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This document discusses sections of solids and how to draw sectional views. It explains that section planes cut through objects and the cross section revealed shows the internal structure. The section line indicates the cut surface. Depending on the position of the section plane relative to the reference planes, the true shape of the section is seen in different views. Several examples are given of drawing sectional views of prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones cut by variously oriented section planes.
Section of solids, Computer Aided Machine Drawing (CAMD) of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
1) The document describes various geometric solids and their projections including prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and frustums.
2) It provides examples of different solids placed in various positions and orientations and outlines the step-by-step process to draw their projections.
3) The examples illustrate how to draw projections when axes of solids are inclined to the planes of projection at various angles and when parts of solids intersect projection planes.
Section of solids - ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICSAbhishek Kandare
Section of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It defines sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. The cutting plane is called the section plane. It shows how to draw the true shape of a section and the development of the remaining solid. It provides examples of typical section planes and shapes formed for different solids. It also defines development as the shape of an unfolded sheet representing the lateral surfaces of a hollow solid. Examples of its engineering applications are given. The document concludes with problems demonstrating how to draw sections, true shapes and developments of various solids.
Development of surfaces of solids -ENGINEERING DRAWING - RGPV,BHOPALAbhishek Kandare
Development of surfaces of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
The document discusses different concepts related to projections of planes and solids in engineering drawing. It defines principal planes and different types of secondary planes like planes perpendicular or parallel to reference planes. It also defines auxiliary planes as planes inclined to one reference plane and perpendicular to the other. Some examples of auxiliary planes described are auxiliary vertical plane and auxiliary inclined plane. The document provides different questions related to projections of planes, solids and their sections along with their solutions. It includes problems on finding true shapes of different sections and determining inclination of cutting planes.
This document discusses sections of solids and how to draw sectional views. It explains that section planes cut through objects and the cross section revealed shows the internal structure. The section line indicates the cut surface. Depending on the position of the section plane relative to the reference planes, the true shape of the section is seen in different views. Several examples are given of drawing sectional views of prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones cut by variously oriented section planes.
Section of solids, Computer Aided Machine Drawing (CAMD) of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
1) The document describes various geometric solids and their projections including prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and frustums.
2) It provides examples of different solids placed in various positions and orientations and outlines the step-by-step process to draw their projections.
3) The examples illustrate how to draw projections when axes of solids are inclined to the planes of projection at various angles and when parts of solids intersect projection planes.
Section of solids - ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICSAbhishek Kandare
Section of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It defines sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. The cutting plane is called the section plane. It shows how to draw the true shape of a section and the development of the remaining solid. It provides examples of typical section planes and shapes formed for different solids. It also defines development as the shape of an unfolded sheet representing the lateral surfaces of a hollow solid. Examples of its engineering applications are given. The document concludes with problems demonstrating how to draw sections, true shapes and developments of various solids.
Development of surfaces of solids -ENGINEERING DRAWING - RGPV,BHOPALAbhishek Kandare
Development of surfaces of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
The document discusses different concepts related to projections of planes and solids in engineering drawing. It defines principal planes and different types of secondary planes like planes perpendicular or parallel to reference planes. It also defines auxiliary planes as planes inclined to one reference plane and perpendicular to the other. Some examples of auxiliary planes described are auxiliary vertical plane and auxiliary inclined plane. The document provides different questions related to projections of planes, solids and their sections along with their solutions. It includes problems on finding true shapes of different sections and determining inclination of cutting planes.
A document discusses engineering applications of projections and sections of solids. It defines different types of section planes including principal planes (HP and VP) and auxiliary planes like auxiliary vertical plane (AVP), auxiliary inclined plane (AIP), and profile plane (PP). An AVP cuts the top view of a solid as a straight line, while an AIP cuts the front view as a straight line. Properties of section lines and conventions for showing the cutting plane and removed part are also described. Several example problems are provided to illustrate drawing different views and true shapes of sections for various solids cut by various section planes.
1. The document discusses sectioning of solids by cutting planes to understand internal details. It defines types of cutting planes like auxiliary inclined plane (AIP) and auxiliary vertical plane (AVP).
