Prostaglandin
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The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derived enzymatically from fatty acids.
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Prostaglandins
Any of a group of potent hormone like substances that are produced in various mammalian tissues, are derived from arachidonic acid, and mediate a wide range of physiological functions, such as control of blood pressure, contraction of uterine, smooth muscle, and modulation of inflammation.
PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins are collectively known as eicosanoids. They are derived from arachidonic acid and contain 20 carbons. Prostaglandins differ in their structures based on substituent groups and double bonds on their cyclopentane rings. Arachidonic acid is oxidized and cyclized to produce prostaglandin precursors. These eicosanoids act as local hormones and are involved in various physiological processes like inflammation, reproduction, gastric secretion, blood pressure regulation, and immunity. They have diverse roles and regulating pain, fever, respiration, metabolism, and platelet aggregation.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are locally-acting lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway. They have diverse hormone-like effects and are produced throughout the body, acting on nearby cells through G-protein coupled receptors. Prostaglandins have many functions including regulating inflammation, sensitizing neurons to pain, inducing labor, and vasodilation. They are different from true hormones as they act locally rather than at a distance and are synthesized as needed rather than being stored.
Postaglandines
A presentation related to Postaglandins and its synthesis and uses presented by Mridul Hussain and for the Medical and Medicine related students.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid that act as local hormones near their site of formation. They have roles in inflammation, fever regulation, and reproductive processes. Examples include prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is produced from arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities of prostaglandin H2 synthase. Prostaglandins affect other cells via G-protein coupled receptors and have diverse functions.
Prostaglandins
The document discusses prostaglandins, including their classification, biosynthesis, physiological effects, and inhibitors. It summarizes a 1971 study that discovered the mechanism of action of aspirin and other NSAIDs. The study found that incubating guinea pig lung tissue with arachidonic acid leads to increased production of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2α over time. Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate were shown to inhibit this prostaglandin production in a dose-dependent manner. This established that aspirin-like drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins
By Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD pharmacology
considering the complex nature of this topic, i am hereby providing a comprehensive review of prostaglandins and its various effects in the body, which after a through go through should be enough for simplifying the understanding of prostaglandins
Prostaglandins pharmacology
This document discusses prostaglandins, which are locally acting hormone-like lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins have diverse roles in processes like inflammation, fever regulation, and reproduction. They act by binding G protein-coupled receptors on target cells. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin production by blocking the enzyme prostaglandin-H synthase. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits this enzyme through acetylation, reducing thromboxane formation in platelets and thus having an anti-clotting effect.
Recommended
Prostaglandins
Any of a group of potent hormone like substances that are produced in various mammalian tissues, are derived from arachidonic acid, and mediate a wide range of physiological functions, such as control of blood pressure, contraction of uterine, smooth muscle, and modulation of inflammation.
PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins are collectively known as eicosanoids. They are derived from arachidonic acid and contain 20 carbons. Prostaglandins differ in their structures based on substituent groups and double bonds on their cyclopentane rings. Arachidonic acid is oxidized and cyclized to produce prostaglandin precursors. These eicosanoids act as local hormones and are involved in various physiological processes like inflammation, reproduction, gastric secretion, blood pressure regulation, and immunity. They have diverse roles and regulating pain, fever, respiration, metabolism, and platelet aggregation.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are locally-acting lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway. They have diverse hormone-like effects and are produced throughout the body, acting on nearby cells through G-protein coupled receptors. Prostaglandins have many functions including regulating inflammation, sensitizing neurons to pain, inducing labor, and vasodilation. They are different from true hormones as they act locally rather than at a distance and are synthesized as needed rather than being stored.
Postaglandines
A presentation related to Postaglandins and its synthesis and uses presented by Mridul Hussain and for the Medical and Medicine related students.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid that act as local hormones near their site of formation. They have roles in inflammation, fever regulation, and reproductive processes. Examples include prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is produced from arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities of prostaglandin H2 synthase. Prostaglandins affect other cells via G-protein coupled receptors and have diverse functions.
