Abstract
Fly ash, Lime and gypsum are industrial wastes generated in millions of tones every year. Utilization of these materials is effective
way of disposing the pollutants. In this research fly ash, lime, and gypsum were used in definite proportion along with quarry dust to
produce FaL-G blocks. These blocks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, IRA, density, flexure and modulus of
elasticity. Masonry prisms were constructed using FaL-G blocks to determine shear bond strength, flexural bond strength, low rise
masonry shear, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and masonry efficiency. It was found that FaL-G masonry blocks can
replace conventional masonry units.
Keywords: Fly ash, Lime, Gypsum, FaL-G, Flexure bond strength, Shear bond strength and Masonry.
The CII-Godrej Green Business Centre in India was the first building to receive LEED Platinum certification outside of the US. It uses various sustainable design and construction features, such as a circular structure to maximize ventilation, local and recycled materials, passive cooling techniques like wind towers, a green roof for stormwater management and reduced energy consumption. The building aims to be a model for green building practices and environmental stewardship in India.
The document provides an introduction to advanced building materials. It discusses how materials are becoming more intelligent, interactive and responsive. It then classifies advanced building materials into intelligent materials that can sense and respond on their own, and interactive materials that require external commands to function. The document lists several material trends and properties of advanced materials, and outlines the aims and scope of studying these materials for sustainable construction. It provides examples of specific advanced materials like aerogel, lotusan paint and others, describing their composition, characteristics and applications.
This document discusses rammed earth as a building material. Rammed earth is created by compacting wet soil in formworks to create strong, sedimentary walls. It has been used in construction for thousands of years around the world. The objectives of using rammed earth are that it is inexpensive, can be constructed without skilled labor, uses locally available materials, is ecofriendly and sustainable. The process involves excavating soil, preparing mixtures, compacting layers in formworks to build up walls. Rammed earth walls have good thermal and soundproofing properties and are virtually fireproof. However, insulation may be needed in colder climates and protection from heavy rain is required.
The document discusses the growth of the green building movement in India. It provides statistics on the increase in registered green buildings and certified building space. It also outlines the vision and services provided by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) to promote green building practices in India. Key organizations that have achieved green building certifications are highlighted.
The document summarizes a case study of the Instacon Tower constructed in Mohali, India in 2012. The prefabricated steel structure was constructed in 48 hours using modular steel components fabricated off-site. Around 80-90% of the construction was completed in a controlled factory environment before components were transported and assembled on site. The modular construction approach using prefabricated steel components resulted in faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional methods.
leed, rating system, green designs, sustainability, green concept, different rating systems of leed, manitoba hydro place, leadership in energy and environmental design, comparison between leed and other rating system , leed india
Green building rating system equire an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
LEED India + Case Study : CII Sohrabji Godrej, ITC Green Centerbaburajiv2007
This document provides an overview of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system in India. It describes LEED India as an adaptation of the international LEED green building rating system administered locally by the Indian Green Building Council. The document outlines the main environmental categories of LEED certification including sustainable site selection, water efficiency, energy use, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. It provides examples of LEED certified projects in India and describes various credits within each category that projects can pursue for certification.
The CII-Godrej Green Business Centre in India was the first building to receive LEED Platinum certification outside of the US. It uses various sustainable design and construction features, such as a circular structure to maximize ventilation, local and recycled materials, passive cooling techniques like wind towers, a green roof for stormwater management and reduced energy consumption. The building aims to be a model for green building practices and environmental stewardship in India.
The document provides an introduction to advanced building materials. It discusses how materials are becoming more intelligent, interactive and responsive. It then classifies advanced building materials into intelligent materials that can sense and respond on their own, and interactive materials that require external commands to function. The document lists several material trends and properties of advanced materials, and outlines the aims and scope of studying these materials for sustainable construction. It provides examples of specific advanced materials like aerogel, lotusan paint and others, describing their composition, characteristics and applications.
This document discusses rammed earth as a building material. Rammed earth is created by compacting wet soil in formworks to create strong, sedimentary walls. It has been used in construction for thousands of years around the world. The objectives of using rammed earth are that it is inexpensive, can be constructed without skilled labor, uses locally available materials, is ecofriendly and sustainable. The process involves excavating soil, preparing mixtures, compacting layers in formworks to build up walls. Rammed earth walls have good thermal and soundproofing properties and are virtually fireproof. However, insulation may be needed in colder climates and protection from heavy rain is required.
The document discusses the growth of the green building movement in India. It provides statistics on the increase in registered green buildings and certified building space. It also outlines the vision and services provided by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) to promote green building practices in India. Key organizations that have achieved green building certifications are highlighted.
The document summarizes a case study of the Instacon Tower constructed in Mohali, India in 2012. The prefabricated steel structure was constructed in 48 hours using modular steel components fabricated off-site. Around 80-90% of the construction was completed in a controlled factory environment before components were transported and assembled on site. The modular construction approach using prefabricated steel components resulted in faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional methods.
leed, rating system, green designs, sustainability, green concept, different rating systems of leed, manitoba hydro place, leadership in energy and environmental design, comparison between leed and other rating system , leed india
Green building rating system equire an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
LEED India + Case Study : CII Sohrabji Godrej, ITC Green Centerbaburajiv2007
This document provides an overview of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system in India. It describes LEED India as an adaptation of the international LEED green building rating system administered locally by the Indian Green Building Council. The document outlines the main environmental categories of LEED certification including sustainable site selection, water efficiency, energy use, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. It provides examples of LEED certified projects in India and describes various credits within each category that projects can pursue for certification.
Sustainability means meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It involves limiting resource consumption, minimizing needed consumption, and offsetting any consumption. Approaches to sustainability include using local, recycled, durable, repurposed and biodegradable materials. It also involves renovation over new construction and biomimicry in design. Sustainability parameters in design, energy use, and technology aim to reduce carbon footprint, embodied energy and environmental impact. Governance bodies provide standards for sustainable development. Retail examples showcase using renewable energy, eco-friendly materials, reducing waste and promoting circularity.