2. An AIP appears as a straight line in the front view and always cuts the front view of a solid. An AVP appears as a straight line in the top view and always cuts the top view of a solid.
3. After launching a section plane in the front or top view, the part towards the observer is assumed to be removed, with the smaller part removed if possible.
The document provides information on the projection of plane figures:
1) It explains the basics of plane projection problems, including what is typically given (projections of the plane) and asked for (its position relative to reference planes).
2) Plane figures can have their surface parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes, and edges parallel or inclined to the other reference plane. The document demonstrates solving problems through 3 steps of initial positioning, surface inclination, and edge inclination.
3) Several example problems are worked through step-by-step to show determining the front, top, and side views of planes in different orientations, such as a pentagon inclined to the horizontal plane and a side to the vertical plane
This document provides information about isometric drawings and projections. It begins by explaining that 3D drawings can be drawn in various ways, including isometrically where the three axes are equally inclined at 120 degrees. It then discusses the construction of isometric scales and various techniques for drawing isometric views of plane figures, solids, and assemblies of objects. Examples are provided to illustrate how to draw isometric views when given orthographic projections of an object. The purpose of isometric drawings is to show the overall size, shape, and appearance of an object prior to production.
This document discusses the projection of planes. It defines a plane as a two-dimensional object with length and breadth but negligible thickness. There are two main types of planes: perpendicular and oblique. Perpendicular planes are perpendicular to one of the principal planes of projection, while oblique planes are inclined to both. The document provides examples of different orientations of perpendicular planes and their appearances in top and front views. It also gives an example problem showing the projection of an inclined plane.
The document discusses sections of solids in engineering graphics. It describes how sectioning planes are used to reveal internal details of objects that are otherwise hidden. It defines different types of section planes - principal planes (HP and VP), auxiliary planes (AVP, PP, AIP), and how they appear in different views. Examples are given of different solids cut by various section planes to illustrate how to draw the sectional views and true shape of the cut surface.
Ist year engineering-graphics-ed-for-be-students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures.
2. It involves a 3 step process of drawing initial projections assuming a position, then adjusting for surface inclination, and finally adjusting for side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes.
The document contains descriptions of 12 problems involving drawing multi-view projections of various 3D geometric shapes. The shapes include prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, and a casting. They are positioned in different orientations relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. The problems require drawing the front, top, and side views to show the 3D shape and its dimensions.
This document discusses sections and developments of solids. It begins by defining sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. Two common section planes are described. Developments of solids are defined as unfolding the hollow object to show its unfolded sheet shape. Engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industries are provided. The document then discusses important terms in sectioning and provides illustrations. It explains developments of different solids and includes nine problems demonstrating sections and developments of prisms, cones, and frustums with step-by-step solutions.
B.tech i eg u3 projection of planes, solid and development of surfacesRai University
This document provides information on projections of planes and surfaces in engineering graphics. It begins with definitions of key terms like true shape, apparent shape, and reduced shape as they relate to projections. It then presents examples of how to draw projections of different plane figures in different orientations, such as when the surface is parallel to or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes. It provides pictorial representations and orthographic projections for various cases including rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, and circles oriented in different ways. The document concludes with example problems demonstrating how to apply the concepts.
1) An oblique plane is a plane surface that is inclined to one of the principal planes, with one of its sides, diagonals, or diameter parallel to the principal plane and inclined to the other principal plane.
2) There are three steps to drawing projections of oblique planes: initial position, intermediate position, and final position.
3) Three example problems are provided to demonstrate drawing projections of different shapes (rectangle, pentagon, rhombus) placed at various orientations relative to the principal planes.
1. Solids have three dimensions and are represented using orthographic projections on two-dimensional planes. Solids can be polyhedra, with flat faces, or solids of revolution generated by rotating shapes.
2. Common polyhedra include tetrahedrons, cubes, and pyramids with triangular or polygonal bases. Common solids of revolution include cylinders, cones, spheres, and frustums/truncated versions.