Prostaglandins
The document discusses prostaglandins, including their classification, biosynthesis, physiological effects, and inhibitors. It summarizes a 1971 study that discovered the mechanism of action of aspirin and other NSAIDs. The study found that incubating guinea pig lung tissue with arachidonic acid leads to increased production of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2α over time. Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate were shown to inhibit this prostaglandin production in a dose-dependent manner. This established that aspirin-like drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins
By Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD pharmacology
considering the complex nature of this topic, i am hereby providing a comprehensive review of prostaglandins and its various effects in the body, which after a through go through should be enough for simplifying the understanding of prostaglandins
Prostaglandins pharmacology
This document discusses prostaglandins, which are locally acting hormone-like lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins have diverse roles in processes like inflammation, fever regulation, and reproduction. They act by binding G protein-coupled receptors on target cells. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin production by blocking the enzyme prostaglandin-H synthase. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits this enzyme through acetylation, reducing thromboxane formation in platelets and thus having an anti-clotting effect.
PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins are hormone-like lipid compounds that are produced in various tissues and mediate important physiological functions. They were discovered in the 1930s and their chemical structures were elucidated in the 1950s. Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson, and John Vane conducted seminal research in the 1960s and 1970s on prostaglandin biosynthesis, metabolism, and physiological roles. Their work showed that prostaglandins are derived from fatty acids and mediate processes like inflammation and reproduction. Bergström, Samuelsson, and Vane received the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are biologically active lipid compounds derived from fatty acids. The two main prostaglandins, PGE2 and PGF2α, are released during mechanical, chemical, or infectious insults and play a key role in inflammation. They are synthesized from cell membrane phospholipids and have diverse pharmacological actions in various organ systems. Prostaglandins act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors depending on the tissue, and are involved in processes like uterine contraction, bronchodilation, renal function, and hormone release. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins include cervical ripening, labor induction, postpartum hemorrhage control, and abortion induction.
physiological role of prostaglandin
Prostaglandins are locally acting lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid. They have diverse hormone-like effects and are synthesized in almost every tissue. The main classes are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2α, I2, and thromboxane A2. They regulate processes like uterine contraction, bronchodilation, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. Prostaglandins are rapidly degraded and have short half-lives. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit their synthesis. Clinically, prostaglandins are used to induce labor, treat ulcers, control bleeding, and manage glaucoma and erectile dysfunction. Side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and darkening of
Prostaglandins.bioch212pptx
This document outlines the topics covered in a lecture on prostaglandins. The lecture will discuss an overview of prostaglandins, the different types of prostaglandins, their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, inhibition of their synthesis, their biochemical actions including effects on blood pressure, inflammation, reproduction, and more. The lecture will also cover the biomedical applications of prostaglandins such as induction of labor and treatment of peptic ulcers.
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Examples of important eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Sex hormones
This document discusses sex hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, antiestrogens, and antiprogestins. It provides details on the natural and synthetic forms of estrogens and progesterone, their receptors, mechanisms of action, regulation, and uses. The key points are:
- Estrogens and progesterone are secreted by the ovaries and play important roles in the female reproductive system and other body processes.
- They act through nuclear receptors and genomic/nongenomic signaling pathways to regulate gene expression.
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can act as agonists or antagonists depending on the tissue.
- Progestins and antiestrogens/antiprogestins are
Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from the oxidation of arachidonic acid by leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. They are produced in response to immunological and non-immunological stimuli. There are two main types of leukotrienes - leukotriene B4, which is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), which are produced by mast cells and eosinophils and cause bronchoconstriction. Leukotrienes exert their effects through G-protein coupled receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades involving phospholipase C and increases in intracellular calcium. They
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are a group of fatty acids derived from membrane phospholipids that act as local hormones and mediate diverse physiological functions like inflammation. They are synthesized through the cyclooxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid to form prostaglandin H2, which is then converted to various prostaglandins like PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, TXA2. Prostaglandins act through G-protein coupled receptors to exert effects like vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, uterine contraction, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. They are involved in reproductive processes and are used therapeutically for induction of labor, cervical ripening, abortion, treatment of peptic ulcers and pulmonary hypertension
EICOSANOIDS
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Thromboxane
Yasin Arafat is presenting information about thromboxane as part of his studies in the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh. Thromboxane is produced from arachidonic acid by platelets and causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, facilitating blood clot formation. It works by binding to G-protein coupled receptors. Common thromboxane inhibitors include aspirin, which inhibits thromboxane synthesis, and thromboxane receptor antagonists.