Adobe is a traditional building material made of sun-dried mud bricks composed of sand, clay, straw, and water. Adobe construction originated in 600 BC in South America and involves forming mud bricks of varying dimensions and using a mud plaster to hold them together in walls. Traditional adobe buildings are best suited to dry climates where adobe roofs made of logs and vigas can be used. While adobe construction has advantages like low costs and natural temperature regulation, it also has disadvantages like vulnerability to damage from water, wind, and earthquakes requiring regular maintenance.
This document provides an overview of the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) system in India. GRIHA is a rating tool that evaluates the environmental performance of buildings. It assesses projects across 34 criteria related to areas like energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management and health/well-being. The document outlines the GRIHA rating process, criteria and levels. It also summarizes a case study of the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi, a government building designed to be net-zero through various green features and on-site solar energy generation.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
ITC endeavors to minimize its environmental impact through initiatives like being carbon positive by sequestering 85.6% of emissions, being water positive with zero water discharge, and building the 170,000 sq ft ITC Green Centre which has a 30% smaller carbon footprint than similar buildings. ITC Green Centre annually saves Rs. 9 million and 15% in energy costs compared to a normal building of similar size due to sustainable design and technologies. ITC is among the most valuable and best big companies in India and the world according to Forbes, and contributes over Rs. 6600 crore annually in taxes.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
This document summarizes the sustainable features of the Infinity Benchmark building in Kolkata. It has high insulation in its external walls and roof to reduce energy usage. It uses double glazed windows, efficient HVAC and lighting systems, a building management system, and water efficient fixtures. Sustainable materials are also used, including those with recycled content. Waste is segregated and stormwater is reused. Indoor air quality and thermal comfort are prioritized.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
This case study summarizes the CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Center in Hyderabad, the first LEED Platinum rated building in India. The three story building was designed and constructed using sustainable practices. It has a small footprint to minimize environmental impact, utilizes natural lighting and ventilation, and incorporates extensive use of recycled and local materials. Rainwater is harvested and recycled water is used to reduce potable water usage by 35%. Landscaping and windcatchers help cool the building naturally and reduce energy needs.
The document summarizes vernacular architecture in Central India, specifically in the Gondia district of Maharashtra. It describes the traditional dwellings as stepped pyramidal structures with sloping roofs and minimal openings. It details the use of space for various functions like livestock management, storage, sleeping, and social gatherings. It also discusses specific building features that address the local climate and materials used like timber, mud walls, and clay tiles.
Eco- friendly building materials and construction techniques in India.shivangi5796
This document discusses eco-friendly building materials and construction techniques used in India. It introduces various eco-friendly materials like fly ash bricks, compressed earth blocks, and ferrocement panels. It outlines properties and sources of these materials and selection criteria for eco-friendly materials. Examples of specific eco-friendly materials are described in detail like their uses and features. A comparative study is conducted between conventional and eco-friendly structural systems using a sustainable decision support system, finding the eco-friendly system to score higher in sustainability. The conclusion is that eco-friendly materials can help attain sustainability and reduce environmental harm compared to conventional materials.
The Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) in Roorkee, India is responsible for generating and promoting building science and technology in India. Since 1947, CBRI has assisted the construction industry in finding solutions to problems related to materials, housing, energy, hazards, structures, and disasters. CBRI conducts applied and basic research, technology development, testing, evaluation, consultancy, and information services related to all aspects of building construction. It works closely with various government ministries and agencies.
This presentation is an overview of Governments role in propagating the different types of Cost Effective technologies on several Government and local levels through various organisations.
vernacular architecture in context to Climate ChangeJanmejoy Gupta
The document discusses vernacular architecture and its importance for climate-responsive design. It explores examples of vernacular architecture from regions of India like Kerala and Kutch. Key determinants of vernacular design identified are climate, locally available materials, construction techniques, and socio-cultural influences. Lessons from traditional structures like use of thermal mass, ventilation, shading and passive cooling principles need to be understood and incorporated in modern construction to fight climate change.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
This significantly unique office is designed by Christopher Charles, Pune based architect and has received LEED Platinum rating in 2010. He and his partner came up with the concept “Office in the garden”. Spread over 10 acres, this magnificent structure is one of the largest green building projects of the country and is also one of the India’s first buildings to be LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
Suzlon one earth is 100% powered by onsite and offsite renewable sources.
The campus has 18 hybrid wind turbines that fulfil 7% of the total energy consumption, the rest of energy demand is met from offsite wind turbines.
The structure is designed in a way to ensure maximum daylight exposure thereby reducing artificial lighting consumption.
The infrastructure within the campus is designed to enable water percolation and thereby control storm water runoff thus, contributing towards an increased water table level.
Modernist architecture emerged in the late 19th to early 20th century as a philosophical movement to reconcile architectural design with technological advancement. It emphasized form following function through simplicity and clarity. Postmodernist architecture arose in the late 20th century as a reaction against modernism, replacing its functional forms with diverse aesthetics through pluralism, irony, and contextual references. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, while postmodernists included Michael Graves and Philip Johnson.
Designing for different climatic zones in IndiaGwahyulo Semy
This document summarizes the climate of New Delhi, India, which has a composite climate with three distinct seasons. The hot, dry season lasts for around 2/3 of the year with daytime highs of 32-43°C. The warm, humid season lasts around 1/3 of the year with temperatures of 27-32°C. In the northern and southern parts, there is also a brief cold, dry season with temperatures below 27°C. New Delhi receives around 790mm of annual rainfall mostly during the July-September monsoon. Courtyard buildings with large overhangs and verandahs are well-suited to provide shade from sun and rain across the different seasons.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
Mechanical properties of block masonry units manufacturedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the mechanical properties of block masonry units manufactured from six different types of recycled materials as coarse aggregates, compared to units made with natural aggregates. Large numbers of solid and hollow concrete blocks were prepared using worn-out tires, pottery, roof tiles, bathroom tiles, glass pieces, and steel wastes in varying percentages. The compressive strength, stress-strain behavior, modulus of elasticity, and density of the different block types were tested and compared. Blocks made with crushed pottery aggregates had the highest compressive strength, while units containing worn-out tire aggregates were the weakest and least dense.
