Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, affecting women three times more than men. Risk factors include exposure to radiation, family history, low iodine diet, and older age. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment options include surgery to remove all or parts of the thyroid gland, hormone therapy, radioactive iodine therapy, external beam radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy depending on the cancer stage.

1. THYROID CARCINOMA
AJITH
GR 4

2. ANATOMY

5. RISK FACTORS
• Exposure to radiation.
• Victims of nuclear disasters.
• Family history (1St degree relative)
• GENDER-women ¾
• AGE
• Diet low in iodine
• Ethinicity

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Most common endocrine malignancy.
• Women 3 times more affected than males.
• Mean age presentation females(40-45),males(65-69).
• Thyroid cancer, in 2010, resulted in 36,000 deaths globally up from
24,000 in 1990.
• India relative frequency(0.1%-0.2%)

7. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• A lump in the front of the neck, near the Adam's apple.
• Hoarseness.
• Swollen glands in the neck.
• Difficulty swallowing.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Pain in the throat or neck.
• A cough that persists and is not caused by a cold.

12. TNM STAGING

13. TREATMENT
• SURGERY
• HORMONE THERAPY
• RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY
• EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION THERAPY
• CHEMOTHERAPY

14. SURGERY
• LOBECTOMY-removes lobes with cancerous nodule.
• SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
• TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
• TYPES OF THYROIDECTOMY-standard,endoscopic,robotic.

15. HORMONE TREATMENT
• The thyroid hormone medication may slow down the growth of any
remaining differentiated cancer cells.
• Patients who are treated with surgery usually require thyroid hormone
therapy.
• Thyroid hormone replacement is levothyroxine.
• OTHER MEDICATIONS-dietary supplements as iron or calcium to avoid
interactions with your thyroid hormone replacement.
• The required amount or dose of thyroid hormone is different for every
patient, The doctor will monitor your thyroid hormone levels through
regular blood tests.

16. RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY
• A type of radiation therapy called radioactive iodine (also called I-131 or RAI)
can find and destroy thyroid cells not removed by surgery and those that
have spread beyond the thyroid.
• Radioactive iodine is used to treat people with differentiated thyroid cancers
that have spread to lymph nodes or to distant sites.

17. • EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATON THERAPY-type of radiation therapy in which
high-energy x-rays are given from a machine outside the body to destroy
cancer cells ,is used only in certain circumstances, typically when later-stage
thyroid cancer has spread to critical areas of the neck such as the trachea,
voice box, or esophagus.
• CHEMOTHERAPY-is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, A patient may
receive 1 drug at a time or a combination of different drugs given at the same
time.
• TARGETED THERAPY-Targeted therapy is a treatment that targets the cancer’s
specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer
growth and survival.