Progesterone hormone.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryo development in humans. It is formed in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy and the placenta during late pregnancy. Progesterone binds to receptors found throughout the body, including the central nervous system, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Physiologically, progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy, prevents uterine contractions, and supports the corpus luteum until the placenta can secrete progesterone in later stages of pregnancy. Normal progesterone levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Both low and high progesterone can cause various symptoms and may be due to conditions like hypothyroidism, menopause, or cancers.
Androgen - Male sex hormone
Androgens are male sex hormones that cause the development of secondary sex characteristics in males. The primary androgen is testosterone, which is produced in the testes and regulated by LH from the pituitary gland. Testosterone promotes the growth of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics at puberty such as facial and body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle and bone growth. It works by binding to androgen receptors and enhancing protein synthesis. Common androgen preparations are used to treat conditions like testicular failure, aging-related low testosterone, and erectile dysfunction. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors like sildenafil are a treatment for erectile dysfunction by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide
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The two main sex hormones — estrogen and testosterone — have wide-ranging effects in the body. Produced primarily by the ovaries (estrogen) and testes (testosterone), these hormones affect not just your sexual function but also your bones, brain, and blood vessels.
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This document compares four main types of prostaglandins: PGI2, PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2α. PGI2 regulates cardiovascular homeostasis through vasodilation and platelet inhibition. PGD2 is involved in regulating sleep and pain perception in the brain and inflammation in tissues. PGE2 mediates immune responses and various physiological functions through different receptors. PGF2α derived from COX-1 plays roles in female reproduction and other processes such as renal function and inflammation.
Androgens
Androgens are male sex hormones like testosterone and androsterone. They are produced in the testes and adrenal glands and stimulate male sex characteristics and functions. Androgens are metabolized in the liver to steroids like androsterone and etiocholanolone which are excreted in urine. Progesterone is a hormone produced by the corpus luteum in ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains early pregnancy. It is also produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands and placenta during pregnancy. Relaxin is another hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy that may promote mammary development and have anti-diuretic effects.
prostaglandinsPG leukotrienesLT thromboxinesTX
This document discusses eicosanoids, which are oxygenation products of arachidonic acid. It specifically focuses on prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are local hormones derived from arachidonic acid that have many functions, including roles in inflammation, smooth muscle tone, blood coagulation, reproduction, and GI secretion. The document outlines the pathways and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, including the roles of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. It also discusses the actions and clinical applications of various prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins by Dr. Ashok kumar j
Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that have diverse physiological effects in the body. They are synthesized from membrane phospholipids containing arachidonic acid. The main prostaglandins produced in the body are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2, I2, and thromboxane A2. Prostaglandins function through G-protein coupled receptors and have very short half-lives. They are involved in processes like vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and modulation of uterine contractions and gastric acid secretion.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are 20 carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid. They are produced in various tissues and act as local hormones, regulating processes like blood pressure, reproduction, pain and fever. Examples include prostaglandin E2, D2, I2 and F2α. Prostaglandins have important biochemical actions and biomedical applications, such as treatment of ulcers, hypertension, asthma, and induction of labor.
Insulin and its mechanism of action.