This document contains information about various topics related to textile manufacturing processes. It discusses tasks of the roving frame, adjustments needed as the bobbin diameter increases on the spinning frame, factors that affect bobbin speed, modifications made to modern flyers, potential issues that can occur, and components of combing machines. The document is formatted with headings and numbered points to structure the information presented.
Sustainability means meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It involves limiting resource consumption, minimizing needed consumption, and offsetting any consumption. Approaches to sustainability include using local, recycled, durable, repurposed and biodegradable materials. It also involves renovation over new construction and biomimicry in design. Sustainability parameters in design, energy use, and technology aim to reduce carbon footprint, embodied energy and environmental impact. Governance bodies provide standards for sustainable development. Retail examples showcase using renewable energy, eco-friendly materials, reducing waste and promoting circularity.
Adobe is a traditional building material made of sun-dried mud bricks composed of sand, clay, straw, and water. Adobe construction originated in 600 BC in South America and involves forming mud bricks of varying dimensions and using a mud plaster to hold them together in walls. Traditional adobe buildings are best suited to dry climates where adobe roofs made of logs and vigas can be used. While adobe construction has advantages like low costs and natural temperature regulation, it also has disadvantages like vulnerability to damage from water, wind, and earthquakes requiring regular maintenance.
This document provides an overview of the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) system in India. GRIHA is a rating tool that evaluates the environmental performance of buildings. It assesses projects across 34 criteria related to areas like energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management and health/well-being. The document outlines the GRIHA rating process, criteria and levels. It also summarizes a case study of the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi, a government building designed to be net-zero through various green features and on-site solar energy generation.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
ITC endeavors to minimize its environmental impact through initiatives like being carbon positive by sequestering 85.6% of emissions, being water positive with zero water discharge, and building the 170,000 sq ft ITC Green Centre which has a 30% smaller carbon footprint than similar buildings. ITC Green Centre annually saves Rs. 9 million and 15% in energy costs compared to a normal building of similar size due to sustainable design and technologies. ITC is among the most valuable and best big companies in India and the world according to Forbes, and contributes over Rs. 6600 crore annually in taxes.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
This document summarizes the sustainable features of the Infinity Benchmark building in Kolkata. It has high insulation in its external walls and roof to reduce energy usage. It uses double glazed windows, efficient HVAC and lighting systems, a building management system, and water efficient fixtures. Sustainable materials are also used, including those with recycled content. Waste is segregated and stormwater is reused. Indoor air quality and thermal comfort are prioritized.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
This case study summarizes the CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Center in Hyderabad, the first LEED Platinum rated building in India. The three story building was designed and constructed using sustainable practices. It has a small footprint to minimize environmental impact, utilizes natural lighting and ventilation, and incorporates extensive use of recycled and local materials. Rainwater is harvested and recycled water is used to reduce potable water usage by 35%. Landscaping and windcatchers help cool the building naturally and reduce energy needs.
The document summarizes vernacular architecture in Central India, specifically in the Gondia district of Maharashtra. It describes the traditional dwellings as stepped pyramidal structures with sloping roofs and minimal openings. It details the use of space for various functions like livestock management, storage, sleeping, and social gatherings. It also discusses specific building features that address the local climate and materials used like timber, mud walls, and clay tiles.
Eco- friendly building materials and construction techniques in India.shivangi5796
This document discusses eco-friendly building materials and construction techniques used in India. It introduces various eco-friendly materials like fly ash bricks, compressed earth blocks, and ferrocement panels. It outlines properties and sources of these materials and selection criteria for eco-friendly materials. Examples of specific eco-friendly materials are described in detail like their uses and features. A comparative study is conducted between conventional and eco-friendly structural systems using a sustainable decision support system, finding the eco-friendly system to score higher in sustainability. The conclusion is that eco-friendly materials can help attain sustainability and reduce environmental harm compared to conventional materials.
The Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) in Roorkee, India is responsible for generating and promoting building science and technology in India. Since 1947, CBRI has assisted the construction industry in finding solutions to problems related to materials, housing, energy, hazards, structures, and disasters. CBRI conducts applied and basic research, technology development, testing, evaluation, consultancy, and information services related to all aspects of building construction. It works closely with various government ministries and agencies.
This presentation is an overview of Governments role in propagating the different types of Cost Effective technologies on several Government and local levels through various organisations.
vernacular architecture in context to Climate ChangeJanmejoy Gupta
The document discusses vernacular architecture and its importance for climate-responsive design. It explores examples of vernacular architecture from regions of India like Kerala and Kutch. Key determinants of vernacular design identified are climate, locally available materials, construction techniques, and socio-cultural influences. Lessons from traditional structures like use of thermal mass, ventilation, shading and passive cooling principles need to be understood and incorporated in modern construction to fight climate change.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
This significantly unique office is designed by Christopher Charles, Pune based architect and has received LEED Platinum rating in 2010. He and his partner came up with the concept “Office in the garden”. Spread over 10 acres, this magnificent structure is one of the largest green building projects of the country and is also one of the India’s first buildings to be LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
Suzlon one earth is 100% powered by onsite and offsite renewable sources.
The campus has 18 hybrid wind turbines that fulfil 7% of the total energy consumption, the rest of energy demand is met from offsite wind turbines.
The structure is designed in a way to ensure maximum daylight exposure thereby reducing artificial lighting consumption.
The infrastructure within the campus is designed to enable water percolation and thereby control storm water runoff thus, contributing towards an increased water table level.
Modernist architecture emerged in the late 19th to early 20th century as a philosophical movement to reconcile architectural design with technological advancement. It emphasized form following function through simplicity and clarity. Postmodernist architecture arose in the late 20th century as a reaction against modernism, replacing its functional forms with diverse aesthetics through pluralism, irony, and contextual references. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, while postmodernists included Michael Graves and Philip Johnson.