3. Orthographic projections show different views of solids depending on their position, such as having axes parallel or perpendicular to reference planes. Problems provide examples of drawing projections for various poly
This document provides examples and instructions for developing the surfaces of various solids using the radial line method. It begins with an overview of developing a square pyramid by opening up the triangular faces and drawing them as separate triangles connected by the base square. Several examples are then given of developing specific solids like pyramids, cones, and funnels that have been cut by various planes. Guidance is provided on drawing the projections, marking new points where edges intersect the cutting plane, and using radial lines to accurately trace the remaining portions on development. Tips are also included to first sketch the development lightly and then project and darken remaining sections.
The document contains 12 exercises involving the projections of various geometric shapes and solids including lines, planes, prisms, pyramids, cones and composite solids. Many of the exercises involve determining lengths, angles of inclination, traces, true shapes, developments of cut surfaces, and shortest paths on developments. Projections are drawn to illustrate the orientation and measurements of each geometric object under different cutting plane conditions.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
1. A cone with a 50mm base diameter and 70mm axis is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane through the base end of an end generator.
2. The projections, sectional views, true shape of the section, and development of the remaining solid are drawn.
3. Key features included the section plane cutting the cone, projections showing the cut portion, and the true shape and development unfolding the remaining surface.
The document discusses the projection of solids and provides examples of how to project solids in different positions. It describes how to project solids when the axis is perpendicular to or parallel to the horizontal and vertical planes. It also explains how to project solids when the axis is inclined to one of the planes. Examples are provided for projecting prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in various positions.
The document defines and describes various three-dimensional geometric shapes:
- Prisms and pyramids are defined as polyhedra having two bases joined by rectangles or triangles. They can be classified by the shape of their base.
- Solids of revolution are generated by revolving a two-dimensional shape around a fixed line, and include cylinders, cones, spheres and other shapes.
- Key terms used for projections of solids are also defined, such as axis, apex, generator, frustum and truncated solids.
- Examples are given of different solids with specifications and step-by-step workings to draw their projections in different orientations.
This document discusses the principles of engineering graphics related to projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It begins by defining the different types of lines such as vertical, horizontal, and inclined lines. It then provides examples of how to determine the front view, top view, and true length of a line given information about its inclination to the planes and the positions of its ends. The document emphasizes that the front and top views of a line inclined to both planes will have reduced lengths. It concludes by discussing the special case of a line lying in a profile plane, where the front and top views will overlap on the same projector line.
This document discusses the principles and methods for projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It describes 5 simple cases of lines in relation to the horizontal and vertical planes. Key points include:
- Lines can be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the planes
- True length shows true inclination, apparent length shows apparent inclination
- Procedures are provided for obtaining true lengths and inclinations from apparent projections and vice versa
- Additional cases addressed include lines in profile planes and applications to practical situations
A document discusses engineering applications of projections and sections of solids. It defines different types of section planes including principal planes (HP and VP) and auxiliary planes like auxiliary vertical plane (AVP), auxiliary inclined plane (AIP), and profile plane (PP). An AVP cuts the top view of a solid as a straight line, while an AIP cuts the front view as a straight line. Properties of section lines and conventions for showing the cutting plane and removed part are also described. Several example problems are provided to illustrate drawing different views and true shapes of sections for various solids cut by various section planes.
1. The document discusses sectioning of solids by cutting planes to understand internal details. It defines types of cutting planes like auxiliary inclined plane (AIP) and auxiliary vertical plane (AVP).
2. An AIP appears as a straight line in the front view and always cuts the front view of a solid. An AVP appears as a straight line in the top view and always cuts the top view of a solid.
3. After launching a section plane in the front or top view, the part towards the observer is assumed to be removed, with the smaller part removed if possible.
The document provides information on the projection of plane figures:
1) It explains the basics of plane projection problems, including what is typically given (projections of the plane) and asked for (its position relative to reference planes).
2) Plane figures can have their surface parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes, and edges parallel or inclined to the other reference plane. The document demonstrates solving problems through 3 steps of initial positioning, surface inclination, and edge inclination.