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
Prostaglandins-Introduction and Biological Importance
Contains introduction to prostaglandins and their biological importance, occurrence and general structure
Prostaglandins,Angiotensin,Bradykinin-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,Lecturer
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
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PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins are hormone-like lipid compounds that are produced in various tissues and mediate important physiological functions. They were discovered in the 1930s and their chemical structures were elucidated in the 1950s. Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson, and John Vane conducted seminal research in the 1960s and 1970s on prostaglandin biosynthesis, metabolism, and physiological roles. Their work showed that prostaglandins are derived from fatty acids and mediate processes like inflammation and reproduction. Bergström, Samuelsson, and Vane received the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are biologically active lipid compounds derived from fatty acids. The two main prostaglandins, PGE2 and PGF2α, are released during mechanical, chemical, or infectious insults and play a key role in inflammation. They are synthesized from cell membrane phospholipids and have diverse pharmacological actions in various organ systems. Prostaglandins act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors depending on the tissue, and are involved in processes like uterine contraction, bronchodilation, renal function, and hormone release. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins include cervical ripening, labor induction, postpartum hemorrhage control, and abortion induction.
physiological role of prostaglandin
Prostaglandins are locally acting lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid. They have diverse hormone-like effects and are synthesized in almost every tissue. The main classes are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2α, I2, and thromboxane A2. They regulate processes like uterine contraction, bronchodilation, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. Prostaglandins are rapidly degraded and have short half-lives. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit their synthesis. Clinically, prostaglandins are used to induce labor, treat ulcers, control bleeding, and manage glaucoma and erectile dysfunction. Side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and darkening of
Prostaglandins.bioch212pptx
This document outlines the topics covered in a lecture on prostaglandins. The lecture will discuss an overview of prostaglandins, the different types of prostaglandins, their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, inhibition of their synthesis, their biochemical actions including effects on blood pressure, inflammation, reproduction, and more. The lecture will also cover the biomedical applications of prostaglandins such as induction of labor and treatment of peptic ulcers.
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Examples of important eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Sex hormones
This document discusses sex hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, antiestrogens, and antiprogestins. It provides details on the natural and synthetic forms of estrogens and progesterone, their receptors, mechanisms of action, regulation, and uses. The key points are:
- Estrogens and progesterone are secreted by the ovaries and play important roles in the female reproductive system and other body processes.
- They act through nuclear receptors and genomic/nongenomic signaling pathways to regulate gene expression.
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can act as agonists or antagonists depending on the tissue.
- Progestins and antiestrogens/antiprogestins are
Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from the oxidation of arachidonic acid by leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. They are produced in response to immunological and non-immunological stimuli. There are two main types of leukotrienes - leukotriene B4, which is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), which are produced by mast cells and eosinophils and cause bronchoconstriction. Leukotrienes exert their effects through G-protein coupled receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades involving phospholipase C and increases in intracellular calcium. They
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are a group of fatty acids derived from membrane phospholipids that act as local hormones and mediate diverse physiological functions like inflammation. They are synthesized through the cyclooxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid to form prostaglandin H2, which is then converted to various prostaglandins like PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, TXA2. Prostaglandins act through G-protein coupled receptors to exert effects like vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, uterine contraction, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. They are involved in reproductive processes and are used therapeutically for induction of labor, cervical ripening, abortion, treatment of peptic ulcers and pulmonary hypertension
EICOSANOIDS
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Thromboxane
Yasin Arafat is presenting information about thromboxane as part of his studies in the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh. Thromboxane is produced from arachidonic acid by platelets and causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, facilitating blood clot formation. It works by binding to G-protein coupled receptors. Common thromboxane inhibitors include aspirin, which inhibits thromboxane synthesis, and thromboxane receptor antagonists.
Progesterone hormone.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryo development in humans. It is formed in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy and the placenta during late pregnancy. Progesterone binds to receptors found throughout the body, including the central nervous system, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Physiologically, progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy, prevents uterine contractions, and supports the corpus luteum until the placenta can secrete progesterone in later stages of pregnancy. Normal progesterone levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Both low and high progesterone can cause various symptoms and may be due to conditions like hypothyroidism, menopause, or cancers.
Androgen - Male sex hormone
Androgens are male sex hormones that cause the development of secondary sex characteristics in males. The primary androgen is testosterone, which is produced in the testes and regulated by LH from the pituitary gland. Testosterone promotes the growth of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics at puberty such as facial and body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle and bone growth. It works by binding to androgen receptors and enhancing protein synthesis. Common androgen preparations are used to treat conditions like testicular failure, aging-related low testosterone, and erectile dysfunction. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors like sildenafil are a treatment for erectile dysfunction by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide
sex hormones pharmacology
The two main sex hormones — estrogen and testosterone — have wide-ranging effects in the body. Produced primarily by the ovaries (estrogen) and testes (testosterone), these hormones affect not just your sexual function but also your bones, brain, and blood vessels.