Designing for different climatic zones in IndiaGwahyulo Semy
This document summarizes the climate of New Delhi, India, which has a composite climate with three distinct seasons. The hot, dry season lasts for around 2/3 of the year with daytime highs of 32-43°C. The warm, humid season lasts around 1/3 of the year with temperatures of 27-32°C. In the northern and southern parts, there is also a brief cold, dry season with temperatures below 27°C. New Delhi receives around 790mm of annual rainfall mostly during the July-September monsoon. Courtyard buildings with large overhangs and verandahs are well-suited to provide shade from sun and rain across the different seasons.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
Mechanical properties of block masonry units manufacturedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the mechanical properties of block masonry units manufactured from six different types of recycled materials as coarse aggregates, compared to units made with natural aggregates. Large numbers of solid and hollow concrete blocks were prepared using worn-out tires, pottery, roof tiles, bathroom tiles, glass pieces, and steel wastes in varying percentages. The compressive strength, stress-strain behavior, modulus of elasticity, and density of the different block types were tested and compared. Blocks made with crushed pottery aggregates had the highest compressive strength, while units containing worn-out tire aggregates were the weakest and least dense.
This document contains information about various topics related to textile manufacturing processes. It discusses tasks of the roving frame, adjustments needed as the bobbin diameter increases on the spinning frame, factors that affect bobbin speed, modifications made to modern flyers, potential issues that can occur, and components of combing machines. The document is formatted with headings and numbered points to structure the information presented.
Este documento presenta el plan de actuación anual del programa Miniempresas Educativas para el curso escolar 2015-2016 en el C.E.I.P. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús. El objetivo es involucrar a los alumnos y desarrollar su capacidad emprendedora mediante el establecimiento de una cooperativa escolar dedicada a la producción y venta de souvenirs locales. El plan describe las herramientas, cronograma de actividades, estrategias de coordinación y difusión, e indicadores de seguimiento y evaluación para llevar
The document is a resume for Lynn Gagnon outlining her experience in quality assurance for HB White Construction monitoring the installation of solar panels, administrative and computer skills, and education including a medical office certificate from Durham College.
El documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de los sistemas de recuperación de información, incluyendo su historia, componentes y modelos. Explica que los SRI permiten recuperar información previamente almacenada mediante herramientas que establecen ecuaciones de búsqueda. También cubre los principales modelos de recuperación como el booleano, vectorial y probabilístico.
This document summarizes an analysis of various energy options for Wellesley College. It evaluates natural gas, purchased grid electricity, wind, solar, and renewable energy credits. Additional options considered for heat include fuel oil, solar hot water, and geothermal. The analysis considers costs, reliability, educational benefits, and various environmental impacts. While acknowledging no single source is perfect, the document recommends a mix of renewable sources like wind and solar, as they lessen social and environmental issues compared to fossil fuels. It also stresses the importance of conservation and cautions over-reliance on natural gas due to extraction concerns. The goal is to inform Wellesley's energy decisions and guide the college toward a more sustainable future.
The story of the tortoise and the hare is told in multiple versions, each teaching a new lesson. In the original, the hare loses by being overconfident and sleeping. In later versions, the hare wins by running consistently while the tortoise adapts by changing the competition terms. The final version shows the value of teamwork, with both animals pooling their strengths. Throughout, the characters demonstrate perseverance and adapting to situations rather than giving up. The overall lessons are to focus on one's strengths, work as a team, and compete against problems rather than rivals.
This document summarizes the transformation process of Vaaho Photos, a photo lab located in Kanpur, India. It describes the facilities, machinery, production process, inputs, outputs, and monitoring and control procedures. The photo lab was established in 1990 and updated with new digital imaging machines in 2007. The continuous production process involves loading photographic paper into the machine, which then develops, bleaches, fixes and dries the photos within 7 minutes. Key inputs are machinery, materials, labor and time. The lab produces around 8,000 prints per day and has various sizes of output prints. Quality is monitored and machines are regularly maintained.
This document discusses how to increase the default PST file size limit in older versions of Outlook like Outlook 2003 by modifying registry settings. It explains that Outlook versions prior to 2003 have a small default limit for PST file sizes, but that the limit can be increased by editing the registry. Specifically, it recommends creating DWORD registry values for the MaxLargeFileSize and WarnLargeFileSize for Unicode PSTs, and MaxFileSize and WarnFileSize for ANSI PSTs. These registry edits allow increasing the default PST file size limits to match newer versions of Outlook like Outlook 2013 that have higher default limits.
El poema describe la escuela primaria como un lugar especial donde el autor aprendió las habilidades básicas de lectura y escritura, hizo amigos cercanos con quien compartió momentos significativos, y dio sus primeros pasos hacia la independencia. A través de la escuela, el autor construyó recuerdos y experiencias que siempre atesorará.
Shear and flexural behavior of ferro cement deep beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The recent application of Ferro cement includes prefabricated roofs elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. However
there have been many structural applications in different parts of the world especially in eastern hemisphere considerable efforts have
been made by many individuals and research organization around the world to study the engineering of Ferro-cement. This present
study deals with the behavior of Ferro cement deep beams under central point load. A total of 27 rectangular deep beams have been
casted of dimension 125 x 250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh and mortar
strength. Before testing, the top surfaces of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these
beams 27 cubes have been casted with the dimensions 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm x 7.06 cm. the compressive strength of mortar is determined.
Keywords: Admixture, Deep Beams, Ferro cement, Shear Span.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de fósiles y cómo se forman. Explica que los fósiles más comunes son restos de conchas o huesos transformados en piedra, y que otros pueden haber perdido detalles de su estructura original. También indica que los fósiles generalmente solo muestran las partes duras de plantas y animales, aunque algunos más completos conservan partes blandas. Finalmente, resume que los paleontólogos clasifican los fósiles reconociendo que todas las formas de vida están relacionadas evolutivamente y comparten
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
This document provides guidelines for the management and handling of phosphogypsum generated from phosphoric acid plants in India. It discusses the phosphoric acid manufacturing process, which produces phosphogypsum as a byproduct. It outlines the characteristics and environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. The guidelines cover best practices for the storage, management, handling, disposal, and beneficial use of phosphogypsum to minimize environmental impacts. It also provides a monitoring protocol for phosphogypsum storage areas.
