suitable for protected
cultivation
Case studies
Future
thrust
Why protected cultivation is necessary ?
3

4. WHAT IS PROTECTED
CULTIVATION ?
Protected cultivation technology is the technique of providing
favorable environment conditions to the plants from the adverse
climatic conditions such as wind, cold, precipitation, excessive
radiation, excessive temperature and insect-pest(Kiran B. et al,
2020).
It is also of vital importance to create an ideal micro-climate
around the plants.
Environmental conditions are so modified that one can grow any
plant in any place at any time by providing suitable environmental
conditions. 4

5. History Of Green House
The cultivation of green house started long back in 19th
century first started 1948 in the USA by Prof. E.M. Emmert ,
university of Kentucky , it was extended in five continents
glass house in different designs came in practices in Asian
countries like nether land and japan, polyethene polymer
was first developed in 1930 and come in use in horticulture
in 1950 in the form of plastic pipe and films , other plastic
like poly propylene , polyvinyl chloride and polyester
developed after 1930.
The UV- stabilized polythene was first started by
china . In India this type of cultivation was first started by
DRDO in 1960s in leh and Ladakh at 11,500 feet altitude

7. Greenhouse structures

8. WHY PROTECTED CULTIVATION IS
NECESSARY?
1. Efficient use of resources.
2. Water requirement of crops is very limited and easy to control.
3.Uniform and better quality production and fresh vegetable availability.
4. Higher productivity.
5. Round the year as well as off-season cultivation is possible in hostile climates.
6. Better insect-pest and disease control with lesser use of pesticides.
7. Regular harvesting time to reduced post-harvest losses.
8. Check the losses from natural calamities.
9. Employment generation from small holdings.
10.Protected cultivation is an attraction to educated unemployed youth in villages and
peri-urban areas which is helpful.
11. Weed free cultivation (Sabir N. et al, 2013).
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9. Advantages of Protected Cultivation
 CROP CAN BE GROWN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
 PRODUCTIVITY OF THE VEGETABLE CROPS IS INCREASED.
 EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES IS POSSIBLE.
 PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAVORABLE WEATHER
CONDITIONS.
 REDUCE THE TIME OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PHASES OF VEGETABLE CROPS.
 GETTING EXPORT QUALITY PRODUCE OF INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS BEFORE SEASON OF VEGETABLE CROPS.
 CULTURAL OPERATION IS VERY EASY UNDER GREENHOUSE.
 PROVIDE SELF-EMPLOYMENT FOR EDUCATED
YOUTH(KAMAKSHI ET AL, 2017).
5

10. Disadvantages of Protected Cultivation
COMPULSORY REQUIRED DWARF ROOTSTOCK AS WELL AS PLANT
VARIETIES.
CHANCE TO INCREASE INCIDENCE OF MITES AND POWDERY MILDEW.
LITTLE OR NO NATURAL POLLINATION OF FEMALE FLOWERS.
SKILLED LABOUR ABOUT TRAINING AND PRUNING IS REQUIRED
(GUVVALI ET AL,2017).
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11. 10

12. GREENHOUSE IS FRAMED STRUCTURE COVERED WITH
UV STABILIZED PLASTIC FILMS IN WHICH CROPS ARE
GROWN UNDER PARTIALLY OR CONTROLLED
ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS.
SHAPE: LEAN TO TYPE, EVEN SPAN, UNEVEN SPAN,
RIDGE AND FURROW, SAW TOOTH AND QUONSET ETC.
FRAMED : WOODEN, BAMBOO, PIPE AND TRUSS ETC.
COVERING MATERIALS: GLASS, POLYETHENE FILM,
RIGID PANEL AND SHADING NET.
12
11

13. Greenhouse Type Based On Shape:
Saw tooth type
Lean-to type
Even-span type
Uneven span type
Ridge and furrow
type
Quonset type

14. 12
Lean-to type
A lean-to design is used when a greenhouse is placed
against the side of an existing building. It is built against a
building, using the existing structure for one or more of its
sides. It is usually attached to a house, but may be attached
to other buildings. The roof of the building is extended
with appropriate greenhouse covering material and the
area is properly enclosed. It is typically facing south side.
The lean-to type greenhouse is limited to single or double-
row plant benches with a total width of 7 to 12 feet. It can
be as long as the building it is attached to. It should face
the best direction for adequate sun exposure.