3) Several example problems are worked through step-by-step to show determining the front, top, and side views of planes in different orientations, such as a pentagon inclined to the horizontal plane and a side to the vertical plane
This document provides information about isometric drawings and projections. It begins by explaining that 3D drawings can be drawn in various ways, including isometrically where the three axes are equally inclined at 120 degrees. It then discusses the construction of isometric scales and various techniques for drawing isometric views of plane figures, solids, and assemblies of objects. Examples are provided to illustrate how to draw isometric views when given orthographic projections of an object. The purpose of isometric drawings is to show the overall size, shape, and appearance of an object prior to production.
This document discusses the projection of planes. It defines a plane as a two-dimensional object with length and breadth but negligible thickness. There are two main types of planes: perpendicular and oblique. Perpendicular planes are perpendicular to one of the principal planes of projection, while oblique planes are inclined to both. The document provides examples of different orientations of perpendicular planes and their appearances in top and front views. It also gives an example problem showing the projection of an inclined plane.
The document discusses sections of solids in engineering graphics. It describes how sectioning planes are used to reveal internal details of objects that are otherwise hidden. It defines different types of section planes - principal planes (HP and VP), auxiliary planes (AVP, PP, AIP), and how they appear in different views. Examples are given of different solids cut by various section planes to illustrate how to draw the sectional views and true shape of the cut surface.
Ist year engineering-graphics-ed-for-be-students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures.
2. It involves a 3 step process of drawing initial projections assuming a position, then adjusting for surface inclination, and finally adjusting for side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes.
The document contains descriptions of 12 problems involving drawing multi-view projections of various 3D geometric shapes. The shapes include prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, and a casting. They are positioned in different orientations relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. The problems require drawing the front, top, and side views to show the 3D shape and its dimensions.
This document discusses sections and developments of solids. It begins by defining sectioning a solid as cutting it with an imaginary cutting plane to understand its internal details. Two common section planes are described. Developments of solids are defined as unfolding the hollow object to show its unfolded sheet shape. Engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industries are provided. The document then discusses important terms in sectioning and provides illustrations. It explains developments of different solids and includes nine problems demonstrating sections and developments of prisms, cones, and frustums with step-by-step solutions.
B.tech i eg u3 projection of planes, solid and development of surfacesRai University
This document provides information on projections of planes and surfaces in engineering graphics. It begins with definitions of key terms like true shape, apparent shape, and reduced shape as they relate to projections. It then presents examples of how to draw projections of different plane figures in different orientations, such as when the surface is parallel to or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes. It provides pictorial representations and orthographic projections for various cases including rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, and circles oriented in different ways. The document concludes with example problems demonstrating how to apply the concepts.
1) An oblique plane is a plane surface that is inclined to one of the principal planes, with one of its sides, diagonals, or diameter parallel to the principal plane and inclined to the other principal plane.
2) There are three steps to drawing projections of oblique planes: initial position, intermediate position, and final position.
3) Three example problems are provided to demonstrate drawing projections of different shapes (rectangle, pentagon, rhombus) placed at various orientations relative to the principal planes.
1. Solids have three dimensions and are represented using orthographic projections on two-dimensional planes. Solids can be polyhedra, with flat faces, or solids of revolution generated by rotating shapes.
2. Common polyhedra include tetrahedrons, cubes, and pyramids with triangular or polygonal bases. Common solids of revolution include cylinders, cones, spheres, and frustums/truncated versions.
3. Orthographic projections show different views of solids depending on their position, such as having axes parallel or perpendicular to reference planes. Problems provide examples of drawing projections for various poly
This document provides examples and instructions for developing the surfaces of various solids using the radial line method. It begins with an overview of developing a square pyramid by opening up the triangular faces and drawing them as separate triangles connected by the base square. Several examples are then given of developing specific solids like pyramids, cones, and funnels that have been cut by various planes. Guidance is provided on drawing the projections, marking new points where edges intersect the cutting plane, and using radial lines to accurately trace the remaining portions on development. Tips are also included to first sketch the development lightly and then project and darken remaining sections.