IRJET-Study on Strength and Durability Aspects of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders to replace cement. Various mix designs were tested with different ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the geopolymer concrete cubes increased with an increasing percentage of GGBS in the mix. The highest compressive strength of 66MPa was observed for a mix with a 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS ratio. Additionally, sorptivity tests found that geopolymer concrete has lower water absorption than traditional concrete, indicating better durability. The study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyCompar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative study of cement concrete and geopolymer masonry blockseSAT Journals
This study compares the properties of cement concrete masonry blocks and geopolymer masonry blocks. Geopolymer blocks were produced using fly ash and GGBS, while cement blocks used cement. The blocks were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days for properties like density, water absorption, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity. Results showed geopolymer blocks had lower density, lower water absorption, and higher compressive strength than cement blocks. Geopolymer blocks also exhibited higher modulus of elasticity and could be cured without water. The study concludes geopolymer blocks perform better than cement blocks and can be recommended for use as structural masonry units.
Comparative study of cement concrete and geopolymer masonry blockseSAT Journals
Abstract
It is well known that the production of cement is extremely resource and energy intensive process producing an equal amount of CO2
per ton of cement. Hence, due to growing environmental concerns of the cement industry, there is a need to develop alternative
materials such as fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Also there is a need to develop masonry units using these
alternative materials for sustainability. Geopolymer technology makes use of fly ash which is a byproduct of thermal power plants. In
the present research, cement and geopolymer blocks are produced by the same method. The basic properties of these masonry units
such as compressive strength, density, modulus of elasticity, Initial rate of absorption (IRA) and water absorption are determined and
compared. The results indicate that Geopolymer blocks posses superior properties compared to traditional cement blocks.
Geopolymer blocks can be recommended for the use as masonry units for structural masonry. Thus the use of conventional cement
can be eliminated.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING FINE AGGREGATE AS PARTIAL R...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of using fly ash as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and its utilization remains low. The study designs concrete mixes with fly ash replacing fine sand at percentages between 46-54%. The compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of the concrete mixes are then tested at 7 and 28 days. The results are analyzed to understand the impact of different fly ash replacement levels on the mechanical properties of concrete.
The document discusses geopolymer concrete as an eco-friendly construction material. It summarizes that geopolymer concrete gains strength within 24 hours of casting without water curing at ambient temperatures. The maximum compressive strength of 80.5 MPa was achieved for a mix of 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS. Adding GGBS improved strength and eliminated the need for heat curing seen in conventional geopolymer concrete. The splitting tensile and flexural strengths were also highest for the 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS mix.
IRJET- Manufacturing of Stabilized Blocks using Shedi SoilIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into producing stabilized soil blocks using lithomargic or "shedi" soil found in western India. The goals are to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and use a more sustainable local material. Various mixtures of shedi soil, cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and sodium hydroxide were tested to determine optimum strength and water absorption properties. The highest compressive strengths were found in mixtures containing 25% GGBS, 3-4% cement, and negligible sodium hydroxide. These blocks could be an economical and environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional clay or concrete blocks.
INVESTIGATION ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE KERB STONEIRJET Journal
This document discusses an investigation into using geopolymer concrete for kerb stones as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete is made from alumino-silicate materials like fly ash instead of cement, reducing the environmental impact. The study aims to develop a drain-integrated kerb system using fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with varying amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregate replacement. Materials were tested and mix proportions were designed for M-40 grade concrete. Specimens were cast and cured, then tested for compressive and flexural strength. Results showed that geopolymer concrete with 0% RAP replacement had the highest strengths compared to mixes with 50% and
IRJET- A Study on Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document studies the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete where Portland cement is fully replaced with fly ash and alkaline liquids. Different molarities of sodium hydroxide solution were used to prepare concrete mixes, which were then subjected to sunlight curing and tested after 7 and 28 days to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that the strengths increased with higher molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution and with increased curing time.
IRJET-Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete ...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing copper slag, fly ash, and steel fibers. Ten concrete mixtures were designed with varying percentages of copper slag up to 40% as a partial replacement for sand. Fly ash replaced 40% of the cement. Steel fibers were added to some mixtures at 1% by volume. The mixtures were tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural behavior after curing periods. Test results showed that mixtures with by-products had higher strength properties than conventional concrete, with the mixture containing 40% fly ash, 40% copper slag, and 1% steel fibers performing the best. Using industrial by-products in this way can improve concrete properties while reducing environmental impacts
Stabilization of pavement subgrade by using fly ash reinforced with geotextileeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of geopolymer concrete. It discusses that geopolymer concrete completely replaces Portland cement, reducing CO2 emissions. Geopolymer concrete uses industrial byproducts like fly ash or GGBS reacted with an alkaline activator like sodium silicate. The document reviews several studies on geopolymer concrete properties using different mixes, curing methods, and molarities. In general, the studies found that geopolymer concrete strength increases with higher molarity and temperature curing. Replacing fly ash partially with GGBS also increased strength. Geopolymer concrete properties depend on the alkaline activator ratio and curing conditions.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SILICA FUME AND MARBLE DUST BY PARTIALLY REPLACED IN RE...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with silica fume and marble dust. Various mixtures were tested by replacing cement with 6%, 12%, and 18% silica fume and replacing sand with 8%, 18%, and 28% marble dust. Compression and flexural strength tests were performed on concrete cubes and beams made with the different mixtures after 7 and 28 days of curing. The results showed that replacing up to 8% of cement with silica fume and up to 12% of sand with marble dust can increase strength while reducing costs and environmental impact compared to standard concrete. Flexural strength was lower when silica fume replacement of cement increased to 18%.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Strength Assessment of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the strength of fly ash-based geopolymer matrices with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Different mixes were tested with varying ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength was highest at 28 days for a mix with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS, reaching 21.35 MPa. Heat curing at 80°C was found to significantly increase the strength compared to ambient curing. The addition of GGBS was found to improve the early strength and compressive strength of the geopolymer mixes. Microstructural analysis showed that GGBS addition led to increased connectivity between aggregates and the geopolymer gel.
