Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.

1. AJITH PRASAD JOSEPH
GROUP 4

2.  Pneumonia – this is an inflammation in the
lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses or
fungi which is characterized by intraalveolar
exudation
 Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of
the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs
known as alveoli Typically symptoms include
some combination of productive or
dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble
breathing.Severity is variable.

5.  Route of entry
- Inhalation
- Aspiration
- Bloodborne

6.  Nasal hair
 Dynamics of airflow
 Cough
 Mucous
 Mucociliary apparatus
 Bacterial interference
 Immunoglobulin
 Surfactant
 Fibronectin
 Complement
 Cytokines
 Alveolar macrophages
 Polymorphonuclear leucocytes
 Cell-mediated immunity

7.  Pneumonia is due to infections caused
primarily by bacteria or viruses and less
commonly by fungi and parasites.
 Conditions and risk factors that predispose to
pneumonia,include smoking, immunodeficieny
, alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, liver
disease, and old age

9.  Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a
combination of physical signs and a chest X-ray
 The World Health Organization has defined
pneumonia in children clinically based on either
a cough or difficulty breathing and a rapid
respiratory rate, chest indrawing , or a decreased
level of consciousness. A rapid respiratory rate is
defined as greater than 60 breaths per minute in
children under 2 months old, greater than 50
breaths per minute in children 2 months to 1 year
old, or greater than 40 breaths per minute in
children 1 to 5 years old

10.  In persons requiring hospitalization, pulse
oximetry, chest radiography and blood tests—
including a complete blood count, serum
electrolytes, C-reactive protein level, and
possibly liver function tests—are
recommended.
 The diagnosis of influenza-like illness can be
made based on the signs and symptoms

11.  Examination of the chest may be normal, but it
may show decreased chest expansion on the
affected side
 Harsh breath sounds from the larger airways
that are transmitted through the inflamed lung
are termed bronchial breathing and are heard
on auscultation with a stethoscope.
 Crackles (rales) may be heard over the affected
area during inspiration. Percussion may be
dulled over the affected lung, and increased,
rather than decreased, vocal
resonancedistinguishes pneumonia from
a pleural effusion.

12.  X-ray presentations of pneumonia may be
classified as:-
 lobar pneumonia
 bronchopneumonia
 interstitial pneumonia
 community-acquired pneumonia classically
show lung consolidation of one lung segmental
lobe, which is known as lobar pneumonia.
 Aspiration pneumonia may present with
bilateral opacities primarily in the bases of the
lungs and on the right side.

13.  A chest X-ray
showing a very
prominent wedge-
shape area of airspace
consolidation in the
right lung
characteristic of acute
bacterial lobar
pneumonia

14.  CT of the chest
demonstrating right-
side pneumonia

15.  Chest X Ray with infiltrates:-

16.  Pneumonia is most commonly classified by
where or how it was acquired:- community-
acquired, aspiration, healthcare-
associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-
associated pneumonia.
 It may also be classified by the area of lung
affected:- lobar pneumonia, bronchial
pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia; or
by the causative organism. Pneumonia in
children may additionally be classified based on
signs and symptoms as non-severe, severe, or
very severe.[63]

17.  Antibiotics, antivirals, oxygen therapy
 When influenza outbreaks occur, medications
such as amantadine or rimantadine may help
prevent the condition; however are associated
with side effects
 Zanamivir or oseltamivir decrease the chance
that those exposed will develop symptoms;
however, it is recommended that potential side
effects are taken into account.

18.  At least 5 days
 Until afebrile for 48-72 hours
 Stable vital signs
 Longer course needed if
Initial antibiotic choice did not cover the
pathogen
Extrapulmonary infection (meningitis)
Lung abscess, cavitation or empyema
Gram negative pathogen or S.aureus

19.  Annual Influenza immunization
 Vaccines, handwashing, not smoking

20. Thanks for your
attention!