Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of products like solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
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Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
Chilling is an important activity in food processing. Foods are chilled to extend shelf life by reducing biochemical reactions and microbial activity. Temperature control is essential in order to prevent spoilage and food safety concerns during storage.1
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
With changing lifestyle and increasing demand of the convenience food, this segment of dairy is
becoming extremely essential and it is expected to grow further because of its capability to
solve the problems associated with this perishable product. The manufactured dairy product
i.e. Dried Milk Powder results when the water is removed by boiling the milk under reduced
pressure at low temperature in a process known as evaporation. When we talk of Dried milk
powder we generally talk of Whole milk powder(WMP) and Skim milk powder (SMP).
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by
evaporation from a solid, slurry or liquid. The science behind drying is that dry air comes in
contact with food and absorbs some of the moisture from the food. This air then has to be
blown away and be replaced with dry air so that the process of extracting moisture from the
food can continue until the food is dry.
Irradiation of food is novel technique in food processing area in a recent days operations under which food need to go through. It helps mainly in disinfection of food from microorganisms along with shelf life extension and biological activity inhabitation.
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of products like solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
Membrane filtration technology in food engg.Maya Sharma
Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
Chilling is an important activity in food processing. Foods are chilled to extend shelf life by reducing biochemical reactions and microbial activity. Temperature control is essential in order to prevent spoilage and food safety concerns during storage.1
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
With changing lifestyle and increasing demand of the convenience food, this segment of dairy is
becoming extremely essential and it is expected to grow further because of its capability to
solve the problems associated with this perishable product. The manufactured dairy product
i.e. Dried Milk Powder results when the water is removed by boiling the milk under reduced
pressure at low temperature in a process known as evaporation. When we talk of Dried milk
powder we generally talk of Whole milk powder(WMP) and Skim milk powder (SMP).
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by
evaporation from a solid, slurry or liquid. The science behind drying is that dry air comes in
contact with food and absorbs some of the moisture from the food. This air then has to be
blown away and be replaced with dry air so that the process of extracting moisture from the
food can continue until the food is dry.
Irradiation of food is novel technique in food processing area in a recent days operations under which food need to go through. It helps mainly in disinfection of food from microorganisms along with shelf life extension and biological activity inhabitation.
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Membrane Filtration (TFF) to Enable High Solids...njcnews777
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) Membrane Plants are used in Desalination, Brackish Groundwater Treatment, High Chloride Surface Water Treatment, Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse, Biopharmaceutical, Food & Protein Applications for removal of undesired constituents and harvesting of desireable products. Cross flow membrane filtration technology has been used widely in industry globally. Filtration membranes can be polymeric or ceramic, depending upon the application. The principles of cross-flow filtration are used in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. When purifying water, it can be very cost effective in comparison to the traditional evaporation methods. Techniques to improve performance of cross flow filtration include:
Backwashing: In backwashing, the transmembrane pressure is periodically inverted by the use of a secondary pump, so that permeate flows back into the feed, lifting the fouling layer.
Clean-in-place: Clean-in-place systems are typically used to remove fouling from membranes after extensive use. The CIP process may use detergents, reactive agents such as sodium hypochlorite and acids and alkalis such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Concentration: The volume of the fluid is reduced by allowing permeate flow to occur. Solvent, solutes, and particles smaller than the membrane pore size pass through the membrane, while particles larger than the pore size are retained, and thereby concentrated. In bioprocessing applications, concentration may be followed by diafiltration.
Diafiltration: In order to effectively remove permeate components from the slurry, fresh solvent may be added to the feed to replace the permeate volume, at the same rate as the permeate flow rate, such that the volume in the system remains constant. This is analogous to the washing of filter cake to remove soluble components. Dilution and re-concentration is sometimes also referred to as "diafiltration."
Single-Use Tangential Flow Filtration for Closed ProcessingMerck Life Sciences
Watch the presentation of this webinar here: https://bit.ly/3b7vD60
Closed processing involves use of physical barriers to separate processing fluid from the external environment. This approach reduces capital expenditures and clean room classification while accelerating time to market. This webinar will present a TFF process run in a closed mode.
Closed processing with single-use technologies is a critical enabler for efficient and robust manufacturing for novel modalities as well as continuous biomanufacturing processing. It can also reduce the dependence on classified clean rooms for traditional modalities. This approach helps to mitigate the risk of contamination by adventitious agents while enhancing operator safety.
In this presentation, we discuss the implementation of closed processing for downstream applications and present the design and performance testing of a single use manufacturing-scale tangential flow filtration system to be able to operate in both functionally and fully closed mode.