IRJET- Evaluation of Water Absorption and Sorptivity Properties of Fly Ash, G...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the water absorption and sorptivity properties of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete with different volume fractions of glass fibers added.
2) Specimens were tested for water absorption at 30 minutes and 24 hours by measuring their saturated and dry masses. Addition of glass fibers decreased absorption rates compared to control geopolymer concrete.
3) Sorptivity testing involved measuring mass changes of specimens exposed to water over time. Sorptivity values, calculated from the slope of mass change vs square root of time, decreased with glass fiber addition, indicating a denser microstructure with fewer interconnected pores.
An Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Red Mud Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
- Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate how partially replacing cement with red mud fibre reinforced concrete affects concrete properties.
- They tested concrete mixtures with 0-20% cement replaced by red mud, along with 0.5% and 1% galvanized iron fibres by volume.
- Test results showed compressive and tensile strength increased up to 8% cement replacement by red mud, with the 1% fibre mixture performing better, gaining up to 18.9% higher compressive strength. Higher replacements saw strengths decline.
Effect of Severe Environmental Exposure on Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of severe environmental exposure on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The study developed geopolymer concrete with fly ash as the binder material activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength after curing and after immersion in 5% sulfuric acid for periods of time. Results showed geopolymer concrete achieved compressive strengths from 32-38 MPa and had higher residual strengths after acid exposure compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The study aimed to evaluate the durability and acid resistance of fly ash geopolymer concrete.
Study on the development and behavior of green geopolymer bricksIRJET Journal
The document presents a study on the development and properties of geopolymer bricks made with industrial wastes. Various materials including fly ash, GGBS, sand and alkaline activators were used to prepare geopolymer bricks with different mix proportions. The properties of the bricks such as compressive strength, water absorption and density were experimentally determined. The results showed that the geopolymer brick with 40% GGBS and 30% fly ash achieved the highest compressive strength of 17.58 MPa, which is over 2 times that of traditional fly ash bricks. Additionally, the geopolymer bricks exhibited lower water absorption and higher density compared to conventional fly ash bricks. The study concludes that geopolymer bricks can be a sustainable
IRJET- Strength and Behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete using Low-Calcium Flyash...IRJET Journal
The document studies the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using calcium hydroxide as a replacement for fly ash. Fly ash and calcium hydroxide were used to synthesize geopolymeric binders to prepare structural grade concrete. Specimens with different calcium hydroxide replacements were tested and results showed compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths increased up to 2% replacement but decreased after 2.5%. The optimum calcium hydroxide replacement for fly ash was determined to be 2%.
Similar to Properties of fal g masonry blocks (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Properties of fal g masonry blocks
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 384
PROPERTIES OF FAL-G MASONRY BLOCKS
Jayasudha R K1
, Radhakrishna2
, Niranjan PS3
1
PG Student, 2
Associate Professor, 3
Research Scholar, Dept of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Mysore
Road, Bangalore, rkjayasudha@gmail.com, chakavelu_rk@yahoo.com
Abstract
Fly ash, Lime and gypsum are industrial wastes generated in millions of tones every year. Utilization of these materials is effective
way of disposing the pollutants. In this research fly ash, lime, and gypsum were used in definite proportion along with quarry dust to
produce FaL-G blocks. These blocks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, IRA, density, flexure and modulus of
elasticity. Masonry prisms were constructed using FaL-G blocks to determine shear bond strength, flexural bond strength, low rise
masonry shear, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and masonry efficiency. It was found that FaL-G masonry blocks can
replace conventional masonry units.
Keywords: Fly ash, Lime, Gypsum, FaL-G, Flexure bond strength, Shear bond strength and Masonry.
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Masonry is one of the oldest forms of construction.
Combination of building units or materials like stone, brick,
tiles, glass etc., with or without mortar forms masonry. Clay
brick is one of the most popularly used masonry material. The
clay available in river basins, water ponds and coastal areas is
plastic in nature and suitable for proper moulding, drying and
burning of bricks. But, soil that is less plastic or expansive,
gritty or sandy cannot be used for brick manufacturing. In
most of the central and south India, good quality soil for
production of burnt clay brick is not available which result in
higher cost of bricks due to transportation from long distances
or use of low quality clay bricks manufactured with sub-
standard clays. In such regions a substitute to burnt clay bricks
is essential.
Chemical and agricultural industries are liberating large
quantities of by-products every year. These materials have
dual problems of disposal and health hazards. For example: fly
ash from thermal power plants and phosphogypsum from
fertilizer industries. With the more and more wastes being
generated, the utilization of fly ash and phosphogypsum is
important to save the environment from quick degradation [1,
2].
To replace conventional bricks and to safely dispose the toxic
industrial wastes FaL-G is one among the best options
available. FaL-G does not stand for any brand name; it only
states the constituents [3, 4, 5, 6].
Current annual production of fly ash is 500 million tons
worldwide. More than 160 million tons of fly ash is produced
in India [7].For every 1 ton production of phosphoric acid 5
tons of phosphogypsum is produced. It has limited scope of
utilization as building material. As per the recent records 280
million tons of phosphogypsum is produced every year [8,
9].Acetylene limes, lime sludge are by products of paper
industry. Lime is also availed from mineral sources [10].
Strength development in lime pozzolanic reaction takes place
in a slow pace in normal temperature conditions. Hence a long
curing duration is required to achieve a meaningful strength.
Thus there is a need to accelerate the reaction in this compact,
which is achieved either by steam curing or by the addition of
gypsum. [ 1, 5, 11,12,13 ].
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Procurement and Characterization of Materials
Fly ash was directly collected from the Raichur Thermal
Power Plant (RTPS), India. Locally available commercial lime
is used in the present investigation to obtain FaL-G
composites. Gypsum was procured from a fertilizer company.
The cement used in this investigation is ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) of 53 grade as per IS 12269: 1987. Table 1 to 3
gives the physical and chemical properties of materials used.
The values in these tables indicate that the fly ash samples
conform to codal requirements as per IS 3812: 1981.