Types of prostaglandins
This document compares four main types of prostaglandins: PGI2, PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2α. PGI2 regulates cardiovascular homeostasis through vasodilation and platelet inhibition. PGD2 is involved in regulating sleep and pain perception in the brain and inflammation in tissues. PGE2 mediates immune responses and various physiological functions through different receptors. PGF2α derived from COX-1 plays roles in female reproduction and other processes such as renal function and inflammation.
Androgens
Androgens are male sex hormones like testosterone and androsterone. They are produced in the testes and adrenal glands and stimulate male sex characteristics and functions. Androgens are metabolized in the liver to steroids like androsterone and etiocholanolone which are excreted in urine. Progesterone is a hormone produced by the corpus luteum in ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains early pregnancy. It is also produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands and placenta during pregnancy. Relaxin is another hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy that may promote mammary development and have anti-diuretic effects.
prostaglandinsPG leukotrienesLT thromboxinesTX
This document discusses eicosanoids, which are oxygenation products of arachidonic acid. It specifically focuses on prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are local hormones derived from arachidonic acid that have many functions, including roles in inflammation, smooth muscle tone, blood coagulation, reproduction, and GI secretion. The document outlines the pathways and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, including the roles of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. It also discusses the actions and clinical applications of various prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins by Dr. Ashok kumar j
Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that have diverse physiological effects in the body. They are synthesized from membrane phospholipids containing arachidonic acid. The main prostaglandins produced in the body are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2, I2, and thromboxane A2. Prostaglandins function through G-protein coupled receptors and have very short half-lives. They are involved in processes like vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and modulation of uterine contractions and gastric acid secretion.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are 20 carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid. They are produced in various tissues and act as local hormones, regulating processes like blood pressure, reproduction, pain and fever. Examples include prostaglandin E2, D2, I2 and F2α. Prostaglandins have important biochemical actions and biomedical applications, such as treatment of ulcers, hypertension, asthma, and induction of labor.
Insulin and its mechanism of action.
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
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This document provides an overview of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. It discusses their introduction, classification, chemical structures, biosynthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, functions, and applications. Specifically, it notes that prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid and have diverse hormone-like effects. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from arachidonic acid oxidation. They are involved in inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions. Thromboxanes are involved in blood clotting and are derived from arachidonic acid through the action of thromboxane-A-synthase.
Chemistry of Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes.pptx
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PPT of Eicosanoids and PAF
Eicosanoids are a large group of autocoids derived from 20-carbon fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and others. Arachidonic acid is formed from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 or C. The main pathways of eicosanoid biosynthesis are the cyclooxygenase pathway producing prostaglandins and thromboxane, and the lipoxygenase pathway producing leukotrienes. Eicosanoids have diverse actions in vascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems and are involved in processes like inflammation and platelet aggregation. They have therapeutic uses such as induction of labor and treatment of peptic ul
Prostaglandins by dr. s.k.p - their classification
Eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes are locally acting lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. They are produced through the cyclooxygenase pathway (leading to prostanoids like prostaglandins) or lipoxygenase pathway (leading to leukotrienes). These lipid mediators have diverse effects in various organ systems and play important roles in processes like inflammation. Some eicosanoids and their analogues have therapeutic uses like inducing labor or treating asthma, while antagonists of leukotrienes and platelet-activating factor are being investigated as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Arachidonic acid metabolism
1. Arachidonic acid is released from cell membranes and metabolized via either the cyclooxygenase pathway or lipoxygenase pathway to produce prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins.
2. These metabolites are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, hemostasis, smooth muscle contraction, and pain sensation.
3. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs function by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, thereby blocking prostaglandin production and reducing inflammation.