15. 13
Even-span type
The even-span is the standard type and full-size structure, the
two roof slopes are of equal pitch and width , This design is
used for the greenhouse of small size, and it is constructed on
level ground. It is attached to a house at one gable end. It can
accommodate 2 or 3 rows of plant benches. The cost of an
even-span greenhouse is more than the cost of a lean-to type,
but it has greater flexibility in design and provides for more
plants

16. 14
Uneven span type
This type of greenhouse is constructed on hilly terrain. The roofs
are of unequal width; make the structure adaptable to the side
slopes of hill This type of greenhouses is seldom used now-a-
days as it is not adaptable for automation.

17. 15
Ridge and furrow type
Designs of this type use two or more A-frame greenhouses connected to one another
along the length of the eave , The eave serves as furrow or gutter to carry rain and
melted snow away. The side wall is eliminated between the greenhouses, which
results in a structure with a single large interior, Consolidation of interior space
reduces labour, lowers the cost of automation, improves personal management and
reduces fuel consumption as there is less exposed wall area through which heat
escapes. . The snow loads must be taken into the frame specifications of these
greenhouses since the snow cannot slide off the roofs as in case of individual free
standing greenhouses, but melts away. In spite of snow loads, ridge and furrow
greenhouses are effectively used in northern countries of Europe and in Canada and
are well suited to the Indian conditions.

18. 16
Saw tooth type
These are also similar to ridge and furrow type
greenhouses except that, there is provision for
natural ventilation in this type. Specific natural
ventilation flow path develops in a saw- tooth
type greenhouse.

19. 17
Quonset type

20. This is a greenhouse, where the pipe arches or trusses are supported by pipe purling running
along the length of the greenhouse In general, the covering material used for this type of
greenhouses is polyethylene. Such greenhouses are typically less expensive than the gutter
connected greenhouses and are useful when a small isolated cultural area is required. These
houses are connected either in free, standing style or arranged in an interlocking ridge and
furrow. In the interlocking type, truss members overlap sufficiently to allow a bed of plants to
grow between the overlapping portions of adjacent houses. A single large cultural space thus
exists for a set of houses in this type, an arrangement that is better adapted to the automation and
movement of labour.
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21. 1. Low-cost
greenhouse
3. High cost
greenhouse
2. Medium-
cost
greenhouse
Types of greenhouse
19

22. Low-cost greenhouse

23. 1. Low-cost greenhouse:
 Low cost greenhouse is a simple structure constructed with locally available
materials such as bamboo, timber etc.
The ultra violet (UV) film is used as cladding materials .
Unlike conventional or hi-tech greenhouses, no specific control device for
regulating environmental parameters inside the greenhouse are provided.
Light intensity can be reduced by incorporating shading materials like nets.
The temperature can be reduced during summer by opening the side walls.
Such structure is used as rain shelter for crop cultivation.
Otherwise, inside temperature is increased when all sidewalls are covered
with plastic film.
This type of greenhouse is mainly suitable for cold climatic zone (Groener et al,
2015). 21

24. Medium-cost greenhouse
22

25. 2.Medium-cost greenhouse:
Greenhouse users prefers to have manually or semiautomatic control arrangement
owing to minimum investment.
This type of greenhouse is constructed using galvanized iron (G.I) pipes.
Whole structure is firmly fixed with the ground to withstand the disturbance
against wind.
Exhaust fans with ther most at are provided to control the temperature.
Evaporative cooling pads and misting arrangements are also made to maintain a
favorable humidity inside the greenhouse.
As these system are semi-automatic, hence, require a lot of attention and care, and
it is very difficult and cumbersome to maintain uniform environment throughout
the cropping period.
 These greenhouses are suitable for dry and composite climatic zones (Jackson T.
1991).

