This document provides information on iris flower production, including the history, classification, cultivation, and care of iris plants. Some key points: - Iris flowers come from the iris genus, which includes over 260 species of perennial flowering plants. Irises are classified into rhizome and bulbous types. - Iris cultivation requires full sun, well-drained soil, and planting in late summer or early fall. Proper care includes avoiding high nitrogen fertilizers, mulching, and removing brown foliage after flowering. - Iris flowers are harvested when the color first emerges from the sheath. Proper packaging and cold storage are needed to extend their vase life. While iris production has potential in Pakistan,

1. 1

2. Iris flower Production
Submitted by:
Group no- 06
Muhammad Raziq
15-arid-5095
Submitted to:
Ms. Ismara Malik
Department of Horticulture
PMAS-Arid agriculture university Rawalpindi
2

3. Introduction
Kingdom plantae
Order asparage
Family Iridaceae
Genus iris
Species iris germanica
Iris often called Iridaceae.
A common name for some species is flags.
Genus iris of about 260-300 species.
Perennial flowering plants.
3

4. History
Native to California.
Irises have been cultivated in Italy as well.
In 19th century Italy it was thought that three
people could plant 5000 irises on a daily basis.
In 1876 alone, there was about 10,000 tons of
rhizomes exported to many places including the
United States.
Irises are found all over the world, and irises are
found naturally in Europe, the Middle East,
Northern Africa, Asia, and North America.
4

5. Cultivars
Irises are classified into two major groups:
1. Rhizome Irises and
2. Bulbous Irises.
Rhizome Irises are thickened stems that grow horizontally, either
underground or partially underground.
Three popular irises in this group are:
1. Bearded 2. Beardless and 3. Crested Irises.
5

6. Cultivars
Varieties of Bearded Iris:
Dwarf Bearded Iris
Intermediate Bearded Iris
Miniature Tall Bearded Iris
Tall Bearded Iris
Varieties of Beardless Iris
Japanese Iris
Dutch Iris
Yellow Flag Iris
Blue Flag Iris
 Bulbous irises grow from bulbs that require a period of dormancy after they
have bloomed. The bulbous irises are typically smaller than rhizome irises
and usually produce smaller blossoms
6

7. Different types of flowers
 Among bearded iris, look for flowers in shades
of purple, blue, red, peach, yellow, rose, black and white.
Purple color Blue color
7

8. Different types of flowers
Red color Peach color Yellow color
8

9. Different types of flowers
Rose color Block color White color
9

10. Importance and uses
Irises are coveted as one of the finest herbaceous perennials.
 Popular iris species used in the landscape.
 For example
Japanese iris and
Crested iris
Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used
in aromatherapy as sedative medicines.
iris flowers use for flavor and color.
Iris roots are used to treat skin diseases.
 The juice of Irises are also sometimes used as a cosmetic for the
removal of freckles on the skin.
10

11. Classification
The classify of iris flowers among three species:
1. setosa
2. versicolor
3. virginica
 From measurements of length and width of sepals and
petals.
The iris data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each,
where each class refers to a type of iris plant.
11

12. Photoperiod
Iris flower are many spring and fall
flowering plants are short day plants, including
chrysanthemums, poinsettias and Christmas
cactus.
The photoperiod is the number of hours of
daylight in a 24-hour period.
12

13. Propagation
Asexual propagation of plants includes:
Divisions
Cuttings
Layering
In the case of irises, the main way to increase the number of
plants asexually is by division.
When you propagate plants by division, you also get clones
of the original plant.
There are many options when it comes to the propagation of
irises.
Propagation by:
Seed
Grafting
Layering and
Tissue culture
13

14. Cultivation
Irises do their best in strong light, with at least six
hours of sunshine a day.
They prefer a neutral soil, with plenty of organic
material worked in, and good drainage. And many
prefer to be located in a bed of their own.
Before planting, soil should be loosened with a
fork to a depth of 12 to 16 inches, with 2 to 4
inches of compost or well-rotted manure mixed
into the top layer.
Rhizomes can be planted any time after blooming,
from mid-summer to early autumn, and bulbs can
be planted in spring or fall.
14

15. Planting
Irises need at least half a day of sun and well-drained
soil.
They prefer fertile, neutral to slightly acidic soil.
 If your soil is very acidic, sweeten it with a bit of lime,
and forbear summer watering, which can lead to rot.
Bearded irises must not be shaded by other plants, many
do best in a special bed on their own.
Soil drainage is very important. Loosen the soil with a
tiller or garden fork to a depth of 12 to 15 inches, then
mix in a 2- to 4-inch layer of compost.
Plant iris in mid- to late summer.
15

16. Care
Avoid applying high-nitrogen fertilizers to the surface or
carelessly mulching with organic matter, which may encourage
rhizome rot.
Keep rhizomes exposed. Unlike bulbs, which thrive deep
underground, iris rhizomes need a bit of sun and air to dry them
out. If they’re covered with soil or crowded by other plants,
they’ll rot.
 Irises may benefit from shallow mulching in the spring.
Don’t trim iris leaves after they have finished blooming.
 Leaves carry on photosynthesis for next year’s growth.
Cut off brown tips and cut the flowering stalk down to the
rhizome to discourage rot.
If iris foliage is hit with heavy frost, remove and destroy it to
eliminate borer eggs.
16