The document contains 12 exercises involving the projections of various geometric shapes and solids including lines, planes, prisms, pyramids, cones and composite solids. Many of the exercises involve determining lengths, angles of inclination, traces, true shapes, developments of cut surfaces, and shortest paths on developments. Projections are drawn to illustrate the orientation and measurements of each geometric object under different cutting plane conditions.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
1. A cone with a 50mm base diameter and 70mm axis is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane through the base end of an end generator.
2. The projections, sectional views, true shape of the section, and development of the remaining solid are drawn.
3. Key features included the section plane cutting the cone, projections showing the cut portion, and the true shape and development unfolding the remaining surface.
The document discusses the projection of solids and provides examples of how to project solids in different positions. It describes how to project solids when the axis is perpendicular to or parallel to the horizontal and vertical planes. It also explains how to project solids when the axis is inclined to one of the planes. Examples are provided for projecting prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in various positions.
The document defines and describes various three-dimensional geometric shapes:
- Prisms and pyramids are defined as polyhedra having two bases joined by rectangles or triangles. They can be classified by the shape of their base.
- Solids of revolution are generated by revolving a two-dimensional shape around a fixed line, and include cylinders, cones, spheres and other shapes.
- Key terms used for projections of solids are also defined, such as axis, apex, generator, frustum and truncated solids.
- Examples are given of different solids with specifications and step-by-step workings to draw their projections in different orientations.
This document discusses the principles of engineering graphics related to projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It begins by defining the different types of lines such as vertical, horizontal, and inclined lines. It then provides examples of how to determine the front view, top view, and true length of a line given information about its inclination to the planes and the positions of its ends. The document emphasizes that the front and top views of a line inclined to both planes will have reduced lengths. It concludes by discussing the special case of a line lying in a profile plane, where the front and top views will overlap on the same projector line.
This document discusses the principles and methods for projecting straight lines in orthographic projections. It describes 5 simple cases of lines in relation to the horizontal and vertical planes. Key points include:
- Lines can be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the planes
- True length shows true inclination, apparent length shows apparent inclination
- Procedures are provided for obtaining true lengths and inclinations from apparent projections and vice versa
- Additional cases addressed include lines in profile planes and applications to practical situations
Projection of Line basics, Projection of line parallel to both the planes, projection of line perpendicular to one plane, projection of line inclined to one and both the planes
This document provides information and examples regarding the orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by defining key terminology and notation used in orthographic projections. It then discusses the projections of a single point located in different quadrants and orientations relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. Next, it examines simple cases of projecting straight lines in different orientations. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the front, top, and side views of a line given information about its length, orientation, and the position of its ends. The document concludes by discussing traces of lines where they intersect the horizontal and vertical planes.
Projection of straight line engineering drawingAnurag Harsh
The document discusses various concepts related to projections of straight lines including:
- Definitions of straight lines and their projections in different views
- Notations used to describe lengths, angles and positions of straight lines
- Different positions of straight lines relative to reference planes including perpendicular, parallel and inclined lines
- Examples demonstrating how to draw projections of straight lines given data on their positions, lengths and angles
This document provides information on orthographic projections and the projection of points and lines. It begins by outlining important notations used in orthographic projections. It then discusses the projection of points located in different quadrants and the simple cases of projecting lines, including vertical lines, lines parallel to planes, and inclined lines. The document also covers projections where the true length, views, or inclinations are known or unknown. It defines important parameters and diagrams the relationships between true length, views, and angles. Finally, it discusses problems involving the traces of lines on planes.
This document provides information on orthographic projections including:
1. Notations used for different views of points and lines in orthographic projections. Front, top, and side views are denoted with primes.
2. Key concepts like quadrants, true length, line inclinations, and traces (points where a line intersects the planes) are explained.
3. Examples are given of projecting points and lines in different positions in relation to the planes. Projections are shown of lines that are vertical, parallel, or inclined to the planes.
4. Ten important parameters are defined for describing lines, including true length, view angles, lengths of front and top views, and positions of ends. Graphical
1) The document discusses orthographic projections of points, lines, and planes. It provides notation for different views, such as front view (FV) and top view (TV).