Properties of lime show that it contains more than 90% of
calcium oxide.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 385
Table 1: Physical properties of materials
Materials Specific
gravity
Percentage
particles (>45µ)
Surface area
(m2
/kg)
Loss on ignition,
(%)
Lime
reactivity
(MPa)
Bulk density
(kg/m3
)
Fly ash 2.4 0.00 1134.1 0.9 8.2 -----
Lime 1.4 ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Gypsum 1.2 ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Cement 3.15 ----- 1131.4 ----- ----- 1865
Table 2: Chemical properties of fly ash
Chemical composition in percentage
Al2O3 Fe2O3 SiO2 MgO SO3 Na2O Total chlorides CaO
31.23 1.50 61.12 0.75 0.53 1.35 0.06 3.20
Table 3: Chemical properties of lime, gypsum and cement
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
3.1 Methodology
Masonry units were cast using Fly ash, Lime and Gypsum as
binder and quarry dust as aggregate. These units were tested
for various properties like compressive strength, dry density,
water absorption, Initial Rate of Absorption and Modulus of
Elasticity at different ages. Two course masonry specimens
were constructed to test for low rise masonry shear strength.
FaL-G triplets were constructed and tested for bond shear
strength. FaL-G masonry specimens were also constructed and
tested for flexural bond strength. Masonry prisms were
constructed using FaL-G masonry units and different types of
mortar. These prisms were tested for masonry efficiency,
compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The results are
recorded and detailed discussions are reported.
3.2 Preparation of FaL-G Blocks
FaL-G binder of proportion 50:40:10 and quarry dust (binder
to aggregate ratio was 1:1) was dry mixed thoroughly, after
which desired amount of water was added to the mix (water
binder ratio was 0.2) and the binder was uniformly mixed such
that there was no lump formation. Then this consistently
mixed FaL-G binder was placed in mardini machine to prepare
blocks.
The size of Mould is (190 X 230 X 100) mm. The machine is
operated manually. The correct amount of wet mix is weighed
which depends on the volume of finished block. The weighed
mix is poured into the mardini and the lid is closed. It is
pressed by operating the toggle lever and ejected by again
using the lever. So formed block was carefully removed, after
24 hours of preparation of blocks these were wrapped
thoroughly by gunny bag and small amount of water was
sprinkled on the blocks twice a day, this was done for 28 days.
3.3 Testing of Blocks
Different tests were conducted on FaL-G blocks as per the
procedure prescribed by the corresponding codes mentioned in
Table 4, at different ages.
Table 4: Tests of FaL-G blocks and codes referred
Sl.no Properties Codes
1 Compressive strength IS: 3495-
1992
2 Water absorption IS: 3495-
1992
3 Initial Rate of
Absorption (IRA)
ASTM C
67
5 Dry density IS: 3495-
1992
6 Flexure strength -----
7 Modulus of elasticity -----
Materials Chemical composition in percentage
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 CaO Fe2O3 LoI
Lime ----- 1.23 0.56 1.23 ----- ----- 94.3 0.2 -----
Gypsum 0.56 ----- 0.56 0.86 1.23 53.2 34.6 0.05 8.9
Cement 1.50 2.32 6.95 16.3 1.67 1.99 60.8 5.38 -----
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 386
3.4 Construction of Prisms
Three types of mortar were used to construct prisms:
1. Cement mortar of binder to aggregate ratio 1:6
2. FaL-G mortar of binder to aggregate ratio 1:1
3. Geopolymer mortar of binder to solution ratio 0.6
Cement mortar was prepared with cement as binder. FaL-G
mix was used get FaL-G mortar. Clay based geopolymer
mortar was also used as masonry mortar in this research. The
preparation of masonry mortar was same in all the three cases
except the ingredients used. Alkaline solution was prepared
using Sodium hydroxide, Sodium silicate and water. Alkaline
solution was added to the clay to get the masonry mortar of
required consistency. The ratio of clay to alkali solution
(molarity 14) was maintained at 0.6.
Details of tests conducted on masonry mortar were
conforming to the codal provisions given in table 5. Masonry
prisms were constructed using masonry mortar.
Table 5: Mortar used to construct prisms and codes referred
Tests Mortars used to construct
prisms
Codes
referred
Bond shear
test
Cement, FaL-G and
geopolymer
------
Flexural bond
test
Cement and geopolymer ASTM C
1072
Low rise
masonry shear
test
Cement and geopolymer ------
Masonry
efficiency,
Modulus of
elasticity,
Compressive
strength
FaL-G and geopolymer IS 1905-
1987
3.5 Testing of Prisms
Prisms were tested for Bond shear, Low rise masonry shear,
Flexural bond test, Masonry efficiency, Modulus of elasticity.
Codes referred to construct and test the prisms are given in
Table 5.
Bond shear test: Shear load was applied to the middle portion
of the masonry triplet and the load at which the bond fails was
noted which gives bond shear strength.
Low rise masonry shear: Horizontal load was applied to the
specimen consisting of two masonry courses. Due to the
application of horizontal load the upper course slides over the
lower course, providing value of the shear strength of the
joint.
Flexural bond test: Prisms of approximate height 100cm were
used to determine flexural bond strength. Frame was fitted to
the topmost block. With the help of pulley and wire
arrangement flexural load was applied gradually and gently to
the prism. Load required for the failure of the mortar joint was
noted and flexural bond strength was calculated [16].
Masonry efficiency: FaL-G masonry prism was placed in
compression testing machine. Compressive force was applied
on the prism. For every predetermined increment in load,
deformation was noted using demec gauge. From the collected
data, stress and strain was calculated and stress v/s strain curve
was plotted. Modulus of elasticity was obtained from the
stress v/s strain curve.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
FaL-G blocks were tested for different properties on 7th
, 14th
,
28th
and 56th
days of casting. The graphical representation of
results of each test is given below. Figure 1 and 3 shows that
compressive strength and dry density increases with age. It
can be noticed that increment in compressive strength and dry
density is rapid between 14th
and 90th
days. Figure 2 and 4
shows that IRA and water absorption decreases with age.