17. Temperature
Irises require at least a half-day (6-8 hours) of
direct sunlight.
 Some afternoon shade is beneficial in
extremely hot climates, but in general irises do
best in full sun.
Iris will grow in deep shade, but probably not
flower.
17

18. Fertilization
The soil type for your area will determine your fertilizer
needs. Superphosphate, or a well-balanced fertilizer with an
N-P-K ratio of 10-10-10 or 5-10-10 are recommended.
 Avoid anything high in nitrogen as it encourages soft growth
that is susceptible to disease.
Provide a light application in early spring and again a month
after bloom.
Place fertilizer around rhizomes, not directly on them.
18

19. Soil Preparation
irises will thrive in most well drained soils.
Adding humus - compost - or other organic material -
will improve drainage.
Gypsum is an excellent soil conditioner that can
improve most clay soils.
The ideal pH for irises is 6.8 (slightly acidic) but irises
are quite tolerant of less-than-perfect soils.
Lime may be added to acidic soils and sulfur may be
added to alkaline soils.
19

20. Irrigation
 The watering frequency will depend to a great extent
on your environment.
After planting, water well and continue watering until
the first good rain.
If lack of rain persists, watering should be deep
enough to penetrate the shallow root system.
Less frequent deep watering is better than frequent
shallow watering.
20

21. Iris flower production
Irises generally bloom in late spring and early
summer. Some produce flowers for a second time in
late summer.
 The leaves of an iris plant are generally tall, narrow,
and sword-shaped.
 Irises are perennial plants and grow from rhizomes
or bulbs, depending on the species.
21

22. Pests/diseases
Irises are deer-resistant and drought-tolerant.
However, they are susceptible to borers, so check the rhizomes
(fleshy roots) yearly for holes, discarding any infested ones.
Verbena bud moth
Whiteflies
Iris weevil
Thrips
Slugs
Snails
Aphids and
Nematodes may also be troublesome.
22

23. Post harvest technology
Harvesting
Iris should be harvested in the ‘pencil tip’ stage, when a line of color projects out of
the sheathing leaves.
Grading
Grading is a very important operation because after proper grading only one can get
good quality desired flowers.
Based on the stem length, flower appearance, number of flower, stem straightness,
color and freshness of flowers.
 A good quality flower stem should be long, straight and healthy, having better
colored flowers without side shoots and free from damage, pests and diseases.
23

24. Packaging
Postharvest life of flowers depends upon efficient
packaging and storage.
 Appropriate packaging of flowers combined with
pulsing is helpful to ensure fresh quality of flowers
for consumer and also offers potential advantage of
extending vase-life.
24

25. Cold storage
Pre-cooling is essential for removing field heat from the flowers.
 This is done either by forced air cooling or hydro cooling to bring
down temperature from 20°-30°C to 10°C in a relatively short
period of time.
The minimum temperature that irises can tolerate is 0°C and the
maximum average daily temperature is 20°C.
25

26. Status of Cut Flower Production in Pakistan
Due to the varied agro-climatic conditions and relatively low cost of
production, Pakistan has immense opportunities not only to meet the
local demands of both traditional and cut flowers but also a high
potential for export.
Floricultural crops are highly perishable and require immense care for
production and marketing, they involve some technicality that may
boost the returns or lead to failure for which new techniques and
technologies.
 Most of the flowers produced in Pakistan are sold locally and very few
are exported as our produce does not meet the international export
standards’ large numbers of cut flowers are wasted because of lack of
infrastructure, post harvest mishandlings and improper marketing.
 The important cut flowers that have a known name in Pakistani trade
are Roses, Gladiolus, Iris, Carnation, Lilies and Gerbera.
26

27. Status of Cut Flower Production in Pakistan
Statistical data reveals that almost 10 to 12 Thousand tons of
floricultural products are produced in Pakistan on an estimated
area of 6880 hectares with no data available on fresh flowers.
In Pakistan, most of the flowers are produced in winter season
when Europe sinks in the snow and most of the traditional
functions are held during that period.
Our country is rich in resources and has got favorable climate
conditions that are very helpful for raising cut flower.
Pakistan can earn its foreign exchange in billions of U.S.
dollars through export fresh flowers and flower buds like the
countries Sri Lanka, Iran, India, Kenya, Singapore and
Thailand etc.
27

28. Cut flower market in Pakistan
As compared to other provinces floriculture is relatively better
developed in Punjab due to increasing competition in agriculture
sector and the presence of major markets of Lahore, Rawalpindi,
Faisalabad and Islamabad.
 However it is still far behind in competition at international
level. Pattoki is the major center for floricultural production and
marketing in Pakistan.
 In recent years flower production has also increased in Kasur
and Sheikhupura districts.
 Other flower areas include Lahore, Chunian, Okara, Kallarkhar,
Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Narowal, Sahiwal, Gujranwala,
Manshara and Abbotabad.
 Major buyers of the cut flower are in the larger cities including
Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore, and Islamabad. However marketing
of cut flowers in these areas is still unorganized.
28

29. THANK YOU
ANY???