In this webinar, you will learn:
• The context of closed processing
• Differences between closed and functionally closed processing
• The drivers for adoption
• Its practical implementation to a TFF step
Single-Use Tangential Flow Filtration for Closed ProcessingMilliporeSigma
Watch the presentation of this webinar here: https://bit.ly/3b7vD60
Closed processing involves use of physical barriers to separate processing fluid from the external environment. This approach reduces capital expenditures and clean room classification while accelerating time to market. This webinar will present a TFF process run in a closed mode.
Closed processing with single-use technologies is a critical enabler for efficient and robust manufacturing for novel modalities as well as continuous biomanufacturing processing. It can also reduce the dependence on classified clean rooms for traditional modalities. This approach helps to mitigate the risk of contamination by adventitious agents while enhancing operator safety.
In this presentation, we discuss the implementation of closed processing for downstream applications and present the design and performance testing of a single use manufacturing-scale tangential flow filtration system to be able to operate in both functionally and fully closed mode.
In this webinar, you will learn:
• The context of closed processing
• Differences between closed and functionally closed processing
• The drivers for adoption
• Its practical implementation to a TFF step
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
This presentation includes characteristics of an individual particle in a powder or in a mixture, mean particle size of a mixture or a powder, particle size distribution, fineness modulus etc.
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Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Application of ultrafiltration in lactose separation
1. Application of Ultrafiltration in Lactose Separation
Presented by
Rajpal Raj Bhaskar
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
IIT KHARAGPUR
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Principle
Mode of operation
• Dead-end operation mode
• Cross-flow operation mode
Mode of cleaning
• Cleaning in backwash – mode
• Cleaning in forward flush mode
Integrating membrane systems
Lactose separation
Conclusions
References
3. INTRODUCTION
Ultrafiltration is a part of membrane separation.
It is a pressure driven filtration technology.
It is used to separate the lactose from milk.
It leads the separation through semipermeable membrane.
Playing wide role in waste water treatments.
It is applied in “cross-flow” mode or “dead-end” mode.
4. PRINCIPLE
The basic operating principle of ultrafiltration uses a
pressure induced separation of solutes from solvent
through semi-permeable membrane.
The flux through a membrane is described by Darcy’s
equation.
J= TMP/μRt
Where J is the flux, TMP is the transmembrane
pressure, μ is solvent viscosity and Rt is the total
resistance.
5. MODE OF OPERATION
There are two modes:
“Dead-end” mode.
“Cross-flow” mode.
In both cases the ratio of feed and filtrate is called
“Recovery” and is calculated as:
R= Filtrate flow/Feed flow
7. Dead-End operation mode:
• No circulation of the water takes place.
• This mode is mainly used with raw water of
high quality and less turbidity
Cross-Flow operation mode:
• Concentrate is circulated at a higher flush speed.
• Turbulences over the membrane.
9. To avoid the formation of a thick fouling layer, the
system needs to be cleaned in defined intervals.
There are two modes:
1. Cleaning in backwash mode
2. Cleaning in forward flush mode
MODE OF CLEANING
1. Cleaning in backwash mode:
Filtrate is pressed from the filtrate to the concentrate side
filtrate is either stored in tanks, or is supplied by other
filtrations units.
12. 2. Cleaning in Forward Flush mode:
As this process is not carried out with filtrate but regular
feed water, it does hardly influence the overall recovery of
the system.
Chemical Cleaning:
Taking into consideration the type of foulant, the appropriate
chemical substance is chosen, e.g. Acid, Caustic
(Sodiumhydroxide) or varied disinfection and cleaning
solutions.
13. 1. Flocculation and ultrafiltration:
The removal efficiency of organic carbons that are very
difficult to remove from the raw water in general, can be
increased significantly by dosing of flocculants in front
of the ultrafiltration system.
2. Active carbon and ultrafiltration:
Adding active carbon in front of the ultrafiltration,
substantially improves the removal efficiency of the
system for humic substances and pesticides
INTEGRATING MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
14. 3. Ultrafiltration and nano-filtration:
• Polar pesticides can be reliably removed by applying
a process combination of ultrafiltration and nano-
filtration.
• As a positive side – effect, the water will also be
softened and sulphate will be removed.
4. Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis:
• To desalinate water, a reverse osmosis treatment step
can be applied after the ultrafiltration process.
• With ultrafiltration as pre-treatment, the reverse
osmosis system can be operated more reliably and
with higher flux rates.
15. • Ultrafiltration as a pre-treatment for reverse osmosis is a
reliable barrier for microorganisms and particles.
• It almost completely removes fouling causing
substances.