26. High-cost greenhouse
24

27. 3. High-cost greenhouse:
It is constructed with iron/aluminum structure (frame) having dome
or cone shaped design.
Temperature, humidity, light and CO2 are automatically controlled
as per crop requirement. Floor and a part of side walls are made of
concrete.
It is highly durable but the cost is about 5-6 times than medium cost
greenhouse.
It requires qualified operator, proper maintenance, care and
precautions during operation (Yohe G. 1996).
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28. Rigid panel greenhouse
26

29. In this type of green house Polyvinyl chloride or fiber glass-
reinforced plastic or acrylic or polycarbonate used as cladding
material.
It is employed in the Quonset type frames or ridge and furrow
type frame .
Advantage: More resistant to breakage and the light intensity is
uniform throughout the greenhouse as compared to glass or plastic.
Long life up to 20 years.
Disadvantage: Panels tend to collect dust, which results in darkening
of the panels and subsequent reduction in the light transmission
(Botich M. et al, 2020).
27

30. Walk in tunnels
28

31. 29
Walk-in tunnels structure is covers with UV film, suitable
for all types of crops.
Designed to withstand wind up to 120 km/hr, and trellising
loads up to 25 kg/m2
Structure gable configuration can be 8 or 10 meters wide.
Option for vertical curtains (2m long) on tunnels side walls.

32. Plastic tunnels
30

33.  These are miniature structures producing greenhouse like
effect.
 Facilitates the entrapment of carbon dioxide thereby
enhancing the photosynthetic activity.
 It protects plants from harsh climatic conditions such as
rain, wind, hail snow etc.
 These are mainly used for raising nursery.

34. PROTECTS FROM
HOSTILE CLIMATE.
 HELPS IN EARLY SEED
GERMINATION.
 ROUND THE YEAR
CULTIVATION IS
POSSIBLE.
HEALTHY SAPLINGS CAN
BE RAISED.
32

35.  RSC is an effective cultural method to prevent rainfall damage during harvest,
 These RSC can effectively eliminate the incidence of major diseases (DM, PM,
Botrytis, and Sour rot etc.)
 The shelters come with side curtains that can be raised and lowered to control heat
and humidity.
33

36. Shade net house
34

37. It is a framed or an inflated structure covered with shade net.
Shade net is available in various percentage range (30-90%
mesh).
Shade net is also available in different colour viz., green, red,
white, black, grey, blue etc.
It is helpful for controlling temperature, light, water and moisture
as per requirement resulting in best output and quality of crops.
These are used to reduce adverse effect of scorching sun
and rains.
35

38. Maintain temperature and humidity upto some extent.
Plant propagation is effective.
Helps to improve quality of produce.
Reduces infestation disease and pest.
Savings in water & fertilizer requirements as compared to open
field cultivation.
36

39. High initial cost.
Uninterrupted and regular power supply is required for operating cooling
and heating system of the greenhouse.
Cladding material of require quality is not readily available.
Lack of trained professionals and skilled manpower.
Improper guidance about region specific design of PC structures.
Minimum availability of crop varieties suitable for protected cultivation.
The availability of planting material are to costly.
Lack of understanding of the quality of pipes and cladding material used
for fabrication of structures.
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40. Rapid grower:
It should have dwarfing rootstocks
Plant responses for training and pruning and chemical regulation for size of
plants (Aman A. et al 2018).
Branched species with dwarf characteristics.
Crop varieties should be regular bearer with high yielder.
Free from resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
Short duration and having early maturity (Habibullah et al, 2016).
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41. SCENARIO OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION
IN INDIA
dia research on protected cultivation of vegetable crops was started by defense
arch and development organization (DRDO) during 1960s at defense institute of
altitude Research (DIHAR)
entre for PC technology was established in the year 1998-99 as demonstration
and commissioned as Indo-Israel project in January 2000 as a project
taken jointly by the GOI, through ICAR and Israel.
roject farm was aimed to demonstrate different technologies for intensive and
ercially oriented peri-urban cultivation of horticultural crops for improved
y and productivity.
National Committee on the use of plastics in agriculture (NCPA, 1982) has
mended location specific trials of greenhouse technology for adoption in

42. ent states are promoting this greenhouse technology under mission of
ated development of horticulture (MIDH) and government sponsored
amme.
dia PC has been adopted in more than 1,00,000 hectares till 2014-15, the
nder compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 84.2 % by 2017.
bined efforts of the national boards and schemes such as NHB, MIDH
created awareness and providing financial assistance to the farmers to
protected farming methods for horticultural production.
ubsidy schemes, international associations with countries such as a Israel
pected to act as major boost for the protected cultivation of India.
9
Contd...