2) Key concepts covered include locating an object relative to horizontal and vertical planes using quadrants, and drawing the FV and TV based on the object's location. Examples are given for points located in different quadrants.
3) Projections of straight lines are also discussed, including lines parallel or inclined to the planes. True length, reduced length, and inclinations of views are important parameters.
4) Several example problems are provided to demonstrate how to draw orthographic projections of points and lines in different configurations. Steps are
1) The document discusses orthographic projections of points, lines, and planes. It provides notation for different views, such as front view (FV) and top view (TV).
2) Key concepts covered include locating an object relative to horizontal and vertical planes using quadrants, and drawing the FV and TV based on the object's location. Examples are given for points located in different quadrants.
3) Projections of straight lines are also discussed, including lines parallel or inclined to the planes. True length, reduced length, and inclinations of views are important parameters.
4) Several example problems are provided to demonstrate how to draw orthographic projections of points and lines in different configurations. Steps are
The document discusses the projection of straight lines in engineering drawing. It defines key terms and concepts related to straight lines and their orientation in space. The document then provides examples of how to draw the projections of straight lines that are parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the different planes (vertical and horizontal planes). It demonstrates drawing the projections of lines in different positions and orientations, including showing their traces.
This document discusses methods for describing the orientation of linear geological structures. Plunge describes the angle between a linear structure and the horizontal plane, ranging from 0-90 degrees. Trend refers to the direction of a linear structure projected onto the horizontal plane. Pitch is the angle between a planar structure and the horizontal plane. The document provides an example of how to determine the plunge and pitch of a linear structure given the strike and dip of a planar structure it intersects. A multi-step geometric method is described and illustrated with diagrams.
This document provides information about orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by defining common notations used, such as labeling different views in projections. It then discusses the placement of points and lines in different quadrants and how this affects their front, top, and side views. Various examples are given of projecting points and lines that are inclined at different angles to the horizontal and vertical planes. The document also discusses determining true lengths and angles from apparent views. Traces of lines, where they intersect the planes, are defined. In all, it presents the key concepts and problem-solving process for orthographic projections of basic geometric elements.
The document provides information on orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines front view (FV), top view (TV), and notations used to represent different views. It then demonstrates how to determine the projections of a point placed in different quadrants. Next, it discusses the projections of straight lines in different orientations and illustrates cases where the line is perpendicular, parallel, or inclined to the planes. The document also covers determining the true length, traces (intersections of a line with reference planes), and using the given views to find angles and unknown dimensions. Examples of different projection problems are provided along with step-by-step solutions.
Conic sections are curves formed by the intersection of a plane and a cone. The type of conic section depends on the angle of the cutting plane:
- An ellipse results from a cutting plane parallel to the end generator.
- A parabola results from a cutting plane parallel to the axis.
- A hyperbola results from a cutting plane perpendicular to the axis.
The eccentricity defines the type of conic section, with eccentricity less than 1 for an ellipse, equal to 1 for a parabola, and greater than 1 for a hyperbola.
The document discusses the concepts and methods of projecting lines in engineering graphics. It defines key terms used in line projections such as true length, front view length, top view length, end projector distance, and inclinations. It presents different categories of line positions with respect to reference planes and provides examples of each with their orthographic projections. The document also contains several example problems demonstrating how to draw the projections of lines given information about their lengths, positions of endpoints, and inclinations to the planes. It describes the process for locating the horizontal and vertical traces of a line when given its projections.
This document provides an overview of engineering graphics. It begins by explaining the relationships between society, engineers, scientists, and technology. It then defines engineering graphics as the art and science of technical drawing, which uses mathematical rules of projection to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. The rest of the document details various drawing tools, line types, dimensioning, projection systems including orthographic and isometric views, and how to project points and different geometric shapes. It also provides guidelines for solving problems involving the projection of solid objects.