Modulus of elasticity of FaL-G blocks was 5458 MPa,
9373MPa and 17038MPa on 28th
(Figure 5), 56th
(Figure 6)
and 90th
days (Figure 7)respectively. Flexural strength of FaL-
G block was 1.58 MPa on 28th
day.The stress-strain behavior
could not be shown at higher stress values due to practical
difficulty in noting down the strain values in the laboratory.
Table 6 gives the masonry efficiency, modulus of elasticity
and compressive strength of FaL-G prisms. Figures 8 to 11
shows stress v/s strain behavior of FaL-G masonry prism.
Bond shear strength of prisms with cement and FaL-G mortar
was 0.0149 MPa and 0.0134 MPa respectively. Low rise
masonry shear strength was 0.019 MPa for geopolymer mortar
and 0.01 MPa for cement mortar. Flexure bond strength for
FaL-G prism with geopolymer mortar was found to be
0.052Mpa
Figure 1: Variation of compressive strength with age
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80 100
Compressivestrength
(MPa)
Age (days)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology
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Figure 2: Variation of water absorption with age
Figure 3: Variation of dry density with
Figure 4: Variation of IRA with age
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 50
Wateraborption(%)
Age (days)
1640
1660
1680
1700
1720
1740
1760
1780
0 20 40 60
Drydensity(kg/m³)
Age (days)
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 20 40 60
IRA(kg/m²/min)
Age (days)
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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Variation of water absorption with age
Variation of dry density with age
Variation of IRA with age
Figure 5: Stress v/s strain of FaL
Figure 6: Stress v/s strain of FaL
Figure 7: Stress v/s strain of FaL
100
80 100
80 100
y = - 3E+09x3
R² = 0.941
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 0.0005 0.001
Stress(MPa)
y = 4E+06x2 + 9373.x
R² = 0.910
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.0005
Stress(MPa)
y = - 8E+06x
R² = 0.973
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.001
Stress(MPa)
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387
Stress v/s strain of FaL-G blocks (28th day)
Stress v/s strain of FaL-G blocks (56th day)
Stress v/s strain of FaL-G blocks (90th day)
+ 2E+06x2 + 5458.x
R² = 0.941
0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Strain
+ 9373.x
R² = 0.910
0.0005 0.001 0.0015
Strain
8E+06x2 + 17038x
R² = 0.973
0.001 0.002 0.003
Strain
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology
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Figure 8: Stress v/s strain behaviour of FaL-
of h/t 2.26 (FaL-G mortar)
Figure 9: Stress v/s strain behaviour of FaL-
of h/t 2.26 (Geopolymer mortar)
Table 6: Masonry efficiency, E and compressive strength of FaL
CONCLUSIONS
From this research it can be concluded that:
• Compressive strength increases with age, there is at
least 70% increment in compressive strength between
each age. It is noticed that compressive strength of
FaL-G block is higher than the minimum
compressive strength required as per IS 1077
• Dry density increases with age. There is 6%
increment in density between 7th and 90th day.
• Water absorption and IRA decreases with age.
is more than 50% reduction in water absorption and
y = - 44390x2 + 2154.x
R² = 0.965
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.002 0.004 0.006
Stress(MPa)
Strain
y = 9E+07x3 - 45357x2 + 1543.x
R² = 0.984
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.002 0.004 0.006
Stress(MPa)
Strain
Sl.N
o
FaL-G mortar
h/t Masonry
Efficiency, %
E (MPa)
1 2.26 31.41 2154
2 2.84 25.92 1806
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
-G masonry prism
G mortar)
-G masonry prism
of h/t 2.26 (Geopolymer mortar)
Figure 10: Stress v/s strain behaviour of FaL
prism of h/t 2.84 (
Figure 11: Stress v/s strain behaviour of FaL
prism of h/t 2.84 (Geopolymer mortar
Masonry efficiency, E and compressive strength of FaL-G prisms
Compressive strength increases with age, there is at
least 70% increment in compressive strength between
compressive strength of
G block is higher than the minimum
uired as per IS 1077-1992.
Dry density increases with age. There is 6%
increment in density between 7th and 90th day.
Water absorption and IRA decreases with age. There
is more than 50% reduction in water absorption and
IRA between 28th days to 90th day.
of FaL-G blocks are lesser than the maximum limit as
per IS 1077-1992.
• Modulus of elasticity
age. It is to be noted that there is at least 70%
increment in Modulus of Elasticity between each age.
• Experimental results of bond shear test, flexural bond
test, low rise masonry shear,
combination of FaL
performs well than other combinations.
+ 2154.x
0.006 0.008
+ 1543.x
0.006 0.008
y = 9E+07x
R² = 0.984
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.002
Stress(MPa)
y = 2E+12x5 - 3E+10x
59243x
R² = 0.993
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
Stress(MPa)
Geopolymer mortar
E (MPa) Compressive
strength (MPa)
h/t Masonry
Efficiency, %
4.35 2.18 28.1
3.59 2.74 39.33
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388
Stress v/s strain behaviour of FaL-G masonry
prism of h/t 2.84 (FaL-G mortar)
Stress v/s strain behaviour of FaL-G masonry
prism of h/t 2.84 (Geopolymer mortar)
G prisms
IRA between 28th days to 90th day. Water absorption
G blocks are lesser than the maximum limit as
1992.
Modulus of elasticity of FaL-G blocks increases with
It is to be noted that there is at least 70%
increment in Modulus of Elasticity between each age.
l results of bond shear test, flexural bond
test, low rise masonry shear, showed that the
combination of FaL-G block and geopolymer mortar
performs well than other combinations.
y = 9E+07x3 - 53814x2 + 1806.x
R² = 0.984
0.004 0.006 0.008
Strain
3E+10x4 + 2E+08x3 -
59243x2 + 1424.x
R² = 0.993
0.005 0.01
Strain
E (MPa) Compressive
strength (MPa)
1543 3.89
1424 5.4
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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• Variation of masonry efficiency with h/t ratio is
found to be around 17% for prisms with FaL-G
mortar and 40% for prisms with geopolymer mortar.
• Hence it can be concluded that FaL-G can effectively
replace burnt clay bricks.Fly ash brick manufacturing
is a potential field of application wherein large-scale
utilization of fly ash is possible.
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