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Pancreatic tumor
This case study describes a 77-year-old man who presented with jaundice, weight loss, and an abdominal mass. Imaging revealed a pancreatic head mass obstructing the bile duct. Biopsy confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The document then summarizes the types of pancreatic tumors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of exocrine pancreatic cancer and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. It describes functioning tumors that secrete hormones and non-functioning tumors, as well as specific types such as insulinomas and gastrinomas. Diagnostic tests like CT, biopsy, and tumor markers are discussed along with surgical and medical management options.
Portal hypertention
Portal hypertension is defined as a portal venous pressure above 10 mmHg. It can be caused by pre-hepatic issues like blockages in the portal vein or post-hepatic issues like Budd-Chiari syndrome. Common complications include variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Diagnosis involves clinical features, endoscopy, and imaging. Treatment options range from medications and endoscopic procedures to TIPS, shunts, and liver transplantation.
Thyroid carcinoma
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, affecting women three times more than men. Risk factors include exposure to radiation, family history, low iodine diet, and older age. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment options include surgery to remove all or parts of the thyroid gland, hormone therapy, radioactive iodine therapy, external beam radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy depending on the cancer stage.
Proximal femur fractures
This document discusses types of proximal femur fractures, including fractures of the femoral head, femoral neck, and trochanter region. It describes femoral head fractures as intra-articular fractures that may be associated with hip dislocations or other injuries. Treatment of these fractures aims to anatomically reduce the fracture fragments to restore the articular surface through open reduction and internal fixation using screws if needed for split fractures or large fragments. Femoral neck fractures are also discussed, along with femoral neck stress fractures and treatment options for femoral neck fractures.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
Pneumonia (propdeutics)
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of renal function,[4][5] (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months)[5] with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50%[5] or 75%[4] of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies. If left untreated, it rapidly progresses into acute renal failure[6] and death within months. In 50% of cases, RPGN is associated with an underlying disease such as Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or granulomatosis with polyangiitis; the remaining cases are idiopathic. Regardless of the underlying cause, RPGN involves severe injury to the kidneys' glomeruli, with many of the glomeruli containing characteristic glomerular crescents (crescent-shaped scars)
Kidney tumor
Kidney cancer -- also called renal cancer -- is a disease in which kidney cells become malignant (cancerous) and grow out of control, forming a tumor. Almost all kidney cancers first appear in the lining of tiny tubes (tubules) in the kidney. This type of kidney cancer is called renal cell carcinoma.
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg
S. pyogenes bacteria at 900x magnification
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus: Streptococcus
Species: S. pyogenes
Binomial name
Streptococcus pyogenes
Rosenbach 1884
Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. These bacteria are aerotolerant and an extracellular bacterium, made up of non-motile and non-sporing cocci. As expected with a streptococci, it is clinically important in human illness. It is an infrequent, but usually pathogenic, part of the skin microbiota. It is the predominant species harboring the Lancefield group A antigen, and is often called group A streptococcus (GAS). However, both Streptococcus dysgalactiae and the Streptococcus anginosus group can possess group A antigen. Group A streptococci when grown on blood agar typically produces small zones of beta-hemolysis, a complete destruction of red blood cells. (A zone size of 2–3 mm is typical.) It is thus also called group A (beta-hemolytic) streptococcus (GABHS), and can make colonies greater than 5 mm in size.[1]
Like other cocci, streptococci are round bacteria. The name is derived from Greek words meaning chain(Strepto) of berries (coccus) and pus(pyo)-forming(genes), because streptococcal cells tend to link in chains of round cells (see image) and a number of infections caused by the bacterium, produce pus. Streptococci are can be catalase positive or negative.[2] S. pyogenes can be cultured on blood agar plates. Under ideal conditions, it has an incubation period of 1 to 3 days.[3]
An estimated 700 million GAS infections occur worldwide each year. While the overall mortality rate for these infections is 0.1%, over 650,000 of the cases are severe and invasive, and have a mortality rate of 25%.[4] Early recognition and treatment are critical; diagnostic failure can result in sepsis and death.[5][6]
Respiratory system
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs.[1] Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs called alveoli in mammals and reptiles, but atria in birds. These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood.[2] These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles. In birds the bronchioles are termed parabronchi. It is the bronchioles, or parabronchi that generally open into the microscopic alveoli in mammals and atria in birds. Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.[9][10] It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age.[1][2] The symptoms appear before a person is twelve years old, are present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, or recreational activities). children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance
Gastrointestinal tract presentation
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system
Mitral stenosis (propeduetics)
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that blocks (obstructs) blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually results from rheumatic fever, but infants can be born with the condition. Mitral stenosis does not cause symptoms unless it is severe
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that makes your skin red and itchy. It's common in children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare periodically. It may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever.