This document provides instruction on orthographic projections and line projections. It begins by explaining the notation used to label different views of projections. It then covers concepts like quadrants, point projections in different locations, and line projections in different orientations. Examples are given of projecting points and lines in different positions in space. Key parameters for line projections are defined, including true length, angles of inclination, lengths of front and top views, and more. Step-by-step solutions are provided for sample problems of projecting lines with given information.
This document provides instructions and examples for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by establishing conventions for labeling different views, such as using primes (') to denote top views. It then demonstrates how to draw the front, top, and side views of a point A placed in different quadrants. Additional concepts covered include drawing projections of various types of lines, such as vertical, horizontal, and angled lines. The document presents numerous problems showing how to determine projections, true lengths, and angles based on information provided about the point or line. It emphasizes important parameters to remember when drawing projections, such as true length, angles with planes, and view lengths. Finally, it defines the term "trace" as the point where
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Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
3. INTRODUCTION
PROJECTIONSOF STRAIGHT LINES
1.Definition of Straight line:
A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
a.Top views of two end points of a straight line,
when joined, give the top view of the straight line.
b. Front views of the two end points of a straight line,
when joined, give the front view of the straight line.
c. Both the above projections are straight lines.
4. INTRODUCTION
SECTIONINGA SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that object.
The action of cutting is called sectioning a solid & the plane of
cutting is called section plane.
5. PROJECTION
OFSTRAIGHT
LINES
Information regarding a line means it’s length, Position of it’s ends
with HP &VP it’s inclinations with HP &VP will be given.
SIMPLECASES OFTHE LINE
1. AVERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULARTO HP & //TOVP)
2. LINE PARALLELTO BOTH HP &VP.
3. LINE INCLINEDTO HP & PARALLELTOVP.
4. LINE INCLINEDTOVP & PARALLELTO HP.
5. LINE INCLINEDTO BOTH HP &VP.
6. Orientation of Straight Line in Space
• A line in space may be parallel ,perpendicular or
inclined to either the H.P. orV.P. or both.
• It may be in one or both the reference Planes.
• Line ends may be in different Quadrants.
• Position of Straight Line in space can be fixed by
various combinations of data like distance of its end
points from reference planes, inclinations of the line
with the reference planes, distance between end
projectors of the line etc.
7. Notations used for Straight Line
• True length of the line:
Denoted by Capital letters. e.g. AB=100 mm, means that
true length of the line is 100 mm.
• FrontView Length:
Denoted by small letters. e.g. a’b’=70 mm, means that
FrontView Length is 70 mm.
• TopView Length:
Denoted by small letters. e.g. ab=80 mm, means that
Top View Length is 80 mm.
• Inclination ofTrue Length of Line with H.P.:
It is denoted by θ. e.g. Inclination of the line with H.P.
(or Ground) is given as 30o means that θ = 30..
8. • Inclination of Front View Length with XY :
It is denoted by α.
e.g. Inclination of the Front view of the
line with XY is given as 50o means that α = 50o.
• Inclination of Top View Length with XY :
It is denoted by β.
e.g. Inclination of the Top view of the
line with XY is given as 30o means that β = 30o.
• End Projector Distance:
It is the distance between two projectors passing through
end points of F.V. & T.V. measured parallel to XY line.
• Inclination of True Length of Line with V.P.:
It is denoted by Φ.
e.g. Inclination of the line with V.P. is
given as 40o means that Φ = 40o.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. 1)True Length (TL) – a’ b1’ & a b
2) Angle ofTL with HP – Ѳ
3) Angle ofTL withVP – ф
4) Angle of FV with XY – α
5) Angle ofTV with XY – β
6) LTV (length of FV) – Component (a-1)
7) LFV (length ofTV) – Component (a’-1’)
8) Position of A- Distances of a & a’ from XY
9) Position of B- Distances of b & b’ from XY
10) Distance between End Projectors
q & a Construct with a’
Ø & b Construct with a
b & b1 on same locus.
b’ & b1’ on same locus.
24. A hexagonal prism of 30 mm
side of base and 70 mm
height, resting on the H.P.
such that the axis is inclined
at 30o to the H.P. and 60o to
the V.P. Draw its projections.
Keep the top end of the
prism near to theV.P.