ADVANTAGES:
I. Ultrafiltration provides a full barrier against
microorganisms and particles
II. The quality of the filtrate is not depending on the feed
water quality
III. Ultrafiltration is able to eliminate chlorine - resistant
pathogens.
IV. Ultrafiltration can be automated easily.
16. V. Concentrate originated by the ultrafiltration process is
only consisting of the water contaminants. The amount
of created and to be disposed sludge is significantly
lower than with conventional treatments.
VI.Compact construction of systems provides lower
investment for buildings and space than with
conventional treatment.
VII.Downstream treatment steps will have higher
productivity due to the fact that nearly all foulants will
have been already removed by ultrafiltration.
VIII.Investment and operation costs for downstream
nanofiltration or reverse osmosis systems are will
decrease substantially, since the systems can be
operated at higher flux rates and with less cleaning
efforts.
17. Ultrafiltration membranes (UF) have molecular weight
cut-off in the range of 1,000-500,000 Daltons.
Lactose can easily pass through the membrane while
retain all fat and milk proteins in the retentate.
The separated lactose in the permeate can be used for
functional foods.
The milk retentate from ultrafiltration is considered to be
concentrated milk which is suitable for cheese and
yoghurt production.
Lactose and proteins concentrations in both permeate
and retentate were measured in order to analyse the data
in terms of permeate flux (J), rejection (R) and %
recovery (R) using the following equation
SEPARATION OF LACTOSE FROM MILK BY
ULTRAFILTRATION
18. J= Vp/A.t
where Vp is the permeate volume, A is the membrane effective area
and t is time.
The rejection of lactose and protein is calculated from the
following equation.
R= ln(Cr/Cf)/ln(VCF)
where Cr and Cf are retentate and feed concentration, respectively.
The equation for volume concentration factor (VCF) is given by
VCF= Vf/Vr
where Vf and Vr are the feed and retentate volume, respectively.
The % recovery of lactose in permeate is calculated from the
fraction of lactose in the permeate recovered from the original feed.
19. % Recovery= Cp.Vp/ Cf.Vf
where Cp and Vp are permeate concentration and permeate volume,
respectively.
Effects of transmembrane pressure:
• Graph presents the permeate flux at different transmembrane
pressure while the feed flow rate was maintained constant at 0.64
L/min.
• In general, there was a linear correlation between the
transmembrane pressure difference and the permeate flux up to 4.5
psig.
• Beyond 4.5 psig, there was no significant increase in the permeate
flux, indicating that it reached the limiting flux.
• At pressure beyond 4.5 psig, % lactose recovery decreased
indicating the concentration polarization problem occurred on the
membrane surface.
20. Graph 1. Effect of transmembrane pressure on permeate flux with a constant feed
flow rate at 0.64 L/min.
21. Table 1. Effects of transmembrane pressure on lactose and protein
rejection.
22. Effects of feed flow rate:
• The transmembrane pressure increased with increasing the feed
flow rate.
• The permeate flux increased with increasing the feed flow rate.
• The concentration polarization effect could be minimized by
operating at high feed flow rate.
• The high recovery of lactose is obtained at the feed flow rate of
1.72 L/min.
• The feed flow rate of 1.72 L/min was considered as the
recommended flow rate because it gave high permeate flux and
high lactose recovery.
24. Graph 3. % recovery of lactose in permeate at different feed flow rate.
25. Table 2. Effects of feed flow rate on lactose and protein rejection.
26. 1. .
1. Both transmembrane pressure and feed flow rate affected the
permeate flux, lactose rejection and % lactose recovery.
2. A high degree of removal of lactose from milk could be
achieved by UF with a minimal or no lost of protein in the
permeate.
3. Have consistent product quality, 35-80% protein product
depending on operating conditions.
4. Do not denature proteins as they use moderate operating
conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
27. REFERENCES
• Alvarez F., Arguello M., Cabero M., Riera F. A., Alvarez R., Iglesias J. R. and
Granda J. (1998). Fermentation of concentrated skim-milk. Effects of different
protein/lactose ratios obtained by ultrafiltration-diafiltration. Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, 76, 10-16.
• Geankoplis C.J, (2011), Membrane Separation Process, Transport Processes And
Separation Process Principles, p. 840, PHI Learning Private Ltd, ISBN-978-81-
2614-9.
• Enrique Ortega-Rivas(2012), Membrane Separations, Non-Thermal Food
Engineering Operations, p.199, Springer Science+Business Media, e-ISBN 978-1-
4614-2038-5.
• Novalin S., Neuhaus W. and Kulbe K. D. (2005). A new innovative process to
produce lactose-reduced skim milk. Journal of Biotechnology, 119, 212-218.