Anaphylatic shock (1)
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Prostaglandin
- 2. • The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. • They are derived enzymatically from fatty acids. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5- carbon ring. • They are a subclass of eicosanoids and of the prostanoid class of fatty acid derivatives. • they are not secreted from a gland, but rather are created at the time they are needed directly where the problem exists.
- 3. • Structures of the more common prostaglandins A, E, and F are structurally related to prosranoic acid. • Specific prostaglandins are named with a letter (which indicates the type of ring structure) followed by a number (which indicates the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon structure). For example, prostaglandin E1 is abbreviated PGE1 or PGE1, and prostaglandin I2 is abbreviated PGI2 or PGI2.
- 5. • PGE2 contains a carboxyl group, a beta-hydroxy-ketone ring, a secondary alkylic alcohol and two carbon-carbon double bonds.
- 6. • A series are alpha and beta-unsarurated ketones.
- 9. • cause constriction or dilation in vascular smooth muscle cells • cause aggregation or disaggregation of platelets • sensitize spinal neurons to pain • induce labor • decrease intraocular pressure • regulate inflammation • regulate calcium movement • regulate hormones • control cell growth • acts on thermoregulatory center of hypothalamus to produce fever
- 11. • Synthesized aerobically from polyunsaturated fatty acids. • Multienzyme comples called Prostaglandin H Synthase (PGHS). • PGHS is present as two component– Cyclo-oxygenasesystem and peroxidase system. • PGHS is present as two isozymes PGHS1 & PGHS2. • Phospholipase A2 released from cell membrane hydrolysis phospholipids into lysophospholipids and arachidonic acid. • Arachidonic acid converted to PG by oxidative cyclization with cyclo-oxygenase of PGHS. • This system forms the first unstable cyclic endoperoxide PG- G2. • PG-G2 is converted to PG-H2 by glutathionine dependent peroxidase component of PGHS system. • PG-H2 is the precursor of Prostanoids.
- 13. 1. Inflammation: -PGs are natural mediators of inflammation. -PGE2 & PGE1 induce signs of inflammation, edness , heat, swelling, edema. 2. Pain & Fever: -PGE2 can enhance the intensity & duration of pain caused by bradykinin & histamin. 3.Reproduction: -PGE2 & PGF2 have been used to induce parturition as well as terminate pregnancy. -PGE series of PG play role male infertility.
- 14. 4. Peptic Ulcers: - synthetic PGs have been useful in inhibiting gastric secretions in patients with gastric ulcers. 5. Regulation of Blood Pressure: -PGE, PGA & PGI2 being vasodilators lower the systemic arterial pressure , increase local blood flow . - help in treating hypertension. 6.PGI2 inhibit platelet aggregation. 7. PGE2 & TXA2 promote clotting process.
- 16. • NSAIDs--inhibit cyclooxygenase: Eg: aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone. • Corticosteroids--inhibit phospholipase A2 production: Eg: hydrocortisone, prednisone, beta- mathasone. • COX-2 selective inhibitors or coxibs: Eg: anexins. • Cyclopentenone prostaglandins may play a role in inhibiting inflammation.
- 17. • The most important dietary precursor of prostaglandins is linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. About I0g of linoleic acid is ingested daily in adults. A small part of this intake is converted by elongation and desaturation in liver to arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoicacid) and to some extent to dihomo-y-linoleic acid. Since the total daily excretion of prostaglandins and their metabolites is only about I mg. • Rapidly removed from circulation. • Upto 90% of PGs are destroyed in liver.