43. Future thrust
 Need to standardize protocol for protected cultivation of different
Vegetable crops in different agro-climates.
 Need to develop farmer friendly and cost-effective agro-
techniques for protected cultivation (Kiran B. et al, 2020).
 Need to create awareness among farmers for benefits of
protective cultivation of vegetable
 Need to develop suitable varieties of vegetrable crops for
protected cultivation (Reddy P. 2016).
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44. 39
Brief Review
of.
Research
work

45. TOMATO
41

46. Tomato requires a relatively cool, dry climate for high yield and premium quality
When the temperature falls below the 10°C, it causes problem with the
pollenbursting, while the higher temperature causes premature fruit drops in
tomato Mostly the lower in temperature affected the crop production as there is
problem with fertilization and less fruit yield. A thigh temperatures fruits are
often badly damaged or misshaped and not marketable, while the red varieties
tend to become more orange. These problems can be overcome with the
maintained of temperature in protected cultivation.
The temperature when rises above the 30°C, both the pollen grain and stigma may
dry out, which causes poor fruit set.
(Nicola et al., 2009, Harel et al., 2014). (Nicolaet al., 2009). (Singh et al.,2015).
42

47. The greenhouse technology offers a favourable environment for cucumber growth and
production, and consequently results in a significant yield increment may be due to
enhanced metabolism of cucumber plants, greenhouse shading, cultivation methods,
fertilizers application and CO2 level in the greenhouse. Irrespective of the factors
affecting the cucumber growth, the yield under protective cultivation can be increased
manifold as compared to than in open field cultivation as reported by numerous authors
in past. At present, cultivation of vegetable crops particularly, cucumber in soil has
become impossible due to occurrence of soil borne diseases. The soilless cultivation is
therefore a possible alternative for protective cultivation of cucumber due to its better
control on diseases and allows uniform application of water and nutrient directly to the
plant root system. The yield of crops including cucumber has significantly increased by
shifting from soil to soilless growing media such as coco-peat, rockwool and pertile.
The economic analysis of greenhouse cucumber production in a protective structure is
important to compare the profitability of production with open field conditions.
43
CUCUMBER

48. Capsicum is a most extensively grown vegetable under green houses and gives higher
returns (Chandra et al., 2000).
To fulfill the objective of study, comparative economic analysis of capsicum cultivation
under polyhouse and open field conditions was made on per acre basis. cost of cultivation
of capsicum under polyhouses was worked out to be Rs 101667.91. In case of open field
cultivation of capsicum, the total variable cost was worked out to be Rs 43492.47.
Farmers realized 145.32 per cent higher yield of capsicum under polyhouse as compared
to open field conditions. The gross return, return over variable cost and net return were
also higher by 272.01, 336.62 and 208.43 per cent respectively in case of polyhouse as
compared to open field conditions. Hence it can be concluded that yield of capsicum and
income of farmers can be increased by adoption of polyhouse technology.
45
CAPSICUM

49. With the development of parthenocarpy hybrids in brinjal, now it is possible to grow it under the
protected conditions (Kumar and Singh, 2015).
The results showed that flowering traits of brinjal, such as the interval between transplanting and
flowering and between flower blooming and fruit setting increased in a greenhouse condition,
especially under shade treatments. However, the number of flowers increased under the
greenhouse conditions, especially under shading at the last stage of plant growth but the
percentage of fruit setting significantly decreased. There was a negative correlation between the
number of flowers and the percentage of fruit set. The fruit weight decreased inside the
greenhouse condition compared to the outside condition and it was concluded that there is a
positive
correlation between fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, and total sugar content.
46
BRINJAL